Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

PRESENTED BY
HÉCTOR FABIÁN APARICIO (COD:80820246)

203058_18

COURSE TUTOR:
DORIA LIZETH QUINTERO

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL OPEN AND DISTANCE UNAD

SCHOOL OF BASIC SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

BOGOTA
Sep 2018
Introduction

Understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism, present topics of

electromagnetism with applications in the field of Electrical Engineering: static and quasi-static
fields, circuits of distributed constants, wave propagation and emission of electromagnetic
radiation.

Goals

- Understand what electromagnetic induction consists of.

- Explain the presence of electromagnetism in aspects of daily life.
- Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetism.

Activities to develop

In this activity we will consider two main applications of electromagnetic waves and answer the
questions given:

- Wireless data transmission.

- Medical applications

Taking into account the academic references, answer the following questions.

1. Define the following concepts:

- Electromagnetic wave: it is defined as a variable electromagnetic field that, since it does not need
a material medium, it propagates through space taking energy from one place to another.

- Speed of propagation: They propagate in a vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300 0000 km /
s) but not infinite.

- Wavelength: refers to the distance between two consecutive crests or valleys is what we call
wavelength. It describes how long the wave is. The wavelength represents the actual distance
traveled by a wave that does not always coincide with the distance of the medium or the particles
in which the wave propagates.
- Reflection and refraction: Reflection is the change of direction of the wave movement that
occurs in the same medium in which it was propagated, after striking the surface of a different
medium. It is governed by two laws:

The incident ray, the reflected and normal to the surface at the point of incidence are in the same
plane

The angle of the incident ray i and that of reflection r are equal

i=r

The Reflection is the angle formed by the incident wave and the reflected with the normal to the
separation surface (in red) is the same. We have represented the wave fronts of the incident wave
in blue and those of the reflected wave in green.

- Electric Permit: is a physical constant that describes how an electric field affects and is affected
by a medium. The permittivity of the vacuum is 8.8541878176x10-12 C2 / Nm2. it is determined by
the tendency of a material to polarize before the application of an electric field and in that way
partially annuls the internal field of the material. It is directly related to electrical susceptibility. For
example, in a capacitor a high permittivity causes the same amount of electrical charge to be
stored with a smaller electric field and, therefore, at a lower potential, leading to a greater
capacity of it .. and magnetic permeability: magnetic permeability to the ability of a substance or
means to attract and pass through it magnetic fields, which is given by the relationship between
the existing magnetic induction and the magnetic field strength that appears inside said material ..

2. Explain the importance of considering the "depth of the skin" (depth of penetration) in
medical treatments.

It is of vital importance according to the desired effects in medical treatments for the case of the
infrared Rx it is considered that it can reach a depth of 0.5 to 2 or 3 cm depending on the power
received, the thickness and the type of skin.
Tomada de http://tulupusesmilupus.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/medidor-esquema-piel-y-
sol1.jpg

3 Make a graph that explains at least three modes of "terrestrial propagation of electromagnetic
waves", including a brief explanation of them.

they travel within the Earth's atmosphere, too, communications between two or more points on
Earth are called radiocommunications. Earth waves are influenced by the atmosphere and the
Earth itself. Terrestrial radiocommunications can be disseminated in different ways and these
forms depend on the type of system and the environment, terrestrial waves tend to travel in a
straight line, but both the Earth and the atmosphere can alter their trajectory. There are three
forms of propagation of electromagnetic waves within the atmosphere that correspond to
terrestrial waves, space waves and celestial waves or ionospheres.

Radio: oscillate in frequencies between a few kilohertz (kHz or thousands of hertz) and a few
terahertz (THz or 1012 hertz). The "far infrared" radiation follows the radio waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum, the far IRs have a little more energy and shorter wavelength than the
radio waves.

WIFI-microwave: comprises wavelengths from 1 mm to 1 m. (300 MHz-300 GHz.). It is a very

energetic radiation, but little penetrating on the other hand. At 2.45 GHz is the resonance
frequency of the water molecule, which is why this radiation is used to raise the temperature in
microwave ovens.
infrared: Infrared radiation, or IR radiation is a type of electromagnetic and thermal radiation,
longer wavelength than visible light, but less than that of microwaves. Consequently, it has a lower
frequency than visible light and greater than microwaves.

4. Can human tissue change its conductivity due to disease? Explain

if possible, due to the changes that occur in the skin, such as damage to the skin, conductivity and
permittivity relative to that of vacuum. These constituent parameters of the material provide, on
the one hand, the capacity to allow the movement of charge carriers and, on the other hand, a
measure of their polarizability between a greater quantity of water and greater conductivity.

5. Using the "electromagnetic spectrum", select a frequency used in medical treatment and
explain.
X-ray. It is electromagnetic radiation, invisible, capable of crossing opaque bodies and of
impressing photographic films. The Wavelength is between 10 to 0.1 Nanometers, corresponding
to frequencies in the range of 30 to 3,000 PHz (from 50 to 5,000 times the frequency of visible
light).

X-rays, or radiographs, of bones use a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce images of
each bone in the body. It is commonly used to diagnose fractured bones or dislocation of joints.
Bone x-rays are the quickest and easiest way for your doctor to see and evaluate bone fractures,
injuries, and joint abnormalities.
This test requires little or no special preparation. Talk to your doctor and the technologist if there
is any chance you are pregnant. Leave the jewelry at home and wear loose and comfortable
clothing. You may be asked to put on a gown during the exam.

In this activity, the ability to understand the concepts related to the transmission of
electromagnetic waves will be evaluated. You do not have to do any mathematical calculation.

Conclusions

The above were some applications of electromagnetism in the field of medicine, but there
are many other fields where electromagnetism is of vital importance such as: the automotive
industry, aerospace, aeronautics, naval, military, computer and systems, etc, that lead to the
technological and scientific development that we are living. That is why the course of
electromagnetic tisica becomes fundamental for the doctor or engineer, whatever their
discipline. It is our responsibility as teachers, counselors of these areas, to show in a didactic
way our students the practical applications of such Subjects, creating family environments in
such a way that the theory is not so isolated with practice.