Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

𝜎𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑢
𝜎𝑑 =
𝐹𝑆

Cylindrical

Figure Section:Stress Formula With Joint Efficiency

Longitudinal Section:
(Transverse, Girth, 𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
Hoop, Circumferential, 𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑑 =
Radial, Tangential 2𝑡 2𝑡𝜖
Stress)
Diametral, Transverse
Section: 𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
Longitudinal Stress 𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑑 =
4𝑡 4𝑡𝜖

Spherical

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑑 =
4𝑡 4𝑡𝜖

Elliptical

Long
𝑃𝐷𝑑 𝑃𝐷𝑑
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡(𝐷 + 𝑑) 2𝑡(𝐷 + 𝑑)𝜖

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝜎𝑡 = 𝜎𝑡 =
4𝑡 4𝑡𝜖

𝜋𝐷𝑑 2
∗ 𝑉 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 =
6
Max. amount of like CO2 in mass can a vessel support at a given pressure:
P is Absolute
If English: °R = °F + 460
 Members in Compression Columns

𝐿𝑒
Slenderness ratio, 𝑆𝑅 =
𝑟

Le – 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑘𝐿, where L – actual length of the member/distance between support

𝐼
𝑟 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
𝐴

End Fixity, k, or End Restraint Coefficient

Ends k

P-P 1.0

F-F 0.5

F-P 0.7

F-FR 2.0

P, pinned F, fixed FR, free

 𝐿𝑒
Category I, < 30
𝑟

Failure Profile Formula

𝐹
Strength 𝜎𝑑 = 𝜎𝑐 =
𝐴

𝐹𝐿
Deformation 𝛿=
𝐸𝐴

𝐿𝑒
Category II, 𝑟
> 30

Failure Profile is BUCKLING

𝐿𝑒
SHORT if < 𝐶𝑐
𝑟

𝜎𝑦 𝐿𝑒 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝜎𝑦 𝐴 [1 − ]
4𝐸𝜋 2 𝑟 2
𝜎𝑦 𝐿𝑒 2
JB Johnson Formula = 𝜎𝑦 𝐴 [1 − ( ) ]
4𝐸 𝜋𝑟
𝜎𝑦 𝑆𝑅 2
= 𝜎𝑦 𝐴 [1 − ( ) ]
4𝐸 𝜋

𝐿𝑒
LONG if 𝑟
> 𝐶𝑐

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴
𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
𝐿 2
Euler ( 𝑒)
𝑟
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴
=
(𝑆𝑅)2

2𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝐶𝑐 = √
𝜎𝑦
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝐹𝑆
𝐹 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Least radius of gyration, r
Solid cylinder
𝑑
𝑟=
4

Hollow cylinder
√𝐷 2 + 𝑑2
𝑟=
4
 Impact Loading

Free-falling body

2𝑘ℎ 𝑊 2
𝑃 = 𝑊 [1 + √1 + ] 𝑃 = √𝑘 𝑣
𝑊 𝑔

A. Axially Loaded
Members
(Tensile or Compression)

𝑃𝐿 𝐸𝐴
𝛿= 𝑘=
𝐸𝐴 𝐿

B. Transversely Loaded
Member
Cantilever Member (Load at the
free-end)

𝑃𝐿3 3𝐸𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑃𝐿 𝛿= 𝑘=
3𝐸𝐼 𝐿3

Simply Supporting Member

(Load at the center)

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿3 48𝐸𝐼
𝑀= 𝛿= 𝑘=
4 48𝐸𝐼 𝐿3

Member of Fixed Ends

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿3 192𝐸𝐼
𝑀= 𝛿= 𝑘=
8 192𝐸𝐼 𝐿3
 Stress Concentrations

Conditions
Steady, Uniform
Steady, Discontinuity
Variable, Uniform

Any discontinuity/change is caused by *hole, groove, notch, scratch, or bend*.

*will result localized stress or stress concentration, the value of which is the greater than the average or
nominal stress
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑠𝑜

Type of Stress 𝑠𝑜

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
Tensile/Compression
𝐴

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐 𝑠𝑜 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟

Bending
𝐴 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐
Torsional Shear
𝐴

TYPES OF VARIABLE LOADINGS

 ENDURANCE STRENGTH OF A MATERIAL, 𝑆𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = (𝐿𝐹)(𝑆𝑖𝑓 )(𝑆𝑢𝑓 )(𝑆′𝑛 )

1.0 – Bending
𝐿𝐹 Load Factor 0.8 – Tension/Compression
0.6 – Torsion/Shear

1.0, 𝑑′ < 0.5′′

0.85, 0.5′′ ≤ 𝑑′ ≤ 2′′
0.75, 𝑑′ > 2′′
𝑆𝑖𝑓 Size condition/Size factor
d’ = smallest cross-sectional
area (from ALL of the
sections) )resisting the
(OVERALL) load

𝑆𝑢𝑓 Surface condition (AF 5 p. 583)

𝑆′𝑛 Endurance limit 𝑆′𝑛 ≈ 0.5𝜎𝑢

 Sodenberg (For ductile) Equation

For Normal Stresses

1 𝑆𝒎 𝑆𝒂
= + myan
𝑁 𝑆𝒚 𝑆𝒏

For Shearing (add s in subscripts)

1 𝑆𝑚𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑠 𝑺𝒚𝒔 = 𝝉𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝝈𝒚

= + 𝑆𝑛𝑠 = 𝑆𝑛
𝑁 𝑆𝑦𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑠
𝑁 = 𝐹𝑆

Goodman (For brittle) Equation

For Normal Stresses

1 𝑆𝒎 𝑆𝒂
= + muan
𝑁 𝑆𝑢 𝑆𝒏

For Shearing

1 𝑆𝑚𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑠
= + 𝑺𝒖𝒔 = 𝝉𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝈𝒖
𝑁 𝑆𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑛𝑠
 VARIABLE STRES WITH STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

Sodenberg (For ductile)

Equation

Normal

1 𝑆𝒎 𝑆𝒂 For threaded keyways

𝑘𝑓 = fatigue strength reduction
= + 𝑘𝑓 AT12 & AT13
𝑁 𝑆𝒚 𝑆𝒏 factor p. 583

𝑞 = notch sensitivity
𝑘𝑓 = 1 + 𝑞(𝑘𝑡 − 1) 𝑘𝑡 = theoretical stress
concentration factor

1 𝑞 = value ing on 𝑆𝑢 of material

𝑞= 𝑎 𝑟 = notch radius/r of curvature
1+𝑟 in in.