Chapter 1 :Introduction to Physic

Physic comes from Greek word 'physikos' which means knowledge of nature

Base quantities physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities

physical quantities derived from base quantities by multiplication or division or

Derived quantities both
Scalar quantities physical quantities that possess magnitude only
Vector quantities physical quantities that possess both magnitude and direction
Accuracy ability to record a reading close to its actual value

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟/(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)×100%

Consistency ability to record almost the same reading when repeated measurements are
(precision) made

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜�=(𝑚𝑒𝑎� 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜�)/(𝑚𝑒𝑎� 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)×100%

Sensitivity ability to quickly detect a small change in the quantity to be measured

errors that may be due to incorrect calibration of measuring instrument or
Systematic error zero error

Zero error incorrect position of the pointer when an measuring instrument is not in used

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖��=𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖�� 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖�𝑒𝑑 −𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

errors that may be due to carelessness of observer or sudden and
Random errors unpredictable variations in ambient factors
random errors due to incorrect positioning of the observer's eyes when taking
Parallax errors readings

Chapter 2 :Forces and Motion

Linear motion motion in a straight line
Distance total length travelled from one location to another
Displacement distance measured in a straight line from starting point to ending point
Speed rate of change of distance

Velocity rate of change of displacement

Average velocity
Acceleration rate of change of velocity with time

Equation of linear
motion
tendecy of the object to remain at rest ot, if moving, to continue its uniform
Inertia motion in a straight line unless some forces act on it
Newton's first law of every object will continue in its state if uniform velocity or at rest unless it is
motion acted by an external force
Momentum product of mass and velocity

Principle of In a collicion, the total momentum in the system is conserved provided that no
conservation of external force acts on the system
momentum

Elastic collision Two objects collide and move apert after a collision

Inelastic collision Two objects collide and move together after a collision

Explosion Two objects move in opposite direction after an explosion

Force a 'push' or a'pull'

Newton's second law When a net external force is action on a body, the acceleration of the body is
deirectly proportional to the magnitude of this force and is inversely
of motion proportional to its mass

a large force that acts over a short period of time during a collision or an
Implusive force explosion///rate of change of momentum

product of the impulsive force,F with the time impact, t//change of

Impulse momentum

Free fall object falling under the force of gravity only//acceleration due to gravity only

Gravitational field a region around the earth in which an object experiences a force towards the
strength centre of the earth.

Weight gravitational force acting on the object

Mass quantity of matter in the object

Newton's third law of if a force acts upon an object, then there will be an equal and opposite
motion reaction upon the same object
product of the force, F and the displacement travelled, s, in the direction of
Work the force

Energy capacity / ability to do work

Kinetic energy energy of an object due to its motion

Potential energy enrgy of an object due to its position or state

Gravitational enrgy stored in the object due to its heught above the earth's surface//energy
potential energy of an object due to its position in the gravitational field
Principle of energy can neither be craeted nor destroyed but can be changed from one
conservation of form to another
energy
Power rate at which work is done/energy is changed or transformed

Efficiency
property of an object that enables its to return to its original shape and
Elasticity dimension after an applied external force is removed
the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided
Hooke's law that the elastic limit is not exceeded

Elastic limit of a the maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring will be
spring able to restore to its original length when the force is removed
Force constant force required to produce one unit of extention
Elastic potential enrgy stored in an object when it is extended or compressed
energy

Chapter 3 :Forces and Pressure

Pressure force per unit area

Pressure of liquid
force exerted on the walls of a container by the gas particles per unit area of
Gas pressure the walls

Atmospheric pressure pressure exerted by the total weight of air in the atmosphere on the Earth's
surface

upward force resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a

Buoyant force fluid

Chapter 4 :Heat
Thermal equilibrium two objects have same temperature and no net gain or gain loss of energy
between them
Temperature degree of hotness of an object
amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a subtance by 1°C or 1
Heat capacity K

Specific heat capacity amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature by 1°C or 1 K for
a mass of 1 kg of the substance
Specific latent heat of amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance from solid or
fusion liquid phase without a change in temperature
Specific latent heat of amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of the substance from liquid or
vaporisation gaseous phase without a change in temperature
Chapter 5 :Light
Virtual image image that cannot be captured on a screen
changing in the direction of a light ray as it passes through the boundary
Refraction of light between two mediums of different optical densities
Total internal reflection of total amount of incident light rays at the boundary between two
reflection mediums of different optical densities
Power of a lens ability to bend a light ray entering it

Linear magnification the ratio of the size of the image formed by a lens to that object
of a lens

Chapter 6 :Waves
the vibration of the particles of the medium is perpendicular to the direction
Transverse wave of motion of the waves

Wavefront an imaginary line that joins all the points on the crest of a transverse wave

the vibration of the particles of the medium is parallel to the direction of

Logitudinal wave motion of the waves
Amplitude the maximum displacement from the mean position
Wavelength horizontal distance between two successive points that are in phase
Wavelength the distance between two successive crests or the distance between two
(transverse wave) successive troughs
Wavelength the distance between two successive compressions or the distance between
(logitudinal wave) two successive rarefactions
Period time to make one complete oscillation
Frequency number of complete oscillations made in one second
frictional force that oppose the oscillation cause the system to lose energy
Damping gradually and the amplitude become smaller and smaller
the frequency of the driving force is equal to the natural frequency of the
Resonance oscillating system and the system will oscillate with the largest possible
amplitude
change in the direction of motion of the waves caused by a change in the
Refraction speed of the wave
the spreading out of waves when the waves pass through an opening or by the
Diffraction edge of an obstacle
Interference superposition of waves from two coherent sources

Coherent souces sources which produce waves that have the same frequency and amplitude