The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the

views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute

(ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data
included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official
terms.

Funding and Supporting

Citywide Inclusive Sanitation at the
World Bank
Martin Gambrill
Lead Water and Sanitation Specialist, World Bank

ADBI Sustainable Sanitation Session, September 21st 2018

www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater

1

Moving from the MDGs to the SDGs

§ Goals are technology neutral with ladder concept 2.1 billion without safely
§ Sanitation service chain is adopted managed water in 2015
§ Aspects of sustainability included 5.3 billion without safely
§ Hygiene goal introduced managed sanitation

(JMP, 2017)
This has drastically affected the JMP coverage numbers…

2
The world figures are looking lower

According to the 2015 SDG

baseline:
• 4.5 billion people in the
MDG world don’t have access to
safely managed sanitation
• 57% of people living in
urban areas do not have
SDG toilets which provide a full
sanitation service
• 16% don’t have a basic
sanitation service
SDGs:
considering the whole Sanitation Service Chain
Universal, comprehensive and sustainable coverage of sanitation services,
with a focus on the safe management along the sanitation service chain

MDG focus SDG focus

Service
chain

End-use/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal
The Sanitation Service Chain

MDGs SDGs
End-use/
Containment Emptying Conveyance Treatment
Disposal

Simplified or Conventional Sewerage

Sewerage network Sewage
treatment End-use/
WC
Pumping stations works Disposal

Non-networked Systems
Vacuum truck
Treatment
Latrine
Primary plant End-use/
or Transfer
emptying disposal
septic tank
Safely covered and replaced in new location

Container-
End-use/
Based Collection Transport Treatment
disposal
5 Sanitation
Growing cities, growing sanitation problems
Rapid urbanization and inequality

Formal
2.5% Informal
13%
In a city, everything is interconnected…

9
 The Need for Integrated Thinking

Solid Waste Collection Sanitary Landfill

Drainage
Stormwater Appropriate
Flooding,
Tenure and land-use control

Maintenance
Resource
downstreamRe-
use
pollution
Physical planning

Physical planning
Urban upgrading

Land-use control
Latrines

Pit and Tank Treatment

Emptying Works

SepticTanks

Sewerage Pumping Treatment

Network Stations Works
In short: inadequate sanitation has tremendous costs

Type of losses Quantifiable?

Economic impacts at household level
• Direct health impacts of poor sanitation (diarrhea, other waterborne diseases) üüü
• Time spent looking for a safe space to defecate or for queuing at public toilets üüü
• Impact on productivity due to sickness üüü
- Time missed at work (or to school)
- Time caring for other members of the family
• Long-term impact on health, particularly of children, through stunting ü
Impact on water resources

• Impact on groundwater resources (cost of in-house water treatment) üü

• Impact on surface water quality (cost of network water treatment) üü
• Impacts on bio-diversity (rivers; coastal environment) ü
Foregone economic revenues

• Tourism: visual pollution (dirty rivers and beaches), smells üü

11
• Industries dependent on water quality (e.g. fisheries) üü
 High estimated annual capital expenditure
to meet 2030 SDG safely managed sanitation target

Drinking
Urban water (rural Total capital investment
sanitation and urban), to meet SDG 6.1 & 6.2
and hygiene, Urban41.1
andbn/yr
rural estimated at
46 bn/yr water supply, US$ 114 billion / year
45 b/yr (range: US$74 - 166 billion/yr)

Urban Sanitation
Rural
sanitation accounts for
and hygiene, 40% of these costs
25 bn/yr

Source: Hutton and Varughese. 2016. The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal
Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. Washington, DC. World Bank.

12
But the benefits of good sanitation are worth it

Virtual circle by reducing exposure and reducing costs:

• Public health (diarrhea and other excreta-related diseases, worms infestions, stunting)
• Environmental benefits (improved water quality)
• Quality of life for residents, recreation, etc.
• Food security (water and nutrient recovery)
• Part of a future ‘low carbon economy’ (energy generation; GHG emissions)
• => towards city competitiveness

Urban sanitation can be a productive investment

• Regional variation – reflecting differences in costs of sanitation facilities

And sanitation is now a human right…

“Physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe,
hygienic, secure, socially and culturally acceptable and that provides privacy and
ensures dignity.”
General Assembly resolution 70/169. The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, A/RES/70/169 (17 December 2015),
 So why does urban sanitation lag so badly?
• Out of sight, out of mind? …or turning a blind eye?
• …politicians who only react to a crisis vs. the silent emergency
• Service providers see only one urban sanitation solution
• Engineers concerned with sophisticated engineering not service provision
• Vicious cycle: build => don’t operate and maintain => rebuild
• Little consideration of the full Sanitation Service Chain
• Few robust service providers
• Tariffs not even covering O&M costs
• Weak service provider leadership
• Poor relationship with politicians
• Lack of innovation, R&D
• Lack of customer focus
• Not considering interface with other urban services
14
 Defining Citywide Inclusive Sanitation

- Everybody benefits from adequate sanitation service delivery outcomes

- Human waste is safely managed along the whole sanitation service chain

- Effective resource recovery and re-use is considered

- A diversity of technical solutions is embraced, being adaptive, mixed and incremental

- Comprehensive approaches to sanitation improvements needed, with planning, technical

innovation, institutional reforms and financial mobilization

- Cities will need to demonstrate political will and technical and managerial leadership, and
to manage new and creative ways of funding sanitation

- Combines both onsite sanitation and sewerage solutions, in either centralized or

decentralized systems, to better respond to realities faced in cities

- Needs to consider complementary services: water supply, drainage, greywater, solid

waste

…so, we need to think differently…

15
Thinking differently…
The Durban ‘Sanitation Edge’

• Providing sewerage to the 250,000 families

not connected to piped network in Durban
would cost > USD 4.5 billion …and is not
affordable

• The policy adopted defined a sanitation edge

within which development densities were high
enough to make affordable piped sewers
connected to STPs

• Outside the urban edge, off-grid/onsite

sanitation options have been provided for
some USD 250 million (~ 5%)
Thinking differently…
Connecting the unconnected
 Thinking differently

Condominial Sewers
Thinking differently…
Reuse: closing the cycle
Thinking differently…
Urine diverting toilets, container based sanitation
...separating greywater and blackwater...
Ministerial building (Den
Haag) H+ (Helsingborg)
• Just in operation
Noorderhoek (Sneek) • Offices: 1,200 persons - vacuum
• 2011 • Kitchen grinders for offices for 5,000
• 200 households persons
• Blackwater and kitchen waste • Urinals
- vacuum • Treatment unit for all fractions in the
• Local treatment basement of the building.
• Not high-end

Buiksloterham Flintenbreite (Lübeck)

(Amsterdam) • 2002
• Under construction • 117 households
• 600 households • Blackwater + kitchen waste,
• Blackwater and kitchen waste - vacuum separate greywater collection
• Treatment of blackwater and kitchen and treatment
waste on floating WWTP • Local treatment of all
• High end development flowstreams

Schipperskaai (Ghent) Jenfelder Au (Hamburg)

• People moving in 2018
• 2017 and onwards
• 400 households
• 2,500 persons (2020)
• Bllackwater and kitchen waste – vacuum and
• Blackwater separate by vacuum, separate
separate greywater collection
collection of greywater
• Industrial reuse of treated greywater is planned
• Local treatment of blackwater and greywater
• High end development
• Not high-end development
• INTE högstatusområde
Drawing: J. Wijkmark w adaptation by M. Palmer-Rivera
 CAESB – Brasilia, Brazil

CAESB has overall responsibility

End-use/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal

Sewerage network
Receiving body
WWTP
of water
Household
Condominial sewers

Close coordination/
participation

ADASA, The Regulatory Agency for Water and Wastewater of the Federal District
WSS Tariffs and Wastewater Effluent Discharge Standards

22
 Maynilad/Manila Water – Manila, The Philippines

End-use/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal

Household Maynilad/Manila Water (private utilities)

Receiving body
Sewerage network WWTP of water

Vacuum Tank Farmer

Septic tank Trucks FSTP
Units
Treated FS

Metropolitan and Waterworks and Sewerage System regulates

Oversight/quality control by:

Laguna Lake Development Authority; Department of Environment and Natural Resources
National Water Resources Board; Department of Health
26 Per City, Municipal Health Department
Manila Water
Maynilad

ST Under the Sink

ST in the Garage
 eThekwini Water and Sanitation – Durban, South Africa

EWS has overall responsibility

End-use/
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Disposal

Centralized
WWTP
Sewerage network
Decentralized
WWTP

Household Private contractor EWS Farmer

VIP/UDDT LaDePa, Pellets,

Manual + Trucks
Latrines BSF… protein…

Ministry regulates
29
eThekwini Water and Sanitation – Durban, South Africa

Treating 47.5 Ml/d of municipal wastewater to near potable

standard for direct reuse in industrial processes
There is no one size fits all for service delivery!

MDGs SDGs
End-use/
Containment Emptying Conveyance Treatment
Disposal

Simplified or Conventional Sewerage

Sewerage network Sewage
treatment End-use/
WC
Pumping stations works Disposal

Non-networked Systems
Vacuum truck
Treatment
Latrine
Primary plant End-use/
or Transfer
emptying disposal
septic tank
Safely covered and replaced in new location

Container-
End-use/
Based Collection Transport Treatment
disposal
33 Sanitation
The World Bank and Citywide Inclusive Sanitation
= our toolbox =

Good Practices Technical experts

Assessments Guides/Manuals

Generic TORs Example WB documents

CWIS website content

ü Guidelines for undertaking Strategic Urban Sanitation Planning

ü The Citywide Inclusive Sanitation Planning & Costing Tool

ü Generic TORs for the preparation of Participatory Integrated Master Planning

ü Guidelines for undertaking Urban Sanitation Status Index mapping

ü Generic TORs for the preparation of Fecal Sludge Management

projects/components

ü Guidelines and generic TORs for undertaking condominial sewerage interventions

ü Condominial Sewerage Manual (in Portuguese, Spanish, English)

 CWIS website content

ü Global review of Container-Based Sanitation

ü Guidance and good practice document on Connecting the Unconnected for

conventional sewerage interventions

ü Guidance document on good practice approaches to the design, implementation

and management of Public/Shared/Communal Toilets

ü Small Towns Wastewater Management and Reuse Manual

ü Small Towns Greywater Management and Reuse Manual

ü Fecal Sludge and Septage Treatment Engineering Design Manual

ü Good practice documentation of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation

Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: good practices
=> https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLa16GBkPGYKv4n_a0BcKB_hUYMdiQVH55
 The World Bank and Citywide Inclusive Sanitation

Guides/Manuals
- Shared and Public Sanitation
- Connecting Households to Sewers
- Small Town Wastewater Treatment
- Greywater Management & Reuse
- Subsidies for Sanitation
- Fecal Sludge and Septage
Treatment
Good Practices
- Container Based Sanitation
- Sanitation Workers
- Combined vs Separated Sewers
- Videos from around the World

Assessments
- Costing & Planning Tool
- SFDs

Generic TORs
- Condominial Sewers
- Fecal Sludge Management
Systems
- Strategic Sanitation Planning
- Participatory Integrated Master
Planning
- Public/Shared Toilets O&M

Technical Expertise
- Internal and external CWIS
experts on call for technical
support and missions

The World
Bank CWIS
Team

Image: J. Wijkmark w. addition by M. Palmér-Rivera

CWIS getting traction at the World Bank
A growing portfolio in operations…

ü Zambia, Lusaka
ü Ghana, Accra
ü Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam
ü Ethiopia, 22 secondary towns and Addis
ü Benin, national
ü Angola, 9 secondary towns
ü India, various engagements
ü Kenya
ü Bangladesh – Dhaka, Chittagong
ü Indonesia – national
ü Mozambique – national
ü Cambodia; Lao – national (policy/strategy)
ü Bolivia, Colombia, Haiti

…and in technical assistance…

ü Kenya; Rwanda; Monrovia; Uganda, Malawi…
CWIS means thinking differently

The Bank’s CWIS bringing a suite of tools, material and support to TTLs and
government counterparts to help us…

- Shift mindsets on urban sanitation

- Learn from what others have done right (and wrong!) in the past…
- Think differently – innovate!
- Find opportunities to leapfrog approaches…
Citywide Inclusive Sanitation
 Thank you

mgambrill@worldbank.org

www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater