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Case 1: Plot the Function f(x) =x2-4x+4 Case 2: Plot the function f(x) =-x2+x+6
=(x-2)2

Here there is only one Root?

Case 3: Plot the Function G(x) =x2-1 Case 4: Take a 10 feet Rope ,cut x feet
and leave y feet , of the remaining rope

1) Here the Equation relating x and y is

X+Y=10

2) Now the solution of the above for x=7

, x=10 and x=13 is :
X Y
7 3
10 0
13 -3
Y=10-X
3) In the 2nd part we see the we have a
case here the answer is negative i.e. -3 ,
1) G(x) =0 here when x=1 or x=-1, these
here it is important to note the fact that
are called the roots, zeroes or x-intercepts
,Negative in this case means that we are
of G(x).
out of Rope.
2) The roots of G(x) are much easier to find
than the roots of F(x) in Case 1, because
here G(x) crosses the X-axis.
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Case 5: Case 6:

We have exactly 10 min to get to class for a F(x)=x4-10x3+35x2-50x+24

test on lateral numbers, friend shiv says that
the class is exactly 1000 feet away. If we
travel at a rate of r feet /minute, also we
would like to be there a few minutes early,
let’s say that we arrive t minutes early.

1) The Equation which relates r and t is: 1) According to fundamental theorem of

Algebra F(x) has highest power of 4: therefore
Distance= Rate*Time there should be 4 roots.

D=r*t 2) Using the rational root theorem

Roots could be ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12, ±24
Time for travelling =1000/r

t=10-(Time for travelling) Try 1: 1 1 -10 35 -50 24

1 -9 26 -24
t=10-(1000/r)
1 -9 26 -24 0
2) Value of t for :
Try 2: 2 1 -9 26 -24
r=125feet/min, r=100ft/min,
2 -14 24
r=62.5feet/min
1 -7 12 0
r t
125 2 X2-7X+12=0
100 0
62.5 -6 (X-4) (X-3)=0

t=-6 means we will arrive 6 min late, X=4,3

unlike the rope case,
value of the negative number Therefore X=1,2,3,4
has some meaning here.
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F(x)=X2-X-2 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
0 = X² − X − 2
1±√(−1)²−4.1.(−2)
0 = (X − 2) (X + 1) 𝑥=
2.1
⇒ 𝑋 = 2, −1
1 ± √1 + 8
𝑥=
2.1

1±3
𝑥=
2

= 4⁄2, -2/2

=2,-1
F(x)=X2+3X+2
−3±√(3)²−4.1.2
0 = X 2 + 3X + 2 𝑥=
2.1

0 = (X + 2) (X + 1)
−3 ± √9 − 8
𝑥=
2.1
⇒ 𝑋 = −1, −2
−3 ± 1
𝑥=
2

= −2⁄2, -4/2

=-1,-2

F(x)=X2-2X+1

0 = X 2 − 2X + 1 2±√(−2)²−4.1.1
𝑥=
2.1
0 = (X − 1) (X − 1)
2 ± √4 − 4
⇒𝑋=1 𝑥=
2.1

2±0
𝑥=
2

= 2⁄2

=1
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F(x)=X2+X-4
−1±√(1)²−4.1.(−4)
Not Factorable 𝑥=
2.1

−1 ± √1 + 16
𝑥=
2.1

−1 ± √17
𝑥=
2

F(x)=X2+1

Not Factorable 0±√(0)²−4.1.1

𝑥=
2.1

0 ± √−4
𝑥=
2.1

±√−4
𝑥=
2

We will learn about this

soon.

Find the intersection points of the Parabola y=x²-4 and the Line y=2x-1

Soln: Set equations Equal to each other to find the intersection

𝑥 2 − 4 = 2𝑥 − 1
0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
0 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 = 3, −1

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
= 2(3) − 1 = 2(−1) − 1
= 6−1 = −2 − 1
=5 = −3
(3,5) (−1, −3)
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Where do the Parabola y=x²-4 and the Line y=2x-3 intersect.

Soln:
x 2 − 4 = 2x − 3
x 2 − 2x − 1 = 0
Not Factorable

−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
x= y = 2(1 + √2) − 3 y = 2(1 − √2) − 3
2a
2±√(−2)2 −4⋅1⋅(−1)
x= y = 2 + √2 − 3 y = 2 − √2 − 3
2⋅1

2±√4+4 y = −1 + √2 y = −1 − √2
x= 2
(1 + √2, −1 + 2√2) (1 − √2, −1 − 2√2)
2±√8
x= 2

2±2√2
x= 2

x = 1 ± √2

Graph of Parabola y=x²-1 and y=2x-3

The Curve and the line do not intersect.

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Solve the equation x³=8 using Del Ferro’s formula

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d d2 c 3 3 d d2 c 3
x= √ +√ + + √ −√ +
2 4 27 2 4 27
x 3 + cx = d
c=0, d=8
3 3
8 64 0 8 64 0
x= √ +√ + + √ −√ +
2 4 27 2 4 27
3 3
x = √4 + √16 + √4 − √16
3 3
x = √8 + √0
x=2

Solve the equation x³+6x=20 using Del Ferro’s formula

3
20 202 63 3 20 202 63
x= √ + √ + + √ −√ +
2 4 27 2 4 27
3 3
x = √10 + √100 + 8 + √10 − √100 + 8
3 3
x = √10 + √108 + √10 − √108
3 3
x = √20.392 + √−0.392

Solve the equation x³=x+2 using Cardan’s modified version of Del Ferro’s formula

3
d d2 c 3 3 d d2 c 3
x= √ + √ − + √ −√ −
2 4 27 2 4 27

x 3 = cx + d

3 3
2 4 1 2 4 1
x= √ +√ − + √ −√ −
2 4 27 2 4 27

3 3
x = √1 + √26⁄27 + √1 − √26⁄27
x = 1.5214
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Simplify the following: Solution of the following:

√−16 = √16 ⋅ √−1 = 4 ⋅ √−1

√−51 = √51 ⋅ √−1

√−4 = √4 ⋅ √−1 = 2 ⋅ √−1

√−5 + √−5 = 2 ⋅ √−5 = 2 ⋅ √5 ⋅ √−1

√−5 + √5 = (√5 ⋅ √−1) + √5 = √5(√−1 + 1)

16 + √−16 = 16 + (√16 ⋅ √−1 = 16 + 4√−1

√−4 ⋅ √4 = 2√4√−1

√−512 = √2.256 ⋅ √−1 = 16√2√−1

2
√−4 ⋅ √−4 = √4√−1√4√−1 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (√−1) = −4

7 7 √−7 7√−7 7√7

⋅ = = = √−7√−1
√−7 √−7 √−7 √7 ⋅ √−1 ⋅ √7 ⋅ √−1 7 ⋅ −1

1 1 √−1 √−1
⋅ = = −√−1
√−1 √−1 √−1 −1
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From Below graphs we see that all cubic functions have at least one root.

Find the 2 numbers whose multiplication is 11187 and addition is 212 ?

xy = 11187 x + y = 212
⇒ y = 212 − x
x(212 − x) = 11187
212x − x² = 11187
0 = x 2 − 212x + 11187

−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
212 ± √(212)2 − 4(1)(11187)
x=
2(1)
x = 99 and 113
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3 2 3 3 2 3
d d c d d c
x = √ + √ − ⊢ −√ − √ −
2 4 27 2 4 27

3 3
x = √2 + √−121 + √2 − √−121

3 3
x = √2 + √4 − 126 + √2 − √4 − 126

3 2 3 3 2
4 4 15 4 4
x = √2 + √ 4 − 27 − √α − √ φ
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2
√−1 ⋅ (1 + √−1) = √−1 + (√−1) = √−1 ⋅ −1

2
(1 − √−1) ⋅ (1 + √−1) = 1 − √−1 + √−1 − (√−1) = 1 + 1 = 2

2
(2 + 3√−1) ⋅ (2 + 3√−1) = 4 + 6√−1 + 6√−1 + 9(√−1)
= 4 + 12√−1 − 9
= −5 + 12√−1

2
(5 − 2√−1)² = 25 − 10√−1 − 10√−1 + 4(√−1)
= 25 − 20√−1 − 4
= 21 − 20√−1

2
(5√−1 − 2√−1)² = (3√−1) = 9 ⋅ −1 = −9

2 + √−121 = 𝑎 + 𝑏√−1 𝑎=2 √−121 = 𝑏√−1

√121 √−1 = 𝑏√−1
𝑏 = √121 = 11

√−4 = 𝑎 + 𝑏√−1 𝑎=0 √−4 = 𝑏√−1

√4 √−1 = 𝑏√−1
𝑏 = √4 = 2
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√4 = 𝑎 + 𝑏√−1

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