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7.

1
1. What is the probability that a card selected at random from a standard deck of 52 cards is an ace?
+ 4/52
3. What is the probability that a randomly selected integer chosen from the first 100 positive integers is
odd?
+ 1/2
5. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on two dice is even when they are rolled?
+ 1/2
7. What is the probability that when a coin is flipped six times in a row, it lands heads up every time?
+ .5x.5x.5x.5x.5 = .5^6
9. What is the probability that a five-card poker hand does not contain the queen of hearts?
+ 51 choose 5 / 52 choose 5 (51 since there is only one queen of hearts.)
13. What is the probability that a five-card poker hand contains at least one ace?
+ 1 – prob of no aces. 1 – (48 choose 5 / 52 choose 5)
29. In a super lottery, players win a fortune if they choose the eight numbers selected by a computer from
the positive integers not exceeding 100. What is the probability that a player wins this super lottery?
+ 1 / 100 choose 8
37. Which is more likely: rolling a total of 9 when two dice are rolled or rolling a total of 9 when three
dice are rolled?
+ Three dice, 0.116 vs 0.111
7.2
7. What is the probability of these events when we randomly select a permutation of {1, 2, 3, 4}? a) 1
precedes 4. b) 4 precedes 1. c) 4 precedes 1 and 4 precedes 2. d) 4 precedes 1, 4 precedes 2, and 4
precedes 3. e) 4 precedes 3 and 2 precedes 1.
+ a+b) in every permutation we either have 1 -> 4 or 4 -> 1, therefore ½
+ c) 4 is either in 1st place, then the rest have 3! Permutations or 4 is in 2nd place and the rest have 2!, 8/24
+ d+e) since 4 has to be in the first slot, there are 3! Permutations for the rest, which is 6/24
19. a) What is the probability that two people chosen at random were born during the same month of the
year?
+ 12 / 12*12 = 1/12
23. What is the conditional probability that exactly four heads appear when a fair coin is flipped five
times, given that the first flip came up heads?
+ C(4,3) / 2^4
25. What is the conditional probability that a randomly generated bit string of length four contains at least
two consecutive 0s, given that the first bit is a 1? (Assume the probabilities of a 0 and a 1 are the same.)

+ P(A|B) = P(B|A)P(A)/P(B) if P(A) is the prob that a bit string begins with 1, and P(B) is prob of a
bit string containing 2 consecutive 0s. p(A and B) means beings with 1 and has 0 consecutive 0s, it 3/16
hence P(B | A) = 3/16 / .5 = 3/8
31. Find the probability that a family with five children does not have a boy, if the sexes of children are
independent and if a) a boy and a girl are equally likely. b) the probability of a boy is 0.51
+a) .5^5 = 1/32 b) .49^5
35. Find each of the following probabilities when n independent Bernoulli trials are carried out with
probability of success p. a) the probability of no failures b) the probability of at least one failure c) the
probability of at most one failure d) the probability of at least two failures
+ a) P^n b) 1 – P^n c)
7.3
1. Suppose that E and F are events in a sample space and p(E) = 1/3, p(F ) = 1/2, and p(E | F ) = 2/5. Find
p(F | E).
+ P(F|E) = P(E and F) P(F) / P(E) = 2/5 * 1/2 / .3 = 1/5 /.3 = 3/5
3. Suppose that Frida selects a ball by first picking one of two boxes at random and then selecting a ball
from this box at random. The first box contains two white balls and three blue balls, and the second box
contains four white balls and one blue ball. What is the probability that Frida picked a ball from the first
box if she has selected a blue ball?
+ [2w 3b] [4w 1b] P(F|B) = P(B|F)P(F)/P(B) = 3/5 * 1/2 / .4 = 3/4
7. Suppose that a test for opium use has a 2% false positive rate and a 5% false negative rate. That is, 2%
of people who do not use opium test positive for opium, and 5% of opium users test negative for opium.
Furthermore, suppose that 1% of people actually use opium. a) Find the probability that someone who
tests negative for opium use does not use opium. b) Find the probability that someone who tests positive
for opium use actually uses opium
+a
9. Suppose that 8% of the patients tested in a clinic are infected with HIV. Furthermore, suppose that
when a blood test for HIV is given, 98% of the patients infected with HIV test positive and that 3% of the
patients not infected with HIV test positive. What is the probability that a) a patient testing positive for
HIV with this test is infected with it? b) a patient testing positive for HIV with this test is not infected
with it? c) a patient testing negative for HIV with this test is infected with it? d) a patient testing negative
for HIV with this test is not infected with it?
7.4
1. What is the expected number of heads that come up when a fair coin is flipped five times?
+E(X) = np where n=5, p=1/2 = 2.5
3. What is the expected number of times a 6 appears when a fair die is rolled 10 times?
+ E(X) = np where n=10, p=1/6 = 5/3
5. What is the expected sum of the numbers that appear on two dice, each biased so that a 3 comes up
twice as often as each other number?
+ 1/7 * (1+2+3+4+5+6) * 2
6. What is the expected value when a $1 lottery ticket is bought in which the purchaser wins exactly $10
million if the ticket contains the six winning numbers chosen from the set {1, 2, 3,..., 50} and the
purchaser wins nothing otherwise?
+ (10mill/ 50 C 8 ) -1 = $0.37
7. The final exam of a discrete mathematics course consists of 50 true/false questions, each worth two
points, and 25 multiple-choice questions, each worth four points. The probability that Linda answers a
true/false question correctly is 0.9, and the probability that she answers a multiple-choice question
correctly is 0.8. What is her expected score on the final?
+E(X) = np = 50*.9*2 + 25*.8*4= 170
11. Suppose that we roll a fair die until a 6 comes up or we have rolled it 10 times. What is the expected
number of times we roll the die?
+
3.2
1. Determine whether each of these functions is O(x). a) f (x) = 10
c) f (x) = x2 + x + 1
e) f (x) =
3. Use the definition of “f (x) is O(g(x))” to show that x^4 + 9x^3 + 4x + 7 is O(x4).
+All terms bounded above by X^4
5. Show that (x^2 + 1)/(x + 1) is O(x).
+ (x^2 + 1)/(x + 1) = x-1+2 /x+1 < x for all x>1
7. Find the least integer n such that f (x) is O(xn) for each of these functions. a) f (x) = 2x^3 + x^2 log x
b) f (x) = 3x3 + (log x)4
+a) x^3 b) x^3
9. Show that x2 + 4x + 17 is O(x3) but that x3 is not O(x2 + 4x + 17)

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