1

• Data Communication
• Brief History of Communication
• Data Communication System
• Key Data Communication
Terminology
• Network Criteria
• Protocols and Standards
• Topology
• Internet 2
• Is the exchange of information from
one entity to the other using
transmission medium.

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• Is the exchange of information from
one entity to the other using
transmission medium.

4
• Is blend of history including three
different field that we need in looking
to:
History of Telecommunication Industry
History of Data Communication itself
History of Internet

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1. Telegraph 1837 by Samuel Morse
2. Telephone 1874 U.S. patent No.
174,465. by Alexander Graham Bell
and assistant Thomas Watson.
3. By 1950’s
4. 1970’s and 1980’s
5. TODAY
1. Better
2. Security
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3. Fast of communication
• THREE BASIC REQUIREMENT
1. Accuracy
2. Speed
3. Security
Question:
How to achieve the hardware and
software & means of
communication?
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• “is the exchange of data (in form
of 1’s and 0’s) between two
devices (computer) via some
form of the transmission
medium such as wired and
wireless.”

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1. Local Communication
2. Remote Communication

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• For Data Communication to occur,
communicating devices must be a
part of a system made up of some
specific kind of hardware and
software.

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EFFECTIVENESS:
1. Delivery – the system must deliver
data to the correct destination.
2. Accuracy – the system must deliver
the data accurately.
3. Timeliness – The system must deliver
data in a timely manner.
4. Jitter – refers to the variation in the
packet arrival time.
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1.Session – communication dialog between network users
or applications
2.Network – internetwork group of computers and
communication devices
3.Node – a network-attached device
4.Link – connects adjacent nodes
5.Path – end to end route within a network
6.Circuit – the circuit over which data travels
7.Packetizing – dividing messages into fixed – length
packets prior to transmission over a network’s
communication media
8.Routing – determining a message’s path from sending to
receiving nodes. 13
Is a set of devices (nodes)
connected by communication
link.

Instead of one single large machine being

responsible for all aspects of a process,
separate computers (usually a personal
computer or workstation) handle a subset.
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 DATA COMMUNICATION
NETWORK CRITERIA

PERFORMANCE RELIABILITY SECURITY

Number of users Frequency of Failure

Unauthorized access
Type of Transmission Medium Recovery time after failure
Viruses
Hardware CATASTROPHE
Software

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• Refers to the way two or more devices
attach to a “LINK”
LINE
CONFIGURATION

POINT TO POINT MULTIPOINT

SPATIALLY
TIME SHARED
SHARED
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– Used of rules governing communication between
entities in different systems
– Entity and system are used in a very general
sense.

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• SYNTAX
• SEMANTIC
• TIMING

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• Direct or Indirect
• Monolithic or Structured
• Symmetric or Asymmetric
• Standard or Nonstandard

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• Provides a model for development that
makes it possible for a product to
work regardless of the individual
manufacturer.

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 S1
S1

D1 D1

S2
S2

D2 D2

S3
S3

D3 D3

S4
S4

Without Standards: 12 different protocol With Standards: 1 protocol

24 implementation 7 implementation
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 STANDARDS
(TYPE)

DE FACTO DE JURE
(BY FACT) (BY LAW)

NON
PROPRIETARY
PROPRIENTARY

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STANDARDS ARE DEVELOP MAINLY BY
3 ENTITIES:
1. STANDARD CREATION COMMITTEES
2. FORUM
3. REGULATORY AGENCIES

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1. International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
2. International Telecommunication Union –
Telecommunication (ITU-T)
3. American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering (IEEE)
5. Electronic Institute Association (EIA)
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• Works with universities and user to
test, evaluate and standardize new
technologies, by concentrating their
efforts on a particular technology.
• Frame Relay forum
• ATM forum
• Internet Society
• IETF

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• Is subject to regulation by
government agencies such as the
Federal Communication Commission
(FCC) in the united states. The
purpose of these agencies is to protect
the public interest by regulating
radio, television and Wire/cable
communications

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• Is the geometric representation of the
relationship of the links and linking
devices
• Defines physical or logical
arrangement of links in a network
• Refers to the way in which a network
is laid out physically two or more
devices connect to a link.

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 TOPOLOGY

MESH STAR TREE BUS RING

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ADVANTAGES:

1. Use of dedicated links we guarantees that each

connection can carry its own data load.
2. Robust (if one link becomes unusable, it does not
incapacitate the entire system.
3. There is the advantage of privacy or secondary
(when every message travel along a dedicated line,
only the intended recipient sees it.
4. Point to point links make fault identification and
fault isolation easy (traffic can be routed to avoid
links with suspected problems.
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DISADVANTAGES:

1.The amount of cables and number of I/O ports

required.
2.Installation and reconnection are difficult (easy
device must be connected to every other
device).
3.The sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater that
the available space (walls, ceiling or floors)
4.The hardware required to connect each link (I/O
ports and cable) can be prohibitively expensive.
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ADVANTAGES:

1.ROBUST (if one link fails only that link is

affected all other links remains active).
2.Easy fault identification and fault isolation. As
long as the switch/hub is working.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Dependency of the whole topology on one

single point (switch), If the switch goes down,
the whole system is dead. 36
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ADVANTAGES:

1.It is an extension of star and bus topologies.

2.Expansion of network is possible and easy.
3.Can easily managed and maintained.
4.Error detection and correction is easy.
5.Each segment is provided with dedicated
point to point wiring to the central
hub/switch
6.If one segment is damage, other segment are
not affected.
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DISADVANTAGES:

1. As more nodes and segment are

added, the maintenance becomes
difficult.
2. Scalability of the network depends on
the type of cable used.

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• ADVANTAGES:

1.Easy of installation
2.Simple and cheap
3.If one computer is spot it does not affect other
computer (printer can be shared)

DISADVANTAGES:

1. reconfiguration, fault isolation and installation of

new devices tend to be difficult since the network is
designed to be most efficient during installation.
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ADVANTAGES:

1.Data can travel in one direction the transmission of

messages is simple and high rates can be achieved.
2.No dependence or need of a central computer or
maintenance
3.Fault isolation is simplified.

DISADVANTAGES:

1.Mode or line fails data cannot continue to be transmitted

all the rest of the nodes in the network
2.Harder to add new nodes into the system requires the
network to be disrupted. 43
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• Chapter 1 – Introduction
“ Data Communications and
Networking 4th Ed. By: Behrouz A.
Forouzan”

• Chapter 1 – Introduction
“ Data and Computer
Communications 5th Ed. By: William
Stallings 45
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