PROBLEMS*

THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

1-C What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches to thermodynamics?
Classical thermodynamics is a macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not
require knowledge of the behavior of individual particles.
Statistical thermodynamics is a microscopic, more elaborate approach based on the average behavior
of large groups of individual particles.

1-2C Why does the bicyclist pick up speed on a downhill road even when he is not pedaling? Does this
violate the conservation of energy principle?
It doesn’t violate the principle of conservation of energy. Because when he goes downhill, his potential
energy is decreasing. This lost in potential energy is converted to an equal gain in kinetic energy, so his speed
increases.

1-3C An officer worker claims that a cup of cold coffee on his table warmed up to 80°C by picking up energy
from the surrounding air which is at 25°C. Is there any truth to his claim? Does this process violate any
thermodynamic laws?
False .Because heat travels from low to high temperature. Also warmed coffee on table reached 80˚C
which is greater than 25˚C temperature of the surrounding air which is impossible to happen.

1-4C A person claims that even drinking water causes him to gain weight. Is there any truth to his claim?
None, drinking water is suitable for the reduction of calorie intakes and lower risk of weight gain.
Water is naturally free from calories and generally consumed for the reduction of calories and unnecessary
benefits.

MASS, FORCE AND ACCELERATION

1-5C What is the difference between pound-mass and pound-force?

In the English system, the force unit is the pound-force (lbf) and is defined as the force required to
accelerate a mass of 32.174lbm (1 slug) at a rate of 1ft/s while pound-mass(lbm) is the unit of mass.

1-6C What is the net force acting on a car cruising at a constant velocity of 70km/h (a) on a level road and
(b)on an uphill road?
Given:
V=70km/h
Answer:
Since the velocity is constant, acceleration is equal to zero.
a.)on the level road, F=ma=0
b.)on an uphill road, F=ma=0

1-7 A 3-kg plastic tanks that has a volume of 0.2 m³ is filled with liquid water. Assuming the density of
water is 1000kg/m³ determine the weight of the combined system.
Given:
Vol. =0.2m³
ᵖwater=1000kg/m³
Rqd:
w=?
Solution:
a.) m=pv=1000kg/m³(0.2 m³)=200kg
m=200kg +3kg=203 kg
b.) w=mg=203kg(9.81 m/s²)=1991.43 N

1-8 Determine the mass and weight of the air contained in a room whose dimensions are 6mx6mx8m.
Assume the density of the air is 1.16kg/m³.
Given:
Vol. =6mx6mx6m
ᵖair=1.16kg/m³
Rqd:
m=?
w=?
Solution:
a.)m=pv=1.16kg/m³ (288 m³) =334.08kg
b.)w=mg=334.08kg (9.81 m/s²) =3277.32 N

1-9 At 45° altitude, the gravitational acceleration as a function of elevation of z above sea level is given by
g=a-bz, where a=9.807m/s² and b=3.32x10¯⁶s¯². Determine the height above sea level where the weight of an
object will decrease by 1 percent.
Given:
a=9.807 m/s ²
b=3.32x10¯⁶s¯²
Rqd:
z=?
Solution:
Formula:
g=a-bz
a.) g=9.807 m/s² x 1%=0.09807 m/s²
g=9.807 m/s²-0.09807m/s²=9.70893m/s²
b.) g=a-bz
g=9.70893 m/s²-9.807m/s²=3.32x10¯⁶s¯²(z)
z=0.09807m/s²/3.32x10¯⁶s²
z=29,539.16m

1-10E A 150-lbm astronaut took his bathroom scale (a spring scale) and a beam scale (compares masses) to
the moon where the local gravity is g= 5.48 ft/s². Determine how much he will weigh (a) on the spring scale
and (b) on the beam scale.
Given:
w=150lbm
g=5.48ft/s²=1.67m/s²
1 lbf = 4.4452 N
Rqd:
w in spring scale=?
w in beam scale=?
Solution:
a.) 150 lbm x 0.45359 kg/1lbm =68.0385kg (1.67m/s²)/ 4.4452 N=25.56lbf
b.) 150 lbm x 0.45359 kg/1lbm =68.0385kg(9.8067 m/s²)/4.4452 N=150lbf

1-11 The acceleration of high speed aircraft is sometimes expressed in g’s (in multiples of the standard
acceleration of gravity). Determine the net upward force, in N, that a 90kg man would experience in an aircraft
whose acceleration in 6 g’s.
Given:
g=9.81m/s²
m=90kg
Rqd:
Net upward force in N=?
Solution:
a.)w=mg=990kg (9.81m/s²) = 5297.4N
b.)6mg=F↑-mg
F↑=7 x mg
If we neglect the gravitational force experienced every day by this man, then we get 6mg=F↑

1-12 A 5-kg rock is thrown upward with a force of 150 N at allocation where the local gravitational
acceleration is 9.79m/s². Determine the acceleration of rock, in m/s².
Given:
m=5kg
F↑=150 N
g=9.79m/s²
Rqd:
a=?
Solution:
a.) F=w=mg
F=5kg (9.79m/s²)
F=48.95 N
F= 150 N-48.95N=101.05 N
b.) a=F/m=(101.05kg.m/s²)/ 5kg = 20.21m/s²

1-13 The value of gravitational acceleration g decreases with elevation from 9.807m/s² at a sea level to
9.4175m/s² at an altitude of 13000 m, where large passenger plane cruise. Determine the percent reduction in
the weight of an airplane cruising at 13000 m relative to its weight at sea level.
Given:
g@sea level=9.807m/s²
g=9.807m/s²
Altitude (negligible)=13000m
Solution:
%reduction in weight=%reduction in g
%reduction in g=((9.807m/s²-9.4175m/s²)/9.807m/s²)100=3.97%
PRESSURE

1-34C What is the difference between gage pressure and absolute pressure?
Pressure gage is the difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure is the actual pressure at a given position and is measured relative to absolute
vaccum.

1-35C Explain why some people experience nose bleeding and some others experience shortness of breath at
high elevations.
At high altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. Due to the blood that exerts pressure on the wall
of blood vessels through which it flows, commonly known as blood pressure. However, at high altitudes, due
to the reduction of atmospheric pressure, vessels lining the nasal passage, which leads to bleeding. For some
other concerns, shortness of breath may be due to the low oxygen content in the upper layer of atmosphere.

1-36 A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30kPa at a location where the barometric reading is
755mmHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Take ᵨHg=13,590 kg/m³.
Given:
Pvac=30kPa
Patm=755mmHg=100.658kPa
ᵨHg=13,590 kg/m³
Rqd:
Pabs=?
Solution:
Pabs=Pvac-Patm
Pabs=30kPa-100.658kPa=70.6kPa

1-37E A pressure gage connected to tank reads 50 psi at a location where the barometric reading is
29.1inHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Take ᵨHg=848.4lbm/ft³.
Given:
Pgage=50 psi
Patm=29.1inHg
ᵨHg=848.4lbm/ft³
Rqd:
Pabs=?
Conversion:
29.1inHg x 848.4lbm/ft³ x (1ft/0.3048)³ x (1m/100cm)³ x (1cm/0.3937m)³ =14.29psi
Solution:
Pabs=Pgage + Patm =50psi + 14.29psi =64.29psia
1-38 A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 500kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is
94kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.
Given:
Pgage=500kPa
Patm=94kPa
Rdq:
Pabs=?
Solution:
Pabs=Pgage+Patm=500kPa+94kPa=594kPa

1-39 The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and 780mbars at
the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance
climbed. Assume an average air density of 1.20kg/m³ and take g=9.7m/s².
Given:
P₁=930mbars
P₂=780mbars
ᵨair=1.20kg/m³
g=9.7m/s²
Rqd:
h=?
Solution:
a.) 930mbars-780mbars=150mbars
(150mbars x 10⁵)/1000m=15000Pa
b.) P=ᵨgh
15x10³=1.20kg/m³(9.7m/s²)(h)
h=1288.66m

1-40 The basic barometer can be used to measure height of the building. If the barometric reading at the
top and at the bottom of the building is 730 and 755mmHg, respectively, determine the height of the building.
Assume an average air density of 1.18kg/m³.
Figure.1-40
Given: P=730mmHg
P₁=730mmHg
P₂=755mmHg
ᵨair=1.18kg/m³ H=?
Rqd:
h=?
Solution:
P=755mmHg
a.) 755mmHg-730mmHg=25mmHg
25mmHg=3,333.06Pa
b.) P=ᵨgh
3,333.06 Pa=1.18kg/m³ (9.81m/s²)(h)
h=287.93m
1-41 Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at a 30m below the surface of the sea. Assume the
barometric pressure of 101kPa and specific gravity of 1.03 for seawater.
Given:
h=30m
Patm=101x10³Pa
s.g=1.03
Rqd:
P=?
Solution:
a.) Pgauge= ᵨgh=(1.03x1000kg/m³)(9.81m/s²)(30m)=303.129kPa
b.) P=Pgage+Patm=303.129kPa+101kPa=404.129kPa

1-42E Determine the pressure exerted on a surface of a submarine cruiser 300ft below the free surface of the
sea. Assume that the barometric pressure is 14.7psia and the specific gravity of seawater is 1.03.
Given:
h=300ftx(0.3048ft/1m)x(100cm/1m)x(1m/2.54cm)=3600in
Pbar=14.7psi
s.g=1.03
Rqd:
Pex=?
Solution:
a.) P= ᵨgh
P=(1.03x1000k/m³)(2.2046lb/1kg)=2,270.738lb/m³(1m/39.37in)³=0.0372lbm/in³
0.0372lbm/in³(3600in)=133.92psia

b.) Pex=P+Pbar=133.92psia+14.7psia=148.62psia

1-43 A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston-cylinder device. The piston has a mass of 4kg and a
cross-sectional area of 35cm². A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If
the atmospheric pressure is 95kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.
Given: Figure 1-43
M=4kg
A=35cm²=3.5x10⁻⁵
Patm=95kPa Patm=95kPa
60 N
F=60 N mᵨ=4kg
Rqd:
Pin=?
Solution: A=35cm²
a.)AP=Patm+W P=?

P=Patm+(mg+F)/A
P=95kPa + [(4kg x 9.81m/s²)+60N]/3.5x10¯⁵
P=123.4kPa
1-44 Both a gage and a manometer are attached to the gas tank to measure its pressure. If the reading on
the pressure gage is 80kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluid
is (a) mercury (p=13,600kg/m³) or (b) water (p=1000kg/m³).
Pg=80kPa
Given: Figure 1-44
Pgage=80kPa
Rqd:
Distance between a)mercury (ᵨ=13600kg/m³)
b)water (ᵨ=1000kg/m³0 H=?
Solution: Gas

a.) Hg
h=P/ ᵨg=80kPa/(13.6kPa)(9.81m/s²)=0.5996m
b.) H₂0
h=P/ ᵨg=80x10³/(1000kg/m³)(9.81m/s²)=8.1549m
c.) D=H₂0-Hg=8.1549m-0.5996m=7.5553m

1-45 A manometer containing oil (ᵨ =850kg/m³) is attached to a tank filled with air. If the oil-level difference
between the two columns is 45cm and the atmospheric pressure is 98kPa, determine the absolute pressure of
the air in the tank.
Given:
ᵨ =850kg/m³
h=45cm=0.45m
Patm=95kPa
Rqd:
Pabs=?
a.) Pgage= ᵨgh=850kg/m³(9.81m/s²)(0.45m)=3752.325Pa
b.)Pabs=98x10³Pa+3752.325Pa=101.752kPa

1-46 A mercury manometer (p=13,000 kg/m³) is connected to an air duct to measure the pressure inside.
The difference in the manometer levels is 15mm, and the atmospheric pressure is 100kPa.
(a)Judging from figure, determine if the pressure in the duct is above or below the atmospheric pressure.
(b)Determine the absolute pressure in the duct.
Given:
Figure 1-46
ᵨHg=13600kg/m³
h=15mm=0.015m
AIR
Rqd:
a.) Location of p=?
b.) P=? h=15mm
Solution: P=?

a.)above the atmospheric pressure

b.)Pabs=Pgauge+Patm
Pgauge=13600kg/m³(9.81m/s²)(0.015m)=2001.24Pa
P=Pgage + Patm=2001.24Pa+100000Pa=102.001kPa
TEMPERATURE

1-47C What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the
same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.

1-48C What are the ordinary and absolute temperature scales in the SI and the English system?
Ordinary:
Celsius in SI and Fahrenheit in English System
Absolute:
Kelvin in SI and Rankine in English System

1-49C Consider an alcohol and mercury thermometer that read exactly 0°C at the ice point and 100°C at the
steam point. The distance between the points is divided into 100 equal parts in both thermometers. Do you
think these thermometers will give exactly the same reading at the temperature of say, 60°C? Explain.
Probably, but not necessary. The operation of these two thermometers is based on the thermal
expansion of a fluid. If the thermal expansion is coefficient of both fluids vary linearly with temperature then,
both thermometers will expand at the same rate with temperature, and both thermometers will always give
an identical readings. Otherwise, the two readings may deviate.

1-50C The deep body temperature of a healthy person is 37°C. What is it in kelvins?
Given:
T°=37°C
Rqd:
In K=?
Solution:
T(K)=T(37°)+273.15 ; T(K)=310.15K
REVIEW PROBLEMS

1-77 Balloons are often filled with helium gas because it weighs only about one-seventh of what air weighs
under identical conditions. The buoyancy force which can be expressed as Fb=ᵖairᵍ/ Vballoon, will push the
balloon upward. If the balloon has a diameter of 10m and carries two people, 70 kg each, determine the
acceleration of the balloon when it is first released. Assume the density of the air is ᵨ=1.16 kg/m³, and neglect
the weight of the ropes and the cage.
Given:
Diameter=10m Figure 1-77
mpeople=10kg
ᵨair=1.16 kg/m³
ᵨHe=1/7
HELIUM
Rqd: D=10m
a=?
Solution: ᵨHe=1/7
a.)ᵨHe=1.16 kg/m³ (1/7)=0.166kg/ m³ ᵨ
b.)Vs=4/3∏(r)³=4/3∏(5)³=500∏/3m³
c.)Fb= ᵨairgVballoon=1.16 kg/m³ (9.81m/s²)(500∏/3m³)=9483∏/5 N
d.)mHe= ᵨHeVballoon=0.166 kg/m³(500∏/3m³)=83∏/3 kg
e.)mtotal=mHe+mpeople=83∏/3 kg(140kg)=226.9174kg
f.)w=mg=226.9174kg (9.81m/s²)=2226.0597 N
g.)Fnet=Fb-w=9483∏/5 N-2226.0597 N=3732.2849 N
h.)Fnet=mtotal(a) m=140kg
a=Fnet/mtotal=3732.2849 N/226.9174kg=16.4478m/s²

1-78 Determine the maximum amount of load, in kg, the balloon described in Prob.1-77 can carry.
Given:
Diameter=10m
m=10kg
ᵨ=1.16 kg/m³
Rqd:
Max.m=?
Solution:
ᵨ=1.16 kg/m³
Rqd:
M=?
Sphere
Vs=4/3∏(r)³=4/3∏(5)³=500∏/3
Solution:
m= ᵨV=(6/7)(1.16kg/m³)(500∏/3)=520.6067kg

1-79 The basic barometer can be used as an altitude-measuring device in airplanes. The ground control
reports a barometric reading of 753mmHg while the pilots reading are 690mmHg. Estimate the altitude of the
plane from ground level if the average air density is 1.20 kg/m³ and g=9.8 m².
Given:
barg=7853mmHg
barp=690mmHg
g=9.8m/s²
ᵨ=1.20kg/m³
Rqd:
Altitude=?
a.)753mmHg-690mmHg=63mmHg=8399.3112 Pa
b.)P= ᵨhg
8399.311Pa=1.20kg/m³ (9.81m/s²)(h)
h=713.499m

1-80 The lower half of a 10-m-high cylindrical container is filled with water (ᵨ=1000kg/m³) and the upper
half with oil that has specific gravity of 0.85. Determine the pressure difference between the top and the
bottom of the cylinder.
Given:
ᵨH₂0=1000kg/m³ Figure 1-80

s.g. of oil=0.85
a.) water Oil (sᵨ=0.85) h=10m
P₁= ᵨhg=1000kg/m³(9.81m/s²)(5m)=49050Pa
b.)oil Water (ᵨ=1000kg/m³)
P₂=(0.85x1000kg/m³)(9.81m/s²)(5m)= 41692.5Pa
c.)P₁+P₂=90.742kPa

1-81 A vertical, frictionless piston-cylinder devices contain a gas at 500kPa. The atmospheric pressure
outside is 100kPa, and the piston area is 30cm². Determine the mass of the piston. Assume standard
gravitational acceleration.
Given:
Pgage=500kPa
Patm=100kPa
A=30cm²=3x10⁻³m
G=9.81m/s²
Rqd:
m=?
Solution:
P=Patm +mg/A
500kPa-100kPa=m (9.81m/s²)/3x10⁻³m²
m=400kPa (3x10⁻³m²)/9.81m/s²
m=122.32kg

1-82 A pressure cooker cooks a lot faster than the ordinary pan by maintaining a higher pressure and
temperature inside. The lid of the pressure cooker is well sealed, and steam can escape only through an
opening in the middle of the lid. A separate piece of a certain mass, the petcock, and sits on top of this
opening and prevents steam from escaping until the pressure force overcomes the weight of the petcock. The
periodic escape of the steam in this manner prevents any potentially dangerous pressure build up and keeps
the pressure inside at a constant value.
Determine the mass of the petcock of the pressure cooker whose operation pressure is 100kPa gage
and has an opening cross-sectional area of 4mm². Assume an atmospheric pressure of 101kPa, and draw the
free body diagram of the petcock. Patm=101kPa
FBD.
Given:
Pgage=100kPa
A=4mm²=4x10⁻⁶m²
Patm=101kPa
Rqd:
m=?
Solution:
P=F/A ;F=mg
m=PgageA/g Pgage=100kPa
m=(100,000 Pa)(0.000004m²) A=4mm²
m=40.77g

1-83 A glass tube is attached to a water pipe as shown in figure P1-83. If the water pressure at the bottom
of the tube is 115kPa and the local atmospheric pressure is 92kPa, determine how high the water will rise in
the tube, in m. Assume g=9.8m/s² at that location and take the density of water to be 1000kg/m³.
Given:
Pgage=115kPa
Patm=92kPa
g=9.8m/s²
ᵨ=1000kg/m³
Rqd:
h=?
Solution:
P=Patm + ᵨhg
115kPa-92kPa=1000kg/m³(9.8m/s²)(h)
h=2.34x10⁻³m

1-84 The average atmospheric pressure on earth is approximated as a function of altitude by the relation
Patm=101.325(1-0.02256z)ˆ5.256
Where Patm is the e atmospheric pressure in kPa and z is the altitude in km (1km=1000m) with z=0 at sea
level. Determine the approximate atmospheric pressures at Atlanta (z=306), Denver (z=1610), Mexico City
(z=2.309m), and the top of Mount Everest (z=8848).
Given:
a.)z=306m=0.306km
b.)z=1610m=1.610km
c.)z=2309m=2.309km
d.)z=8848m=8.848km
Rqd:
App.Patm=?
Solution:
a.)Patm=101.325(1-0.02256(0.306km))⁵͘²⁵⁶=97.702Pa
b.)Patm=101.325(1-0.02256(1.610km))⁵͘²⁵⁶=83.4187Pa
c.)Patm=101.325(1-0.02256(2.309km))⁵͘²⁵⁶=76.4895Pa
d.) Patm=101.325(1-0.02256(8.848km))⁵͘²⁵⁶=31.4389Pa

1-85 The weight of the bodies may change somewhat from one location to another as a result of the
variation of the gravitational acceleration g with the elevation. Accounting for this variation using the relation
in problem 1-9, determine the weight of an 80-kg person at sea level (z=0), in Denver(z=1610), and on top of
Mount Everest (z=8848).
Given:
m=80kg@sea level
a.)z=0m
b.)z=1610m
c.)z=8848m
Solution:(relating to 1-9)
a.)
g=a-bz
g=9.807m/s²-3.32x10⁻⁶s⁻² (0m)
g=9.807m/s²x80kg
g=784.56N
b.)
g=9.807m/s²-3.32x10⁻⁶s⁻² (1610m)
g=9.80m/s²x80kg
g=784N
c.)
g=9.807m/s²-3.32x10⁻⁶s⁻²(8848m)
g=9.78x80kg
g=782.4N
THERMODYNAMICS

LABORATORY EXERCISE #1

SEPTEMBER 04, 2018

DUMMAPI, Fabie T.