UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

FAKULTI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI

PROGRAM PENGAJIAN SAINS DAN MATEMATIK

STQM 6024: BIOMECHANIC

INDIVIDUAL TASK ASSIGNMENT

Video Ice Princess - Prinsip Mekanik Dalam Skating Aktiviti

Name : Abdullah Helmi Bin Isahak

ID No : P96442
Lecturer : Azmin Sham Rambely, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Due Date : 02/10/2018
Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 3

Synopsis of “Ice Princess” Movie .......................................................................................................... 3

Physic in “Ice Princess” Movie .............................................................................................................. 4

Types of Physic Theorem ........................................................................................................................... 5

Kinetic Energy, (KE) .............................................................................................................................. 5

Moment of Inertia, (I) ............................................................................................................................. 6

Kinematic Equation ................................................................................................................................ 7

Projectile of Motion ................................................................................................................................ 7

Force Gravity, (Fg) .................................................................................................................................. 9

Momentum, (P) ....................................................................................................................................... 9

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 10

References .................................................................................................................................................. 10
INTRODUCTION

Synopsis of “Ice Princess” Movie

Ice Princess is about one intelligent girl the name is Casey Carlyle which is very good in academic,
especially in physic course. Casey Carlyle (Michelle Trachtenberg) is a highly intelligent
seventeen year old who has been on the college track for Harvard University ever since she can
remember and also raised by single mom Joan (Joan Cusack). Brainy Casey Carlyle has never
quite fit in. Caught between her fantasy of becoming a championship figure skater and her strong-
willed mother, who has her on the fast track to Harvard, she can only hope to be like Nikki, Tiffany
and Gen--three elite skating prodigies who are ruthlessly competing on the US National circuit
(and have attitudes to match).

Figure 1.1: Casey Carlyle in Ice Princess

17-year-old physics whiz Casey Carlyle is urged by her physics teacher to work on a
physics project over the summer for presentation to Harvard. As a skater, Casey decides on a
project that shows the elements of physics applied in competitive figure skating. To start, she visits
a skating club run by former professional skater Tina Harwood. Casey eventually finds that in
order to better understand the principles she's using, she will have to become her own test subject,
and joins the skating school. While watching a figure skating competition with her mathematically
inclined friend Ann, Casey realizes that her favorite childhood hobby, ice skating, would make a
perfect project. She decides to try to improve her own skating by applying physics and what she
has discovered from watching other skaters. The more she gets involved, the more she falls in love
with figure skating.

Ice Princess is a formula movie. It makes all the stops and hits all the beats and, it ends
exactly as expected as it will. Casey use the computer as program works. She breaks down the
moves, analyzes the physics and advises Gen and other skaters on what they can change to improve
their performance. Along the way, a funny thing happens; Casey has always enjoyed skating on
the pond near her home, and now she grows fascinated by figure skating, and wants to start
training. With the help of her coach, her mom, and the boy who drives the Zamboni machine,
nothing can stop Casey (Trachtenberg) from realizing her dream to be a champion figure skater.
Physic in “Ice Princess” Movie

As result after figured out a few theorem physics in this movie there are a few theorem that feeling
incredible to anyone who watching this movie. It seems sport is not a gifted but it is a how you
practice that sport either in right ways or wrong ways. As can see in this movie, Casey has helping
junior skaters Gennifer "Gen" Harwood (Hayden Panettiere) Tiffany Lai (Jocelyn Lai) and Nikki
Fletcher (Kirsten Olson) to improve their skating. By doing some analyzing from observation until
prove using some of physics theorem and doing some calculation. Then it’s proving!

The physics behind ice skating comes down to analyzing the movement of skates over the
ice. The skates do two things: They glide over the ice and they push off the ice with the edge,
which causes a gain in speed. With practice, this combination of movements can become as
effortless as walking. In this physics we know that angular momentum is equal to the rotational
inertia multiplied by the rotational velocity. As we talked about in class, when someone spins on
skates, whether it's one the ice or at a roller rink, it will always be easier to spin faster when you
have your hands and leg tucked in. This is because when you do this, more mass is distributed to
the center of the axis of rotation. When this happens, we know that rotational inertia will be less
than if you spread your leg and arms out, causing the mass to distributed towards the outside of
the axis of rotation. Accordingly, because the rotational inertia is less, then the rotational velocity
will be greater causing the skater to go faster. Therefore, there are lists of physics theorem in this
movie:

1) Kinetic Energy
2) Moment of Inertia
3) Kinematic Equation
4) Projectile Motion
5) Force Gravity
6) Momentum

Based on all the combination of theorem physics above, in this movie has teach us the skating
sport will create a better result by doing a right ways. Thus, the detail for all above physics theorem
will explain in details.
Types of Physic Theorem

Kinetic Energy, (KE)

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion - whether it is vertical or
horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational (the
energy due to vibrational motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and
translational (the energy due to motion from one location to another). To keep matters simple, we
will focus upon translational kinetic energy. The amount of translational kinetic energy (from here
on, the phrase kinetic energy will refer to translational kinetic energy) that an object has depends
upon two variables: the mass (m) of the object and the speed (v) of the object. Kinetic energy is a
scalar quantity; it does not have a direction. Unlike velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum,
the kinetic energy of an object is completely described by magnitude alone. Like work and
potential energy, the standard metric unit of measurement for kinetic energy is the Joule. As might
be implied by the above equation, 1 Joule is equivalent to 1 kg*(m/s) ^2.

Figure 2.1 Spin in Figure Skating

Rotational energy or angular kinetic energy is kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object
and is part of its total kinetic energy. Looking at rotational energy separately around an object's
axis of rotation, the following dependence on the object's moment of inertia is observed:
1
𝐸= 𝑚𝑣 2 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 @ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
2
Where, m = mass of skater
v = velocity of skater
1 2
𝐸= 𝐼𝑤 (𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡)
2
Where, I = moment of inertia
w2 = angular of velocity by skater
Moment of Inertia, (I)

The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body
is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational
axis; similar to how mass determine the force needed for a desired acceleration. It depends on the
body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more torque to change
the body's rotation rate. It is an extensive (additive) property: for a point mass the moment of
inertia is just the mass times the square of the perpendicular distance to the rotation axis. The
moment of inertia of a rigid composite system is the sum of the moments of inertia of its component
subsystems (all taken about the same axis). Its simplest definition is the second moment of mass
with respect to distance from an axis.

Figure 2.2: moment inertia in ice skating practice

Moment of inertia, I is defined as the ratio of the net angular momentum, L of a system to its
angular velocity, w around a principal axis, that is
𝐿
𝐼=
𝑤

If the angular momentum of a system is constant, then as the moment of inertia gets smaller, the
angular velocity must increase. This occurs when spinning figure skaters pull in their outstretched
arms or divers curl their bodies into a tuck position during a dive, to spin faster. If the shape of the
body does not change, then its moment of inertia appears in Newton's law of motion as the ratio
of an applied torque τ on a body to the angular acceleration α around a principal axis, that is

τ = 𝐼α

For a simple pendulum, this definition yields a formula for the moment of inertia I in terms of the
mass m of the pendulum and its distance r from the pivot point as,

𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2

Thus, moment of inertia depends on both the mass m of a body and its geometry, or shape, as
defined by the distance r to the axis of rotation.
Kinematic Equation

These equations are known as kinematic equations. There are a variety of quantities associated
with the motion of objects - displacement (and distance), velocity (and speed), acceleration, and
time. Knowledge of each of these quantities provides descriptive information about an object's
motion.

Projectile of Motion

A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. There are a variety of examples
of projectiles. An object dropped from rest is a projectile (provided that the influence of air
resistance is negligible). An object that is thrown vertically upward is also a projectile (provided
that the influence of air resistance is negligible). And an object which is thrown upward at an angle
to the horizontal is also a projectile (provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible). A
projectile is any object that once projected or dropped continues in motion by its own inertia and
is influenced only by the downward force of gravity.

Figure 2.3: projectile motion in skating activities

There are some of basic projectile motion formula that look similar with kinematic equation that
involved with horizontal distance travel and vertical height.

Figure 2.4: formula of projectile motion

 1
ℎ= 𝑔𝑡 2 (m)
2

𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡 2 (m/s)

In this two formulas is refer to the free fall formula. Symbol h is the distance take for the object
free fall. Meanwhile, v is velocity of the object free fall. The g is the symbol for the gravity and t
is time take for object free fall.

2𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔

Where, t is the time of flight a jump with initial velocity, vo and take off with angle, θ and gravity,
g.

𝑣 2 𝑜 sin 2𝜃
𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔

2𝑣 2 𝑜 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑋𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔

Where Xmax is the maximum horizontal distance that skater can take to make distance of jump with
initial velocity, vo and take off with angle, θ.

𝑣 2 𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔

Zmax = maximum height for jump

θ = take off angle

vo = initial velocity

g = gravity
Force Gravity, (Fg)

The gravitational force is a force that attracts any two objects with mass. We call the gravitational
force attractive because it always tries to pull masses together, it never pushes them apart. In fact,
every object, including you, is pulling on every other object in the entire universe! This is called
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation. Admittedly, you don't have a very large mass and so,
you're not pulling on those other objects much. And objects that are really far apart from each other
don't pull on each other noticeably either. But the force is there and we can calculate it.
𝑔𝑀𝑚
𝐹𝑔
𝑅2
g = gravity
M = mass of the earth
m = mass of the body
R = position vector of the body from center of earth

Momentum, (P)

Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion." All objects have mass; so if an object is moving,
then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion. The amount of momentum that an object has is
dependent upon two variables: how much stuff is moving and how fast the stuff is moving.
Momentum depends upon the variables mass and velocity. In terms of an equation, the momentum
of an object is equal to the mass of the object times the velocity of the object.

Figure 2.5: angular momentum skating

In order to increase the centripetal force by touching in skater arms, it will increase moment of
inertia then it will spin faster. The more force applied at toe pick, the more high of jump in skating
activities.
P = mv; where m = mass, v = velocity

Fc = Centripetal Force = ma = mv2/r

F = ma = m (v – u / t); where (mv – mu) = momentum change with time

Conclusion

For the conclusion, most of the theory and equation are accurate because they provide reasonable
number and solutions. What can said, this the most brilliant movie that has been proven the concept
of science theorem in sport activities. To make strongest reason the ending of this movie Casey
Carlyle (Michelle Trachtenberg) has achieve her dream to become a good skater and same time a
good practical in applied the theorem of physic in ice skater.

References

https://prezi.com/wcky7llisikp/ice-princess-movie-analysis-explanation/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-
tutorial/a/rotational-inertia

http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/momentum_formula/55/

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-6/Kinematic-Equations

Ice.Princess.2005.720p.WEB DL.DD5.1@MovieStarsOfficial2017.mp4

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-Projectile