Chapter 3 Transmission Line 3.

1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves

and Waveguide
3 0 Introduction
3.0 I t d ti
 Transmission Lines are used for low-loss transmission
off microwave
i power.
 Are two conductors required for the transfer of EM
General two
two-conductor
conductor Closed waveguide as a
wave energy? transmission line transmission line
 L. Rayleigh, 1897  Assume that all fields have a time–dependence of e j t and
TE and TM modes propagation in hollow waveguides propagation factor e  j  z.
with rectangular or circular cross sections.  EM fields in a waveguide or transmission line are
 Experiments in 1936： decomposed into longitudinal and transverse components as
(1) G. C. Southworth at AT&T: Rectangular waveguide. E( x, y, z )   Et ( x, y )  zˆ ez ( x, y )  e  j  z
(2) M. L. Barrow at MIT : Circular waveguide. H ( x, y, z )   H t ( x, y )  zˆ hz ( x, y )  e  j  z
1 2

Field Solution Field Solution (Cont’d)

In the Cartesian  
t  xˆ  yˆ
E  2 E  2 E  x y
2  k 2 
H 
2
 2

H 
 2

H 

   0   t    k    0   t  kc    0  coordinates,
1    
Ex    j Ez  j H z 
E  E  E  kc 2  x y 
     0  t   t   j   z   0
 
H  t
H H z  1    
Ey    j Ez  j H z 
kc 2  y x 
  E   j H
  1    
 Hx   j Ez  j  Hz 
  t  zˆ    Et  zˆ Ez    t  j  zˆ    Et  zˆ Ez    j  H t  zˆ H z  I arbitrary
In bi coordinates
di kc 2  y x 
 z
1 1    
 t  Et   zˆ j H z Et  2   j t Ez  jt  zˆ H z  Hy    j Ez  j  Hz 
kc kc 2  x y 
 t  t  Et  t t  Et  t 2Et  j t Ez  kc 2Et   jt  zˆ H z
1
 Et 
1
  j t Ez  jt  zˆ H z  Ht    j t H z  jt  zˆ Ez 
kc 2 kc 2
Similarly,
 In a cylindrical waveguide, the transversal EM field
1
H t  2   j t H z  jt  zˆ Ez  components can be expressed in terms of Ez and Hz the
kc
longitudinal fields.
3 4
 ((1)) TEM Waves or TEM modes Wave Impedance
p
Ez  0, H z  0  kc  0 with a nontrival solution. Ex E y  
ZTEM     
  Hy Hx  
 2  k 2  H   0   t 2  k2   
E E
Wave  2     0   E   j H
   H 
Equations：  kc2 0   

  t  zˆ    Et  zˆ Ez    t  j  zˆ    Et  zˆ E z    j  H t  zˆ H z 
E   2 2   E    z
t 2    0 e.g.  2  2     0 Similarly
Similarly,
H   x y  H 
  t  j  zˆ   Et   j H t   H  j E   t  j  zˆ   H t  j H t
 The transverse fields of a TEM wave are thus the same
  j  zˆ  Et   j H t   j  zˆ  H t  j Et , H t  j  zˆ  j Et
as the
h static
i fields
fi ld that
h can exist
i between
b the
h conductors.
d
 1 
 Electrostatic field problem: (Ref. Jackson Chap. 8)  H t  zˆ  Et  zˆ  Et  Et  H t  zˆ  H t  zˆ 
  
  
  E   j H   t  zˆ    Et  zˆ E z 
 z 
• Et ( x, y )  Ht ( x, y)  zˆ (Wave impedance is in general not the
  t  j  zˆ    Et  zˆ E z    j  Ht  zˆ H z  ,
• Ht ( x, y )  zˆ   Et ( x, y ) characteristic
h i i impedance
i d off the
h line)
li )
z-component t  Et  0  Et ( x, y )  t ( x, y )
5 6

Procedure for Analyzing

y g a TEM Line ((2)) General Properties
p of TE Waves
Ez  0
1. Solve the 2D Laplace equation, t 2 ( x, y )  0.
 j  j   j 
2. B. C., tangential E or normal H. Ht  2
t H z  H x  2 Hz, H y  2 Hz
kc kc x kc y
3. Et ( x, y )  t ( x, y ), H t ( x, y )  zˆ   Et ( x, y )  j  j 
Et  H t  ZTE zˆ  Ex  H z , Ey  2 Hz
kc 2 y kc x
4. Calculate V12 and I
5   k , Z o  V12 I .
5. ((a)) Solve Hz from the Helmholtz wave equation
q :

Examples:
2  k 2  H z  0 or  t 2  kc2  hz  0 with H z  hz e  j  z
Coaxial line, the two-wire line, and the parallel-plate (b) Dispersive wave impedance
waveguide in Table 2.1. Ex E y  k
ZTE    
Hy Hx  

(c) Dispersive phase constant   k 2  k c 2 depends on line geometry.

geometry

7 8
 3.2 Parallel-Plate Waveguide: TEM, TE, and
((3)) General Properties
p of TM Waves
TM Waves
W
Hz  0
 j  j   j  ((1)) TEM modes or TEM waves
Et  2 t Ez  E x  2 Ez , E y  2 Ez
kc kc x kc y
Ez  H z  0
zˆ j   j 
Ht   Et  H x  2 Ez , H y  Ez
ZTM kc y kc 2 x  2 ( x, y )  00, 0  x  W , 0  y  d
with B.C.:  ( x, 0)  0,  ( x, d )  Vo
(a) Solve Ez from the Helmholtz wave equation :

 2
 k 2  Ez  0 or  t
2
 kc 2  ez  0 with Ez  ez e  j z

Assume that W  d, and f has no variation in x: 0
(b) Di
Dispersive
i wave impedance
i d x
E E y    ( x, y )  A  By   ( x, y )  Vo y d
ZTM  x    
Hy H x  k e( x, y )   ( x, y )  yˆ Vo d

(c) Dispersive phase constant   k 2  kc 2 depends on line geometry. E  e( x, y )e  j  z  yˆ Vo d  e  j z ,   k

H  zˆ   E  xˆ Vo  d  e  j  z
9 10

Self-study
Line Parameters for Parallel Plate Waveguides (2) TMn Waves or TMn Modes --- Hz=0
 Total current on the top plate  2 2 2 2
 2  2  2  k  ez ( x, y, z )  0
W W W
WV0  j  z  x y z 
I   J s  zˆ dx
d   yˆ  H  zˆ dx
d   H x dx
d  e
d  2 2  j z  
0 0 0
 2  kc  ez ( y )  0  ez ( x, y, z )  ez ( x, y )e ,   j ,  0
 y  z x
 Voltage
g difference between top p and
bottom plates d ez ( y )  A sin kc y  B cos kc y
V    E y dy  V0e  j  z n n
0
B.C.: ez ( y ) y 0,
0d
 0,, ez ( y )  An sin y , kc  , n  0,1, , (n  0))
, , 2,...(
d d
 The characteristic impedance  n y  j  z
V  E z  An sin d e
V d
Z0      (wave impedance) E y   o e j z 
I W d  H  j A cos n y e j  z
 x kc
n
d
TM n mode 
 Phase velocity V
H x  o e j z   j n y  j  z
d Ey  An cos e
 1  k d
vp    TEM mode c
   Ex  H y  H z  0


11
 TM0 mode is actually the TEM mode.  12
Self-study Self-study
(3) TEn Waves or TEn Modes --- Ez=0 What does β=0 mean?
 2 2 2 2
 2  2  2  k  hz ( x, y, z )  0 (1) Phase velocity v p    . v p   if   0 .
 x y z 
  2
2  j z  
 2  kc  hz ( y )  0  hz ( x, y, z )  hz ( x, y )e ,   j ,  0 (2) What does v p   mean?
 y  z x
hz ( y )  A sin kc y  B cos kc y
 n n
B.C.: hz ( y )  0,, hz ( y )  Bn cos y , kc  , n  0,1, , (n  0))
, , 2,...(
y y 0,d
d d

 n y  j  n z
 H z  Bn cos d e

 E  j B sin n y e j  n z
 x kc
n
d
TE n mode   n  k 2  (n d ) 2
 j n y  j  n z
H y  Bn sin e
 kc d

 E y  Ez  H x  0

13 14

3.3 Rectangular Waveguides Rectangular Waveguides (Cont’d)

TE modes: Ez=0 & TM modes: Hz=0 (1) TE mn mode H z ( x, y, z )  hz ( x, y )e  j  z ,  2  k 2  kc 2
B.C.: e y ( x, y )  0, x  0, a
 j z 2 2 hz ( x, y )  X ( x)Y ( y )
(1) TE modes: H z ( x, y, z )  hz ( x, y )e ,   k  kc B  0, k x  m a, m  0,1, 2,...
X  A cos k x x  B sin k x x
Separation
p of Variables: hz ( x, y )  X ( x)Y ( y ) Y  C cos k y y  D sin k y y
ex ( x, y )  0, y  0, b
D  0, k x  n b, n  0,1, 2,...
 m y   n y 
hz ( x, y )  cos   cos  
 2 2 2  a   b   m x 
H z  Amn cos 
 n y   j  z
 2  2  kc  hz ( x, y )  0  cos  e
 a   b 
 x y  j n  m x   n y   j  z
Ex  Amn cos   sin  e
1  2 X 1  2Y kcmn 2b  a   b 
  kc 2  0
X x 2 Y y 2  j m  m x   n y   j  z
Ey  Amn sin   cos  e
kcmn 2 a  a   b 
2 X  2Y
2
 k x 2 X , 2
 k y 2Y , Hx  
Ey
,Hy 
Ex
x y ZTEmn ZTEmn
Geometryy of a
2 2 2 k 
where k x  k y  kc rectangular waveguide ZTEmn  
 k  kcmn 2
2
15 16
 Rectangular Waveguides (Cont’d) Self-study Rectangular Waveguides (Cont’d)
TEmn modes TEmn modes
 m x   n y   j  z
H z  Amn cos   cos  e  m x   n y   j  z
 a   b  H z  Amn cos   cos  e
Ey  a   b 
j n  m x   n y   j  z Hx   Ey
Ex  2 Amn cos   sin  e ZTEmn j n  m x   n y   j  z Hx  
k cmnb  a   b  Ex  2 Amn cos   sin  e ZTEmn
Ex k cmnb  a   b  TE
 j m  m x   n y   j  z Hy 
Ey  2 Amn sin   cos  e  j m Ex
k cmn a  a   b  ZTEmn  m x   n y   j  z H y 
Ey  Amn sin   cos   e ZTEmn
k 2cmn a  a   b  TE

17 18

Modal Characteristics of the TE10 Mode

Modal Parameters for the TEmn Mode
Dominant Mode (a>b)
---Dominant
  x   j z
Phase constant: H z  A10 cos  e
 a 
2 2
 m   n   j   x   j z
 2   mn 2  k 2  k 2 cmn  k 2      Ez  2 A10 sin  e
 a   b  k c10 a  a 
Cutoff frequency: j    x   j z
Hz  2
A10 sin  e
2 2 k c10 a  a 
kcmn 1  m   n 
f cmn       Ex  H y  0
2  2   a   b 
2
W
Wave impedance:
i d   The TE10 mode has the lowest
  10   2    
Ex Eyk  120 a   cutoff frequency. It is used as
ZTE    ,   th dominant
the d i t mode. d
Hy Hx   r  c
kc10  , f c10 
a 2a  r

ZTE10 

19 20
Self-study Rectangular Waveguides (Cont’d) Self-study
Rectangular Waveguides -- TM Modes
(2) TM Modes
 m x   n y   j  z
(2) TM modes: Ez ( x, y , z )  ez ( x, y )e j  z ,  2  k 2  kc 2 E z  Bmn sin   sin  e
 a   b 
 2 2 2  j  m  m x   n y   j  z
 2  2  kc  ez ( x, y )  0 Ex  2 Bmn cos   sin  e
k cmn a  a   b 
 x y 
Separation of Variables: ez ( x, y )  X ( x)Y ( y )  j  n  m x   n y   j  z
Ey  Bmn sin   cos  e
k 2cmnb  a   b 
1  2 X 1  2Y
  kc 2  0 Ey Ex
X x 2 Y y 2 Hx   ,Hy 
ZTMmn ZTMmn
2 X  2Y k 2  k 2cmn
 k x 2 X ,  k y 2Y , where k x 2  k y 2  kc 2 
x 2
y 2 ZTEmn  
k 
X  A cos k x x  B sin k x x & Y  C cos k y y  D sin k y y Phase constant:
2 2
 m   n 
   mn  k 2  k 2 cmn  k 2     
B.C.: ez ( x, y )  0, x  0, a  a   b 
A  0, k x  m a, m  0,1, 2,... Cutoff frequency: Wave impedance:
ez ( x, y )  0, y  0, b  m x   n y 
ez ( x, y )  sin  E y   120
2 2
 sin   kcmn 1  m   n  ZTMmn 
Ex
  ,  
 a   b  f cmn      
C  0, k y  n b, n  0,1, 2,... 2  2   a   b  Hy Hx k  r
21 22

Self-study
Rectangular Waveguides -- TM Modes The Propagation Factor and the Wave Vector
 jk x x  jk y y  j  z
• Propagation factor e jk r  e
 m x   n y  k  xˆ k x  yˆ k y  zˆ k z
E z ( x, y )  sin   sin   •
 a   b 
 m x   n y   j  z • k 2  (m a) 2  (n b) 2   2
E z  Bmn sin   sin  e
 a   b  • Ph
Phase velocity
l it
 j  m  m x   n y   j  z (a) in “wave direction” v p   k , and
Ex  2 Bmn cos   sin  e
k cmn a  a   b  (b) in the u ( x , y , o r z ) direction v pu   k u
 j  n  m x   n y   j  z The two conductor planes will cause the wave
Ey  2
Bmn sin   cos  e •
k cmnb  a   b  propagating in the x and y directions to be totally
Ey Ex fl t d (   1 ).
reflected )
Hx   ,Hy 
ZTMmn ZTMmn • Such reflection cause a standing wave. This
2 2 explains that why the EM field components are
 k k cmn expressed in terms of cos or sin functions.
ZTMmn  
k 
e jk x x  e jk x x  cos k x x or sin k x x
 jk y y jk y y
e e  cos k y y or sin k y y
23 24
 Wave Propagation in a Rectangular Waveguide 3.7 & 3.8 Stripline and Microstrip
• Propagation factor
Stripline: 1950’s Microstrip: 1960’s
 jk x x  jk y y  j  z
e jkr  e • How ddoes the
H h wave propagate
• k  xˆ k x  yˆ k y  zˆ k z in each of x , y and z
direction?
• k 2  (m a ) 2  (n b) 2   2

TEM Quasi-TEM
 vp  c air

v  c dielectric
 p r

25 26

3.7 Stripline Does stripline have higher-order modes?

 Fundamental mode: TEM mode

 A stripline also supports higher-order TM & TE modes,  Of course, yes
yes. In addition to the TEM mode, it has higher
higher-order
order
which are avoided in practice.
 Approximation formulas for analysis: modes.
30 b  The structure of stripline is actually a perturbation of parallel-
Zo 
 r Wo  0.441b
 W 
plate waveguide , which has TEn and TMn higher
higher-order
order modes.
modes
 0.35 W   x for  r Z o  120 
0 for
d
We W  b 0.85  0.6  x for  r Z o  120   The cutoff frequencies of TEn and TMn are n b ,which can
   2 
b b  0.35  W  for W  0.35 30
  x  0.441
be very high if b is sufficiently small.
 b d  r Zo
27 28
 3.8 Microstrip Microstrip Analysis (Approximation)

 r 1  r 1 1
e  
2 2 1  12 d W
 60  8d 4W  W
 ln   , for 1
  e  W d  d
(1) The most popular planar transmission line. Zo   120 W
 , for 1
(2) Easily integrated with microwave active and passive devices.  W  W   d
  e   1.393  0.667 ln   1.444  
(3) Easy fabrication with low cost.  d d 
(4) Dominant mode is quasi-TEM
quasi TEM mode,
mode a hybrid mode; not a pure http://chemandy.com/calculators/microstrip_transmission_line_calculator.htm
TEM mode.
29 30

Microstrip Synthesis (Given Z0 and εr) Microstrip Synthesis (Given Z0 and ε0)

 8e A 4 W Example 3.7 Microstrip Synthesis

 2A or , for 2
W e  2 sinh A d Calculate W and the length for a microstrip line with 50 Ω
 characteristic impedance and a phase shift of 90o at 2.5GHz.
d 2   1  0.61  W
B  1  ln(2 B  1)  r ln( B  1)  0.39   , for 2 d = 1.27mm, and  r  2.2.
  2 r   r  d
 
Sol: W d  3.081  W  3.081 1.27  3.91mm
Zo  r  1  r  1  0.11   r 1  r 1 1
A  0 23 
 0.23  e    1.87
1 87
60 2 r  1 r  2 2 1  12 d W
377 c 4
B
2Zo  r 90o   l   e kol  l   21.9
21 9mm
2 f  e
31 32
 Does microstrip have higher-order modes? 3.11 Other Transmission Lines and Waveguides

1. Ridge Waveguide 

In a closed microstrip, there exists a dominant mode, called

quasi-TEM modes, and many higher-order modes , including
evanescent modes and complex modes.

(a) TE and TM modes

Dispersion Characteristics of Microstrip
(b) Structure lowers the cutoff frequency of the dominant mode.
 1 vc
  ko  e ,  e   vp   ( ) Structure
(c) St t increases
i bandwidth
b d idth andd has
h better
b tt impedance
i d
ko  o  e e
characteristics for matching purpose.
 e (effective dielectric constant): function of frequency  dispersive

33 34

Dielectric Waveguides Slotline and Coplanar Waveguides

Slotline
(a) Quasi-TEM mode is available.
(b) Ranks just behind microstrip.

((a)) Both TE and TM waves exist.

(b)  r 2   r1, so that most fields are confined to the ridge ( r 2 ) region.
CPW
( ) Easily
(c) E il integrated
i d with
i h active
i devices.
d i
(a) Even and odd quasi-TEM modes exist.
(d) Small size, suitable for millimeter-wave to optical wave. (b) Particularly useful for fabricating with
active circuitry.
35 36
 Table 3.6 3.3 Circulator Waveguides
Comparison of Common Transmission Lines and Waveguides Determining the longitudinal components Ez and Bz, we could
quickly calculate all the others.
i E B
Characteristic Coax Waveguide Stripline Microstrip Ex  (k z   z )
Modes: Preferred TEM TE10 TEM Quasi-TEM ( / c)  k
2 2
x y
Other TM,TE
TM TE TM,TE
TM TE TM,TE
TM TE Hybrid TM,TE
TM TE i E B
Dispersion None Medium None Low
Ey  (k z   z )
( / c)  k
2 2
y x
dw d
Bandwidth High
g Low
ow High
g High
g
i B  Ez
Loss Medium Low High High Bx  (k z  2 )
( / c)  k
2 2
x c y
Power capacity Medium High Low Low
i B  Ez
Physical size Large Large Medium Small By  (k z  2 )
Ease of Medium Medium Easy Easy
( / c)  k
2 2
y c y
fabrication  2 2  2 2
Integration Hard Hard Fair Easy  2  2  2  k  Ez  0 If Ez  0  TE (transverse electric) waves;
 x y v 
If Bz  0  TM ((transverse magnetic)
g ) waves;;
 2
 2
 2
2
 2  2  2  k  Bz  0 If Ez  0 and Bz  0  TEM waves.
 x y v 
37 38

TE and TM modes
TM Mode of a Waveguide (Bz = 0):

xnm xnm
(t2   2 ) E z  0 with boundary condition E z  0 Table 3.5
s
 ik z Circular
 Et   t E z Assume perfectly Waveguide
 2
  1 conducting wall.
 H t   e z  Et   e z  Et
 kz Ze
Z e  k z  , wave impedance
 2   2  k 2
 z of TM modes
TE Mode of a Waveguide (Ez = 0):

(t2   2 ) H z  0 with boundary condition  H z  0

n
 Z h    k z , wave s
ik
H   z  H impedance of TE modes b .c. n  H s  0
 t 2
t z
n  ez  n Ht s  0

Et    e z  H t   Z he z  H t
 n tH z s  0
 kz  n H z s  0
 2 2 2
    k z 39 40
The Roots of Bessel Function (TMnm modes) The Roots of Bessel Derivative (TEnm modes)
xnm J 0 ( x0 m ) J1 ( x1m ) J 2 ( x2 m ) J 3 ( x3m ) J 4 ( x4 m ) J 5 ( x5m ) 
xnm J 0 ( x0 m ) J1 ( x1m ) J 2 ( x2 m ) J 3 ( x3 m ) J 4 ( x4 m ) J 5 ( x5 m )
m=1 2.4048 3.8317 5.1356 6.3802 7.5883 8.7715 m=1 3.8317 1.8412 3.0542 4.2012 5.3175 6.4156
2 5.5201 7.0156 8.4172 9.7610 11.0647 12.3386 2 7.0156 5.3314 6.7061 8.0152 9.2824 10.5199
3 8.6537 10.1735 11.6198 13.0152 14.3725 15.7002 3 10.1735 8.5363 9.9695 11.3459 12.6819 13.9872
4 11 7915
11.7915 13 3237
13.3237 14 7960
14.7960 16 2235
16.2235 17 6160
17.6160 18 9801
18.9801 4 13 3237
13.3237 11 7060
11.7060 13 1704
13.1704 14 5858
14.5858 15 9641
15.9641 17 3128
17.3128
5 14.9309 16.4706 17.9598 19.4094 20.8269 22.2178 5 16.4706 14.8636 16.3475 17.7887 19.1960 20.5755
J1 ( x)
J 0 ( x)
J1 ( x) J 2 ( x)
J 2 ( x) J 3 ( x)
J 3 ( x) J 4 ( x) J  ( x)
5
J 4 ( x)
J 5 ( x)

J 0 ( x)
41 42

Normalized Cutoff Frequency and Attenuation Field Patterns and Surface Current
of Circular Waveguide Modes
Coaxial TEM

E-field surface current

43 44
 Attenuation of Circular Waveguide Modes
(a) Fix waveguide radius @ R
R=1mm
1mm (b) Fix cutoff frequency @26.5GHz
@26 5GHz Applications of the Circular Waveguide Modes
mode TE01 TE11 TM01 TEMinner TEMouter

 Gyrotrons (generating millimeter and terahertz radiation sources)

radius 0.6904cm 0.3317cm 0.4333cm 0.1269cm 0.292cm

0.04
Cutoff frequency: 26.5 GHz TE11, TE21, TE01, TE02, TE06, …
length=5cm
0.03 Mode
TE01

 Millimeter-wave devices

Loss
TE11
0.02 TM01

0.01
TEMouter
TEMinner Rotary Joints---TE01, TM01, coaxial TE01, coaxial TEM
Ci l t andd Isolator---TM
Circulator I l t TM11, TE11
0
28 32 36 40

P P 1 dP Frequency(GHz)
 Plasma applicator
L
Loss  in out  1  e  2z , where
h  
Pin 2 P dz TE01, TM01, coaxial TE01, coaxial TEM
TE TM TEM
1 1

Rs   f c  

2  f 
 c  
2
m2 
 Rs   f c  
2 2

Rm ba  Microwave /material applicator
 a
 1      1   
Rη   f     f  X mn  m 
2 2
Rη   f   2  ln b ab TE11, TM01, TM11, TE01, …
 
 
π fμc 1
Rs  Rm 
σc  45
46

TE01 Mode Converter

Applications:
pp Gyrotrons
y ((I))
F
From W
W-band
b d tto Terahertz
T h t
 Fundamental cyclotron harmonic: TE11,
TE11: NTHU gyrotron experiment before 2003 Decomposition Integration

Reflection method
0
-4
S221 (dB)

-8
-12
12 0
-16 Finish Product
-1

trannsmission (dB)
A
-20 C 2
-2
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Frequency (GHz) front back D
-3

B -4 simulation
 High
Hi h conversion
i efficiency
ffi i L reflection
Low fl i before welder
-5 after welder
 Mode purity  Broad bandwidth -6
30 32 34 36 38
• T. H. Chang, L. R. Barnett, K.R. Chu, F. Tai and C.L. Hsu, Rev. Sci. Instruments, 70(2), 1530 (Feb. 1999).
• T. H. Chang, S. H. Chen, L. R. Barnett, and K. R. Chu, “Characterization of Stationary and Nonstationary Behavior of Gyrotron freq (GHz)
Oscillators”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 064802, (2001). N. C. Chen, C. F. Yu, C. P. Yuan, and T. H. Chang, “A mode-selective circuit for TE01 Gyrotron Backward-wave Oscillator with
47 wide-tuning range”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 101501 (2009). 48
 Applications: Gyrotrons (II)
Applications:
pp Gyrotrons
y ((III))
 Second cyclotron harmonic:  Terahertz higher-order mode:
Slotted TE21: Reduce the magnetic field requirement TE02: 203GHz using micro-fabrication technique (LIGA)
borken line : smooth-bore waveguide TE06: Mode converter free (Why?)
solid line : slotted-bore waveguide (b/a=1.5)
80
/2 mode ()
a
b
60
2 mode (TE01)
f (GHz)

40
s=3

s=2
20  mode (TE21)
/2 mode (TE11)
s=1 Bz=6.8 kG
0
-8 -4 0 4 8
kz (cm-1) • T.
T H.
H Chang*
Chang*, B.
B Y.
Y Shew,
Shew C. C Y.
Y Wu
Wu, and N.
N C.
C Chen,
Chen "XX-ray
ray microfabrication and measurement of a terahertz mode
N. C. Chen, C. F. Yu, and T. H. Chang*, “A TE21 second harmonic gyrotron backward-wave oscillator with slotted structure”, converter", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 054701 (2010).
Phys. Plasmas, 14, 123105 (2007). • N. C. Chen, T. H. Chang*, C. P. Yuan, T. Idehara and I. Ogawa, “Theoretical investigation of a high efficiency and broadband
sub-terahertz gyrotron", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 161501 (2010).
49 50

Applications: Rotary joint Applications: Circulator/Isolator

Optimal choice: TE01 mode Optimal choice: TM11 mode
Coaxial TEM   TM01 TE01
B off
Bias ff: Bias on:

incident Port 2 Port 3 Port 2 Port 3

radiation 
boundary
E‐field surface currect
(scaler) (vector) Port 1

ferrite

TM110 mode

P t1
Port
T. H. Chang and B. R. Yu, “High-Power Millimeter-Wave Rotary Joint”, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 034701 (2009).
51 52
 Microwave /material applicator
Plasma
s applicator:
pp c o : TE11, TM040, TE031 Example: TM110
microwave source
2.45 GHz,, 3 kW
TM040 IR temperature
sensor

Novel distributive type:

2 × 2 circular polarized TE11

TE031 resonant frequency

adjustable

viewing port
NTHU Patent pending NTHU US Patent
53 54

The End off Chap.

p 3

55