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April 10, 2014

An angle in the Cartesian plane is in standard position if its


vertex lies at the origin and its initial arm lies on the
positive x-axis.

Principal Angle (θ﴿ - the counter-clockwise angle between


the initial arm and the terminal arm of an angle in standard
position. Its value is between 0° and 360°.

Related Acute Angle (β) - the acute angle between the


terminal arm of an angle in standard position and the x-axis
when the terminal arm lies in quadrants 2, 3, or 4.
April 10, 2014

An angle in standard position is determined by a counter-


clockwise rotation and is always positive. An angle
determined by a clockwise rotation is always negative.

If the terminal arm of an angle in standard position lies in


quadrants 2, 3, or 4, there exists a related acute angle (β﴿
AND a principal angle ﴾θ﴿.

If the terminal arm of the principal angle lies in quadrant 2


then the related acute angle is calculated as β = 180° - θ.
April 10, 2014

If the terminal arm of the principal angle lies in quadrant 3


then the related acute angle is calculated as β = θ - 180°.

If the terminal arm of the principal angle lies in quadrant 4


then the related acute angle is calculated as β = 360° - θ.
April 10, 2014

Any point can be represented as a point on a circle of


radius r, and has the formula x2 + y2 = r2.

Use the image below to help you write an expression for


each of the primary trigonometric functions in terms of x,
y, and r for each quadrant.

Note: For any principal angle (θ﴿ greater than 90°, the values


of the primary trig ratios are either the same as, or the
negatives of, the ratios for the related acute angle (β﴿.
April 10, 2014

The CAST rule is an easy way to remember which primary


trigonometric ratios of the principal angle (θ﴿ are positive
in which quadrant.

Given that all trigonometric ratios are each positive and


negative in two quadrants, each ratio will result in two
possible principal angles.

Sine
When the ratio of sin θ is positive, the principal angle is
located in either quadrant or
The principal angle is either: θ1 = θ or θ2 = 180° - β, when
0° < θ < 180°.

When the ratio of sin θ is negative, the principal angle is


located in either quadrant or
The principal angle is either: θ3 = 180° + β or θ4 = 360° - β,
when 180° < θ < 360°.
April 10, 2014

**The trig inverse of most negative ratios will yield a


negative angle. The related acute angle (β﴿ is equal to the
absolute (positive) value of this calculated (negative)
angle.**

Cosine
When the ratio of cos θ is positive, the angle is either in
quadrant or
The principal angle is either: θ1 = θ or θ2 = 360° - β, when 0°
< θ < 90° or 270° < θ < 360°.

When the ratio of cos θ is negative, the principal angle is


located in either quadrant or
The principal angle is either: θ3 = 180° - β or θ4 = 180° + β, 
when 90° < θ < 270°.
April 10, 2014

Tangent
When the ratio of tan θ is positive, the angle is either in
quadrant or
The principal angle is either: θ1 = θ or θ2 = 180° + β, when 0°
< θ < 90° or 180° < θ < 270°.

When the ratio of tan θ is negative, the angle is either in


quadrant or
The principal angle is either: θ3= 180° - β or θ4= 360° - β, 
when 90° < θ < 180° or 270° < θ < 360°.

Example One
Determine all possible principal angles for θ where 0° ≤ θ ≤
360°.
a) tan θ  = ­0.67 b﴿ sin θ = 0.8
April 10, 2014

Example Two
Angle θ is a principal angle that lies in quadrant 2 such that
0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. Given each trigonometric ratio,
i. determine the exact values of x, y, and r
ii. sketch angle θ in standard position
iii. determine the principal angle θ and the related acute
angle β to the nearest degree
April 10, 2014

Example Three
Given that sin θ =   , where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°,
a) in which quadrant could the terminal arm of θ lie?

b) Determine all possible primary trigonometric ratios for


θ.

c) Evaluate all possible values of θ to the nearest degree.

Complete: p. 299 - 301 #2, 4 - 6, 8, 12.


April 10, 2014

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