Generator Protection

Sept 2004
 Generator Protection

The extent and types of protection specified will depend

on the following factors :-

Type of prime mover and generator construction

MW and voltage ratings
Mode of operation
Method of connection to the power system
Method of earthing

2 2
 Connection to the Power System

1. Direct :

2. Via Transformer :

3 3
 Typical Generator Installations

Generator Generator
Transformer Transformer
Station
Trans-
Earthing former
Transformer

Unit / Unit
Station Trans-
Transformer former

1(b) 1(c)
4 4
 Generator Protection Requirements

To detect faults on the generator

To protection generator from the effects of abnormal
power system operating conditions
To isolate generator from system faults not cleared
remotely

Action required depends upon the nature of the fault.

Usual to segregate protection functions into :

Š Urgent
Š Non-urgent
Š Alarm
5 5
 Generator Faults

Mixture of mechanical and electrical problems.

Faults include :-

Insulation Failure
Š Stator
Š Rotor
Excitation system failure
Prime mover / governor failure
Bearing Failure
Excessive vibration
Low steam pressure
etc.

6 6
 System Conditions

Short circuits
Overloads
Loss of load
Unbalanced load
Loss of synchronism

7 7
 Generator Protections to be Considered

Earth faults on stator and generator connections

Phase faults on stator and generator connections
Interturn faults on stator
Backup protection :- External Earth faults
External Phase faults
Failure of prime mover
Loss of field
Unbalanced loading
Rotor earth faults and interturn faults
Overload
Failure of speed governing system
Sudden loss of load

8 8
 Stator Earth Fault Protection

Fault caused by failure of stator winding insulation

Leads to burning of machine core

welding of laminations

Rebuilding of machine core can be a very expensive process

Earth fault protection is therefore a principal feature of any

generator protection package

TYPE OF Î METHOD Î METHOD

PROTECTION OF OF
EARTHING CONNECTION

9 9
 Method of Earthing (1)

z Machine stator windings are surrounded by a mass of earthed metal

z Most probable result of stator winding insulation failure is a phase-earth fault

z Desirable to earth neutral point of generator to prevent dangerous transient

overvoltages during arcing earth faults

z Several methods of earthing are in use

z Damage resulting from a stator earth fault will depend upon the earthing
arrangement

10 10
 Method of Earthing (2)

Solidly Earthed Machines :

Fault current is high

Rapid damage occurs
Š burning of core iron
Š welding of laminations

Used on LV machines only

11 11
 Method of Earthing (3)

Desirable to limit earth fault current :

limits damage
reduces possibility of developing into phase-phase
fault

Degree to which fault current is limited must take into account :

detection of earth faults as near as possible to the neutral

point
ease of discrimination with system earth fault
protection (directly connected machines)

12 12
 Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current (1)
Less than 5A :

Earth faults on the power system

are not seen by the generator
F earth fault protection.

Discrimination not required ∴ can limit current to very low value.

20A :

Used on oil and gas platforms.

Limits power supply disturbance, but still enables grading of
up to 3 zones.

13 13
 Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current (2)

100A :

As for 20A, but higher current allows better discrimination and sensitivity.

Generator Full Load Current (1200A max) :

Most popular. Used for ease of fault detection and discrimination.

Residual connection of CTs can be used, BUT
Can result in serious core damage.

14 14
 Stator Earth Fault Protection and
Protection Against Earth Faults on
Generator Connections

Depending on the Generator arrangement this can be provided by :-

Time delayed overcurrent protection

Time delayed earth fault protection
Sensitive earth fault protection
Neutral displacement voltage relay
Neutral displacement voltage detection by overcurrent
relay
High impedance restricted earth fault protection
High impedance differential protection
Biased differential protection
Directional earth fault protection
100% stator earth fault protection

15 15
 Overcurrent Protection (1)

For small generators this may be the only protection applied.

With solid earthing it will provide some protection against earth
faults.
For a single generator, CTs must be connected to neutral end of
stator winding.

51

16 16
 Overcurrent Protection (2)

For parallel generators, CTs can be located on line side.

51

17 17
 Stator Earth Fault Protection

Directly Connected Generators :

51N

Earthed Generator : Earth fault relay must be time delayed for

co-ordination with other earth fault protection on the power system.

50N 51N

Unearthed Generators : Other generators connected in parallel

will generally be unearthed.

Protection is restricted to faults on the generator, grading with power

system earth fault protection is not required. A high impedance instantaneous
relay can be used (Balanced Earth Fault protection).
18 18
 Percentage Winding Protected
11.5kV; 75,000KVA

xV

xV
ΙF =
250/1A IS R
For operation
Ι S(PRIMARY) < ΙF
R 33Ω xV
<
R
x.6600
< < x.200
33
1
Ι S(SECONDARY) < x.200 x < 0.8x
250
∴ For protection of 90% of winding; x = 1-0.9 = 0.1
Relay setting = 0.8 x 0.1 = 0.08A = 8% of 1A
19 19
 Stator Earth Fault Protection (1)
Generators connected via step-up transformer (resistance earthed) :

51N 50N

Instantaneous protection (50N) :

System earth faults ARE not seen by generator earth fault protection ∴
instantaneous relay may be used.

Set to 10% of resistor rating (avoids operation due to transient surges

passed through generator transformer interwinding capacitance).

Advantage : Fast

20 20
 Stator Earth Fault Protection (2)

Time delayed protection (51N) :

Time delay prevents operation on transient surges.

A more sensitive current setting may be used.

Set to 5% of resistor rating.

Advantage : Sensitive

On large machines considered worthwhile to use both

instantaneous and time delayed.
21 21
 Stator E/F Protection for Generator with
High Resistance Earthing via Distribution
Transformer (1)

Generator Transformer / Resistor

Rating ~ 30 Secs.

Distribution Overvoltage Relay

Transformer With 3rd Harmonic
Turns R 59
Rejection
Ration = N

* Set > 3RD harmonic current

* Or use relay with 3RD harmonic
51N
rejection
R’ = Effective Primary Resistance = N2.R
22 22
 Stator E/F Protection for Generator with
High Resistance Earthing via Distribution
Transformer (2)

To avoid overvoltages :-

R’ > Total 3Ø capacitive reactance

¾ 106 ohms
6πf C

To avoid Ferroresonance

Earthing transformer must not saturate

Due to :- Sudden loss of load

Field forcing
Flux doubling due to point on wave swtiching

∴ Primary knee point voltage is VØ/Ø ⇒ 1.3 VØ/Ø

23 23
 Restricted Earthfault Protection

RSTA
B High Impedance Principle
64

Instantaneous Protection

Protects approx. 90 - 95% of generator winding.

All CT’s should be similar - Good quality
- Class ‘X’
24 24
 Restricted Earthfault Protection for Generators on 4 Wire L.V.
Systems (1)

Earthing at Generator Neutral

5 x CT’s required
RSTAB

64

25 25
 Restricted Earthfault Protection for Generators on 4 Wire L.V.
Systems (2)

Earthing at Busbars

RSTAB
64

4 x CT’s required

26 26
 Differential Protection (1)

Provides high speed protection for all fault types

May be : High impedance type
: Biased (low impedance) type
Good quality CT’s required
CT’s required in neutral end of winding

High Impedance Scheme

Stabilising
Resistors

Relay

27 27
 Differential Protection (2)

BIAS BIAS

OPERATE

Biased Differential Scheme

28 28
 Differential Protection (3)

INTERPOSING
C.T.

Overall Differential Scheme

29 29
 Stator Earth Fault Protection

100% Stator Earth Fault Protection :

Standard relays only cover 95% of winding.

Probability of fault occuring in end 5% is low.

On large machines 100% stator earth fault protection may be

required.

Two methods :

* Low Frequency Injection

* Third Harmonic Voltage Measurement

30 30
 100% Stator Earth Fault
Protection
For Large Machines Only

Two methods :-
z Low frequency injection z Third harmonic voltage - various

Low Frequency Injection

Earthing
Trans- 59
former
Complete protection during start-up if source is
independent of generator, e.g. derived from
Injection station battery.
Transformer
Independent of system V, f and load current.
High cost due to injection equipment.
51 Alternative
Injection
Points
31 31
 Third Harmonic Neutral Voltage Scheme

Relies on >1%
generated 3rd
harmonic volts
59 27

59P
27 - 3rd harmonic undervoltage relay.
59P - Terminal Voltage Check
59
Allows trip if circuit breaker is open but
terminal voltage present.
59P 27
TRIP 59 - Conventional neutral overvoltage protection.

27 OVERLAP

59 FUNDAMENTAL FREQ. ELEMENT

0 50 100
Earth Fault Position
32 32
 Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (1)

Phase-phase faults caused by :

z Insulation failure
z Flashover in terminal box

Majority of phase-phase faults begin as earth faults.

High fault current causes rapid damage ∴ fast protection

required.

33 33
 Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (2)

Single Generator

Use time delayed overcurrent.

CTs must be in neutral side to cover winding faults.

51 51 51

Small solidly earthed machines - overcurrent also provides degree of

earth fault protection.

Overcurrent is often only protection applied to small machines.

34 34
 Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (3)

Larger Machines, Parallel Operation

Require Differential Protection

Type types :

z High impedance - most common

z Biased (low impedance) - used for generator - generator
transformer sets

Class X CTs required.

35 35
 Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (4)

High Impedance Scheme

Stabilising
Resistors

Relay

36 36
 Stator Phase-Phase Fault
Protection

z Previous methods require access to winding neutral

end

z Small machines :
z Star connection made inside machine
z Winding neutral ends are not brought out

z If high speed protection required, restricted earth

fault scheme should be used

37 37
 Stator Interturn Fault Protection
(1)

z Longitudinal differential system does not detect interturn faults

z Interturn fault protection not commonly provided because :

z Fault rare
z Even if interturn fault occurs, will develop into earth fault

z Possible that serious damage can occur before fault is detected

38 38
 Stator Interturn Fault Protection (2)

Zero Sequence Voltage Method :

VA

VB

VC
VA VB VC VR
FAUL
T

3rd Harmonic Rejection Required

R
VR = VA + VB + VC

39 39
 Stator Interturn Fault Protection (3)
Transverse Differential Protection
(Double Wound Machines) :

Bias
Coils

Operate
Coils

40 40
 Prime Mover Failure (1)

Isolated Generators :

Machine slows down and stops. Other protection initiates shut down.

Parallel Sets :

System supplies power - generator operates as a motor.

Seriousness depends on type of drive.

Steam Turbine Sets :

Steam acts as a coolant.

Loss of steam causes overheating.
Turbulence in trapped steam causes distortion of turbine blades.
Motoring power 0.5% to 6% rated.
Condensing turbines, rate of heating slow. Loss of steam instantly recognised.

41 41
 Prime Mover Failure (2)

Diesel Driven Sets :

Prime mover failure due to mechanical fault.

Serious mechanical damage if allowed to persist.
Motoring power from 35% rated for stiff machine, to 5% rated for run in machine.

Gas Turbines :

Motoring power 100% rated for single shaft machine, 10% to 15% rated for
double shaft.

Hydro Sets :

Mechanical precautions taken if water level drops.

Low head types - erosion and cavitation of runner can occur.
Additional protection may be required.

42 42
 Prime Mover Failure (3)

Reverse Power Protection :

Reverse power measuring relays used where protection

required.

Single phase relay is sufficient as prime mover failure results

in balanced conditions.

Sensitive settings required - metering class CTs required for

accuracy.

43 43
 Reverse Power Protection (1)

Importing lagging VAR’s

-MVARLAG

Leading P.F.

Operate Restrain
-MW +MW
87.1°

Operate Restrain

Lagging P.F.

+MVARLAG
Exporting lagging VAR’s

44 44
 Loss of Excitation (1)
EFFECTS
Single Generator :
Loses output volts and therefore load.
Parallel Generators :
Operate as induction motor (> synch speed)
Flux provided by reactive stator current drawn from
system-leading pf
Slip frequency current induced in rotor - abnormal
heating
Situation does not require immediate tripping,
however,
large machines have short thermal time constants - should be
unloaded in a few seconds.

45 45
 Loss of Excitation (2)
Simple Protection Scheme

Field Exciter
Winding
Shunt Ie Requires access to
field connections.
DC relay Not suitable if
(setting < Ie min) generator operates
Aux Supply normally with low
excitation (large
T1
machines).
Alternative scheme
monitors impedance
T2
at generator
0.2 - 1 sec
Overcomes Alarm or terminals.
Slip Frequency Trip
Effects
2 - 10 secs

46 46
 Loss of Excitation (3)

Alternative Scheme

XG XT XS
EG ES

On field failure ratio EG / ES decreases and rotor angle increases.

Machine starts to pole slip with decaying internal EMF.

47 47
 Loss of Excitation (4)

Impedance seen by relay follows locus shown below :

Load Impedance

R
Impedance Offset – Prevents
Locus operation
on pole slips

Diameter
Typically : Relay Characteristic
Offset 50-75%X’d
Diameter 50-100% XS Time Delayed
48 48
 Impedance Diagram for Various Operating Modes of
Machine
jx

IMPORT WATTS EXPORT WATTS

EXPORT VARLAG EXPORT VARAG
-R R

IMPORT WATTS EXPORT WATTS

EXPORT VARLEAD EXPORT VARLEAD

-jx

EXPORTING VARLAG = IMPORTING VARLEAD

EXPORTING VARLEAD = IMPORTING VARLAG
49 49
 Impedance Locus of Generator Operating Out of
Synchronism

+jX EG/ES = 1.5

2.0

LOAD POINT
5.0
5
A

EG/ES = 1
G
0.2 0.5 0.7

-jX
50 50
 Rotor and Power Factor Angles

Relay
Xd Location
I

E V

IX
d
σ = Rotor Angle
V Ø = Power Factor Angle

σ I
Ø
51 51
 Power Limit Impedance Diagram

jx

VΙ.COS ∅ = C
Ø V2/C Ι C
COS ∅ =
R
V V2
V2
Z = COS ∅
C

52 52
 Loci of Constant Rotor Angle σ
jx

σ=
Xd 120° 90° 30°

53 53
 Relay Characteristic Req’d to Allow
Generator Operation with Rotor Angles up
to 'σ'
jx Constant Power

Offset R
0.75X’d
Limiting
Generation
Point
Diameter
Constant σ

Relay
Characteristic

54 54
 Unbalanced Loading (1)

Effects

z Gives rise to negative phase sequence (NPS) currents -

results in contra-rotating magnetic field.

z Stator flux cuts rotor at twice synchronous speed.

z Induces double frequency current in field system and

rotor body.

z Resulting eddy currents cause severe over heating.

55 55
 Unbalanced Loading (2)

Protection
z Machines are assigned NPS current withstand values :
* Continuous NPS rating, I2R
* Short time NPS rating, I22t
z If possible level of system unbalance approaches machin
continuous withstand, protection is required.
z Use negative sequence overcurrent relay.
z Relay should have inverse time characteristic to match
generator I22t withstand.
z Relay pick-up setting should be just below I2R rating.
z Can use an alarm setting of 70% to 100% to pick-up.
56 56
 Unbalanced Loading (3)
Machine NPS Withstand Values

TYPE OF ROTOR I2R I22t = K

MACHINE COOLING (PU CMR)

Typical Conventional 0.40 60

Salient Pole Air
Cylindrical Conventional 0.20 20
Rotor Hydrogen
0.5 PSI
Cylindrical Conventional 0.15 15
Rotor Hydrogen
15 PSI
Cylindrical Conventional 0.15 12
Rotor Hydrogen
30 PSI
Cylindrical Direct 0.10 3
Rotor Hydrogen
40 - 60 PSI
57 57
 Rotor Earth Fault Protection (1)

Field circuit is an isolated DC system.

z Insulation failure at a single point :
- No fault current, therefore no danger
- Increase change of second fault occurring
z Insulation failure at a second point :
- Shorts out part of field winding
- Heating (burning of conductor)
- Flux distortion causing violent vibration of rotor
z Desirable to detect presence of first earth fault and
give an alarm.

58 58
 Rotor Earth Fault Protection (2)

Potentiometer Method

Exciter

Required sensitivity approximately 5% exciter voltage.

No auxiliary supply required.
“Blind spot” - require manually operated push button to vary tapping
point.

59 59
 Rotor Earth Fault Protection (3)

AC Injection Method

AC Auxiliary
Supply
R

Brushless Machines
No access to rotor circuit
Require special slip rings for measurement
If slip rings not present, must use telemetering techniques
(expensive)
60 60
 Overload Protection (1)

high load current

Ð
heating of stator and rotor
Ð
insulation failure

Governor Setting

Should prevent serious overload automatically.

Generator may lost speed if required load not be met by other sources.
High reactive power flow can give high stator current - not affected by
governor settings.

61 61
 Overload Protection (2)

Direct Temperature Measuring Devices

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples etc.,

embedded in windings.
Provide alarm and/or trip via auxiliary relays.

Overcurrent Protection

Set just above maximum load current.

Intended for short circuit protection.

Thermal Replica Relays

Current operated. May have ambient temperature compensation.

62 62
 Generator Back-Up Protection (1)

Overcurrent Protection

Typical use :
Very or extremely inverse for LV machines
Normal inverse for HV machines

Must consider generator voltage decrement characteristic for close-in faults.

With reliable AVR system, “conventional” overcurrent relays may be used.
Otherwise, voltage controlled / restrained relays are required.

10 x
FL

with AVR

Full
Load
no AVR

Cycles
63 63
 Generator Back-Up Protection (2)

Overcurrent Protection

Voltage Restrained

Operating characteristic is continuously varied depending on

measured volts.
Alternatively, use impedance relay.

Voltage Controlled

Relay switches between fault characteristic and load characteristic

depending on measured volts.

F
64 64
 Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection

Overload
Characteristic
Is

Current Pick - up
t

Fault
Characteristic

Vs

I Voltage
65 65
 Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection

More suited for indirect

connected generators

Equivalent to impedance

Current Pick-up
devices I>

KI>

VS2 VS1
Voltage
66 66
 10

O/L CHARAC

1.0
FAULT CHARAC
LARGEST
OUTGOING 6.6kV
t
se FEEDER
5MVA
c 115% XS

0.1 GENERATO
R 500/5
DECREMEN 200/5
T
CURVE

0.01
100 240 600 1000 3000 10,000 AMPS
67 67
 Impedance Relay

jx

RELAY
CHARACTERISTI
C
MZTU

Set to operate at 70% rated load impedance when voltage drops to zero,
current required to operate relay is 10% rated current. Built-in timer for
co-ordination purposes.

68 68
 Under & Over Frequency Conditions (1)

Over Frequency

Results from generator over speed caused by sudden loss

of load.
In isolated generators may be due to failure of speed
governing system.
Over speed protection may be provided by mechanical
means.
Desirable to have over frequency relay with more sensitive
settings.

69 69
 Under & Over Frequency Conditions (2)

Under Frequency

Results from loss of synchronous speed due to excessive

overload.
In isolated generators may be due to failure of speed
governing system.
Under frequency condition gives rise to:
Š Overfluxing of stator core at nominal volts
Š Plant drives operating at lower speeds - can affect
generator output
Š Mechanical resonant condition in turbines
Desirable to supply an under frequency relay.
Protection may be arranged to initiate load shedding as a
first step.

70 70
 Under & Over Voltage Conditions (1)

Protection

Under & over voltage protection usually provided as part of

excitation system.
For most applications an additional high set over voltage
relay is sufficient.
Time delayed under and over voltage protection may be
provided.

71 71
 Under & Over Voltage Conditions (2)

Over Voltage

Results from generator over speed caused by sudden loss of load.

May be due to failure of the voltage regulator.

An over voltage condition :

Š Causes overfluxing at nominal frequency
Š Endangers integrity of insulation

Under Voltage

No danger to generator. May cause stalling of motors.

Prolonged under voltage indicates abnormal conditions.

72 72
 Other Protection Considerations

73 73
 Pole Slipping Protection

Simplified diagram of a generator

Rotor Stator

E E
G S
ZG9356

74 74
 Pole Slipping Detection

E E = 2.8 (max) X
G S

R
E E = 1.2
G S
E E =1
G S

E E = 0.8
G S

E E = 0.19 (min)
G S

MIS9357

75 75
 Pole Slipping Protection

Also referred to as Out of Step protection

Techniques depends
Š on machine/system requirements
Š Utility practices
May be required to detect the first pole slip
Could be time delayed to detect pole slips resulting in
instability

76 76
 Overfluxing

Often applied to :-
Š Generator transformers
Š Grid transformers

Flux Ø ∝ V / f

Caused by either :-
Š Increase in voltage
Š Reduction in frequency
Š Combination of both
Usually only a problem :-
Š during run-up or shut down
Š can be caused by loss of load / load shedding

77 77
 Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic

Twice
Normal
Flux

Normal
Flux

Normal
No
Load No Load
Current Current at
Twice Normal
Flux
78 78
 Magnetising Current with
Transformer Overfluxed

ZG0780C

79 79
 Overfluxing

Effects of overfluxing :-
Š Increase in magnetising current
Š Increase in winding temperature
Š Increase in noise and vibration
Š Overheating of laminations and metal parts
(caused by stray flux)

Protective relay responds to V/f ratio

Co-ordinate with plant withstand characteristics

Typical generator application

Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.
Stage 2 - Trip field

80 80
 Over-Fluxing Relay

Ex
G

VT

AVR RL

81 81
 Low Forward Power Interlocking

Urgent Trip
Š Trip Directly to Circuit Breaker and Initiate shut down
Š Risk of overspeed
Š Examples :-
z Generator Differential
z stator ground fault
z negative phase sequence.

82 82
 Low Forward Power Interlocking

Non-Urgent Trip
Š Trip governor
Š Use low forward power interlocking to determine when main Circuit
Breaker is tripped
Š Reduced risk of overspeed, and consequential damage to the machine
Š Examples :-
z Over voltage
z Over load
z Loss of synchronism
z Field failure

83 83
 Unintentional Energisation at
Standstill Scheme

Typical Approach
50

27 & Trip
tPU
&
tDO
VTS

z Overcurrent element detects breaker

flashover or starting current (as
motor)
z Three phase undervoltage detection
MiCOM-P340-84
z VTS function checks no VT anomalies
84 84
 VT Fuse Failure Protection

Typical Voltage Balance scheme (60)

Used for blocking purposes and for alarms
Line voltage comparison done
independently
Fast Operating time
May provide three outputs
– Comparison VT fuse failure
– Protection VT fuse failure
– Protection block

ZG7965D

85 85
 Synchronising Relays

Often applied to :-
Š Synchronising of Generators
Š Transmission line auto-reclose schemes

Synchronising of Generators
Š Check voltage magnitudes
Š Check slip frequency
Š Check phase angle difference

Synchroscope
Š Speed of rotation depends on slip frequency
Š If frequencies matched, phase angle displacement indicated
Š Does not indicate voltage magnitude

86 86
 Voltage Checking & Comparators

Voltage comparators often used in Transmission line auto-

reclose schemes :-
- Live Line / Dead Bus

- Dead Line / Live Bus

- Dead Line / Dead Bus

Voltage monitors :-
- Undervoltage monitor (e.g. Transmission Line)

- Differential voltage monitor (e.g. Generator)

87 87
 Auto-Synchronising Relays

Applied to Synchronising of Generators to control the

machine

Controls :-
Š Filed current to adjust voltage magnitude
Š Governor to adjust slip frequency
Š Governor to correct constant phase displacement

88 88
 Typical Schemes

89 89
 Tripping Modes

Class A HV breaker , Field breaker, Turbine

For faults in the generator zone

Class B Turbine Trip

HV Breaker & Field Breaker interlocked
with low forward power relay

Class C HV breaker

90 90
 Protection Package for Diesel Generator Connected Directly and Operating
in Parallel with a Supply Authority Infeed

87
G

64
R

32 51
V 32 Reverse Power MWTU01
64R Rotor Earth Fault MRSU01
64 64S Stator Earth Fault MCSU01
R
51V Voltage Dependent Overcurrent
MCVG31
87G Generator Differential MFAC34

91 91
 Overall Protection of Directly Connected
Generator Installation

Stator Earth Fault 64S

Rotor Earth Fault 64R

Differential Protection 87
51V
Voltage Controlled O/C

46 Negative Phase Sequence

32 Reverse Power
40 Field Failure
81 Under / Over Frequency

27/59 Under / Over Voltage

92 92
 Overall Protection of Generator Installation (1)

Generator
Feeder Protn.
Overcurrent
Voltage Restraint 51 V

Restricted
E/F

Buchholz
Winding Temp.

Reverse 32
Power
Field Failure 40

Generator Differential 87
Rotor E/F Prime Mover Protection
64R
Negative Phase Sequence 46

Overall
Gen/Trans Diffl
Protn. Stator E/F 64S

93 93
 Overall Protection of Generator Installation (2)
Generator Feeder
Protection
O/C Circuit Breaker Fail

Busbar Protection

Restricted
E/F

Buchholz Winding
Temperature
O/C + E/F
Buchholz O/C V.T.s
Transformer
Overfluxing

Standby Permissive
E/F (Low Power)
Interlock
Restricted Pole Slipping
E/F Field Failure

Generator Differential

Unit Transformer Low Steam Pressure, Loss of Vacuum

Differential Protn.
Rotor E/F Loss of Lubricating Oil
Loss of Boiler Water
Governor Failure
Overall Generator
Vibration, Rotor Distortion
Transformer
Differential Protn. Negative Phase Sequence

Stator E/F
Protection

94 94
 Embedded Generation

95 95
 Embedded Generation

USED TO PROVIDE:

Emergency Power Upon Loss Of Main Supply

Operate In Parallel To Reduce Site Demand

Excess Generation May Be Exported Or Sold

96 96
 ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION G59

Relates To The Connection Of Privately Owned

Generators & Generating Systems To Regional
Electricity Companies

COVERS:

z Safety Aspects
z Legal Requirements
z Operation
z Protection

97 97
 Co-generation/Embedded
Machines

AR?
PES
system

Islanded load
fed unearthed

MiCOM-P340-98

98 98
 Islanded Operation Must Be Avoided To Ensure:

Unearthed Operation Of Main Supply Network

Automatic Reclosure Of CB Will Not Result In Connecting

Unsynchronised Supplies

Staff Cannot Attempt Unsynchronised Manual Closure Of An Open

CB

Faults On Electricity Supply Companies Network Being Undetected

Due To Low Fault Supplying Capability Of Embedded Generator

Voltage & Frequency Supplied To Customers Remains Within

Statutory Limits

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 PROTECTION

Under/Over Voltage & Under/Over Frequency

Keep Voltage & Frequency Within Statutory Limits

Directional Power / Overcurrent

Used When Generator Does Not Export Power During

Normal Operation

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 PROTECTION

Loss Of Mains

Used Where Generating Capacity Is Closely Matched

To Load Or Where Normal Operation Requires The
Export Of Power

Two Types Are Used:

ŠRate Of Change Of Frequency

- Sensitive
- Possible Nuisence Tripping

ŠVoltage Vector Shift

- Requires Higher Change In load
- More Stable

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 PROTECTION

ADDITIONAL PROTECTION

- NEUTRAL VOLTAGE DISPLACEMENT

- OVERCURRENT

- EARTHFAULT

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