English - Na’vi Dictionary v. 13.

71

Compiled by Mark Miller

www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: July 31st , 2018

This is an English to Na’vi dictionary. Bold indicates English words. Italics indicate the
Na’vi equivalent. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses indicate further
notes. «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on are the positions. Proper nouns
have been capitalized. – and + indicates that an affix or adposition can fall on either side.
Knowledge of lenition processes will be assumed.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary num. = number

+ = leniting morpheme boundary ofp. = only for people
<> = infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective pn. = pronoun
adp. = adposition prop. n. = proper noun
adv. = adverb v. = verb
conj. = conjunction svin. = stative intransitive verb
c.w. = compound word vtr. = transitive verb
dem. = demonstrative vin. = intransitive verb
intj. = interjection vtrm. = transitive modal verb
inter. = interrogative vim. = intransitive modal verb
n. = noun sbd. = subordinated
nfp. = not for people

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary
was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon
lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes
that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic
meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

• M = The Movie

1
 • JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com
above, over: ["i.o] P F adp. io–
’ah, expression of warning or frustration,
>
’crap!’, hell!’: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey
have a conversation, chat, converse:
[p·æN."k'·o] P F vin. pängkxo
abandon, leave: [t'·IN] P F vtr. txìng
> actually, as a matter of fact: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F
ability: ["tsu.Po] P F n. tsu’o
about, concerning: [tE."Ri] P F adp. teri–
abstract idea of a creation: [tI."Nop^] P F n.
tìngop (derived from ngop create)
abstract idea of a suggestion: [tI."mok^] P F n.
tìmok (derived from mok suggest)
abstract idea), prayer (in general: [tI.a."ho] P F
n. tìaho (derived from aho pray)
abstraction), thing (object, fact: [Pu] P F n. ’u
accent, pronunciation: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n.
lì’upam (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
accept: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. mll’an
" admit: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. pllngay (derived from
acceptance: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. tìmll’an (derived
"
from mll’an accept)
accident: ["fE.kEm] P F n. fekem (c.w. from fe’
bad and kem action)
accident-prone, clumsy: [pI."saw] P F adj. pì-
saw
accidentally, unintentionally: [nIt."kan.lu.ke]
P F adv. nìtkanluke (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-
sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
accomplish, bring to a conclusion: [ha."sEj
"s·i] P F vin. hasey si (derived from hasey do-
ne, finished)
accomplishment, feat, great deed: [sæ."Ro.Pa]
P F n. säro’a
according to, by, via, following: ["I.læ] or
[I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+
acquaintance (with the potential for be-
coming a friend): [PEj.la."naj] P F n. ’eylanay
(derived from ’eylan friend)
acquire, get: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. kanom
across, aiming for the opposite side of: [fEw]
P F adp. few–
across, covering thoroughly: [ka] P F adp. ka–
2
acting on intuition, making an informed
guess: [nI."PEn] P F adv. nì’en (derived from
’en guess)
active, energetic: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. walak
activity that keeps one busy: [tIn] P F n. tìn
(derived from ’ìn be busy)
adv. nìfkeytongay (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-
tion and ngay true)
add: [s·uN] P F vtr. sung
addition, post script: [tI."suN] LN n. tìsung (de-
rived from sung add)
additionally, besides, furthermore: [nI."suN]
P F adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)
additionally, too, also: [kop^] P F adv. kop
adjective: ["sjon.lI.Pu] P F n. syonlì’u (c.w. from
syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’u
word)
"
plltxe speak and ngay true)
adorable, endearing, cute: ["ho.na] P F adj. ho-
na
adorableness, cuteness: [tI."ho.na] P F n. tìhona
(derived from hona endearing)
adorn: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. ioi si (derived from ioi
adornment)
adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of):
[i."o.i] P F n. ioi
adposition: ["staR.lI.Pu] P F n. starlì’u (c.w. from
sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word)
adult person: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. fyeyntu (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
adult, ripe, mature: [fjEjn] P F adj. fyeyn
>
advantage, benefit, upside, gain: ["tsan.kum]
P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
better and kum result)
>
advantageous: ["tsan.kum.NaP] P F adj. tsan-
kumnga’ (derived from tsankum advantage,
benefit, upside, gain)
adverb: ["fja.lI.Pu] P F n. fyalì’u (c.w. from fya’o
path, way, manner and lì’u word)
adverbial: [nI] P F nì– deriving affix
advice, bit or piece of advice: [mo."waR] P F n.
mowar
advise: [mo."waR s·i] P F vin. mowar si (derived
from mowar advice)
advisor: [mo."waR.si.ju] P F n. mowarsiyu (deri-
ved from mowar advice)
affix: ["lI.'Pu.vi] P F n. lì’uvi (derived from lì’u
word)
after: ["maw.fwa] P F conj. mawfwa (c.w. from
maw after and fwa that)
after (temporal): [maw."kr.a] P F conj. mawkrra
" from krr time and
variant of akrrmaw (c.w.
maw after)
after (temporal): [a."kr.maw] P F conj. akrrmaw
variant of mawkrra" (c.w. from krr time and
maw after)
after (time): [maw] P F adp. maw–
after midnight: ["k'am.t'o.maw] P F n. kxam-
txomaw (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
after sunset, twilight, the time before dark:
[t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.
from txon’ong sunset and maw after)
after, afterwards, later: ["maw.kr] P F adv.
mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and" krr time)
afternoon: [haP."NiR] P F n. ha’ngir
afterwards, after, later: ["maw.kr] P F adv.
mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and" krr time)
again: [nI."mun] P F adv. nìmun
against (as in: fight against): [wæ] P F adp.
wä+
age: ["kE.wan] P F n. kewan (derived from koak
old and ’ewan young)
aged (for living things), old: ["ko.ak^] P F adj.
koak
ago: [kam] P F adp. kam–
agree: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. mllte
"
ahead of time, before, already: [sRE."kr] P F
adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr " ti-
me)
aim, goal, purpose, target: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
(derived from kan aim)
aim, to intend; aim, to direct a weapon or ot-
her object at a target: [k·an] P F vtrm., vtr.
kan
aiming for the opposite side of, across: [fEw]
P F adp. few–
air: [ja] P F n. ya
3
alarm cry, call to defense: ["Raw.kE] P F intj.
rawke
alien: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. ketuwong
alien: ["kE.woN] P F adj. kewong
alight, land (process of): [kl."w·o] P F vin. kllwo
" wo reach for)
(c.w. from kllte ground and
alive, living, living thing: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n.
rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
all (of), in toto, completely: [nI."wot'] P F adv.
nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)
all is well, everything is fine or OK: [fRaw."zo]
P F intj. frawzo (derived from fra’u everyt-
hing and zo be well)
all the time, always: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. frakrr
(derived from krr time) "
allergen: [fnE."t'um] P F n. fnetxum (derived
from txum poison)
allow: [t·uN] P F vtr. tung
almost: [stum] P F adv. stum
alone (as one person): [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv.
nì’awtu (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)
alone, on one’s own, by one’s self; lonely:
[lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’aw
one and tute person)
alongside, beside: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. rofa–
alphabet: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. snapamrelvi
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-
bol))
already: [li] P F adv. li
already, before, ahead of time: [sRE."kr] P F
" ti-
adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr
me)
also, too, additionally: [kop^] P F adv. kop
also, too, as well, likewise: [nI."tEN] P F adv.
nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)
although: [hu."fwa] P F conj. hufwa
always, all the time: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. frakrr
(derived from krr time) "
am, be, is, are: [l·u] P F vin., svin. lu (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
among: [kip^] P F adp. kip–
amount: [hIm."t'an] P F n. hìmtxan (c.w. from
hìm small and txan much)
amulet, totem: ["lo.Pa] P F n. lo’a
amusing, humorous, funny: ["Pi.pu] P F adj.
’ipu
an acquisition, something acquired, a pos-
session: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. säkanom (deri-
ved from kanom acquire)
an exhibition, a showing: [sæ.wIn."t'u] P F n.
säwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)
an exploration or investigation: [sæ."laN] P F
n. sälang (derived from lang investigate, ex-
plore)
an individual tall, thin waterfall that pours
down a sheer high cliff, or off of a floa-
ting mountain (countable): [sE."Pajl] P F n.
se’ayl
an instance of defeat, defeat: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] P F
n. sälätxayn (derived from lätxayn defeat)
an instance of glowing; light source, glow,
lamp: [sæ."nr] P F n. sänrr (derived from nrr
glow) "
ancestor: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. pizayu
ancient, very old: ["t'an.lal] P F adj. txanlal
(c.w. from txan much and lal old)
and: [sI] P F conj. sì (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
and (clausal conjunction): ["ul.tE] P F conj. ulte
and also: [kop^] P F conj. kop
anger: [tI."sti] P F n. tìsti (derived from sti be
angry)
anger (intransitive), be angry: [st·i] P F vin. sti
anger, make someone angry: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr.
steyki (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)
angrily: [nI."sti] P F adv. nìsti (derived from sti
be angry)
angry snarl, ’watch it!’: [o."Isss] LA intj. oìsss
animal call: [zawr] P F n. zawr
animal, beast: [i."o.aN] P F n. ioang
annoy, bother: [sR·æt'] P F vtr. srätx
annoyance: [sæ."sRæt'] P F n. säsrätx (derived
from srätx annoy)
answer, respond: [P·EjN] P F v. ’eyng
answer, response: [tI."PEjN] P F n. tì’eyng (deri-
ved from ’eyng answer)
>
apologise (apologize): [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] P F
vin. tsap’alute si (derived from tsap’alute
apology)
>
apology: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. tsap’alute
apparently: [tat."lam] P F adv. tatlam (derived
from lam seem)
apparently: [nI."lam] P F adv. nìlam (derived
from lam seem)
4
appealing as food, fresh: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. px-
asul
appear, materialize, come into view: [sR·ER]
P F vin. srer
appear, seem: [l·am] P F vin. lam
appearance: [tI."lam] P F n. tìlam (derived from
lam seem)
appearance, sight, look: [PuR] P F n. ’ur
apprentice teacher: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. karyu-
nay (derived from karyu teacher)
approach: [l·ok^] P F vtr. lok
approach, system, process, procedure:
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and fya’o way, manner)
approximately, roughly: [wum] P F adv. wum
are, be, am, is: [l·u] P F vin., svin. lu (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
argue, dispute: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. wäte
argument, dispute: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. tìwäte (de-
rived from wäte argue)
argumentative (of an agent), disagreeable:
[lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. lewäte (derived from wä-
te argue)
arm: [p'un] P F n. pxun
armband: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. pxawpxun (c.w.
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
around: [p'aw] P F adp. pxaw–
arrival: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. tìpähem (derived
from pähem arrive)
arrive: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. pähem
arrive, get to a place: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. pate
arrow: [swi."zaw] P F n. swizaw
>
art: ["tsE.o] P F n. tseo
>
artist (generic term) : ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. tseotu
(derived from tseo art)
>
artist (visual) : ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. reltseotu
(derived from reltseo visual art)
as a matter of fact, actually: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F
adv. nìfkeytongay (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-
tion and ngay true)
as always: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. nìfrakrr (derived
from frakrr always) "
as an example, for example: [nat."kE.noN] P F
conj. natkenong (c.w. from na like, as and tì-
kenong example)
>
as an obligation, dutifully: [nI."tson] P F adv.
nìtson (derived from tson duty, obligation)
as before, yet, still: [mi] P F adv. mi
as found around a watering hole, smell of
living animals: [a."t'aR] P F adj. atxar
as is known (casual speech [naw."no.mum]),
as you know: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv.
nìawnomum (derived from «awn» passive
participle infix and omum know)
as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]), like us:
[nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. nìayoeng (derived from
ayoeng us (inclusive))
as well, too, also, likewise: [nI."tEN] P F adv.
nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)
as you know, as is known (casual speech
[naw."no.mum]): [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv.
nìawnomum (derived from «awn» passive
participle infix and omum know)
as, like: [na] P F adp. na–
as, like: [p'El] P F adp. pxel–
as, same way as (similar action): [nI."tEN.fja]
P F adv. nìtengfya (derived from tengfya as,
same way as (conj.))
as, same way as (situational similarity):
["tEN.fja] P F conj. tengfya (c.w. from teng sa-
me, equal and fya’o path)
ascend, come up: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. fäza’u
(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
ascend, go up: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. fäkä (c.w. from
fäpa top and kä go)
ash, cinder: ["t'E.pI.va] P F n. txepìva (derived
from txep fire and ìlva flake)
ask: [p·awm] P F v. pawm
ask for, request: [v·in] P F vtr. vin
aspect, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,
point, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
ass, butt, rear end: [t'Im] P F n. txìm
asshole, butthole, dickhead (vulgar):
[von."væP] P F n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra soul
and onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
assign a task, command, order: [k'·Im] P F vtr.
kxìm
assigning tasks, commanding, ordering:
[tI."k'Im] P F n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìm
command, order, assign tasks)
assistance, help: [sRuN] P F n. srung
assistant, helper: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. srungsiyu
(derived from srung help)
assume: [sRE."fp·Il] P F vtr. srefpìl (derived from
sre+ before and fpìl think)
5
at (locative): [Ro] P F adp. ro+
at a distance, far away: [a."lIm] P F adv. alìm
(derived from lìm far, be far)
at close range, nearby: [a."sim] P F adv. asim
(derived from sim near, be near)
at first, originally: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. nìsngä’i
(derived from sngä’i begin)
at long last, finally: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. nì’i’a
(derived from ’i’a end)
at night: ["t'on.kr] P F adv. txonkrr (c.w. from
txon night and" krr time)
>
at that time, then, that time: [tsa."kr] P F adv.
tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and "krr time)
at the time that, when: ["kr.a] P F conj. krra (de-
rived from krr time) "
attack: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. ’eko
attempt: [tI."fmi] P F n. tìfmi (derived from fmi
attempt)
attempt: [sæ."fmi] P F n. säfmi (derived from
fmi try, attempt)
attempt, try: [fm·i] P F vtrm. fmi (with the
subjunctive)
attention to detail, thoroughness: [tI."no] P F
n. tìno
attribute, feature, trait, characteristic, point,
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
aurora: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. tawsyura-
tan (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan
(bio)luminescence)
auspicious, favorable: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. etrìp
auxiliary verb, postpositional non-bound
verb do, make: [s·i] P F si deriving affix
avatar, dreamwalker body: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok']
JC,P F n. uniltìrantokx (c.w. from uniltìra-
nyu dreamwalker and tokx body)
avoid: ["P·aw.nIm] P F vtr. ’awnìm (c.w. from
’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)
awake: [t'En] P F adj. txen
awakeness, the state of waking: [tI."t'En] P F
n. tìtxen (derived from txen awake)
>
awareness, notice: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. tìtseri (de-
rived from tseri note, notice)
away (direction): [nE."to] P F adv. neto (derived
from ne to)
away (position): [mI."so] P F adv. mìso (derived
from mì in)
B
a bit, a small amount (abstract): [nI."Pit^]
P F adv. nì’it (derived from ’it bit, a small
amount)
baby carrier: ["pr.smuN] P F n. prrsmung (c.w.
" and smung transportation
from prrnen baby
device)
baby, infant: ["pr.nEn] P F n. prrnen
"
back (direction): [nE."PIm] P F adv. ne’ìm
back (of the body): [t'al] P F n. txal
>
back down, give ground: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin.
tìng tseng (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)
back, in response, in answer: [nI."PEjN] P F
adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)
bad: [fEP] P F adj. fe’ nfp.
bad hearted, malicious: ["kawN.lan] P F adj.
kawnglan (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and
txe’lan heart)
bad tasting: [ft'I."væP] P F adj. ftxìvä’ (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
bad, evil: [kawN] P F adj. kawng
bad-smelling: [on."væP] P F adj. onvä’ (c.w.
from ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the sen-
ses)
bad-sounding: [mIk."væP] P F adj. mikvä’ (deri-
ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to
the senses)
badly: [nI."fEP] P F adv. nìfe’ (derived from fe’
bad)
ball: [Rum] P F n. rum
banana fruit: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] P F n. utumauti
(c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit.
canopy fruit)
banshee rider visor: ["i.o.naR] P F n. ionar
bar, exclude, keep out: [E."k'an s·i] P F vin. ekx-
an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-
tion)
bar, rod, pole: [swEk^] P F n. swek
bark (of a tree): ["tan.lEN] P F n. tanleng (deri-
ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng
skin)
barricade, obstruction: [E."k'an] P F n. ekxan
>
base of operations: ["t'in.tseN] P F n. txintseng
(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla-
ce)
based on the cause, because: [ta."wEjk(a)] P F
conj. taweyk(a)
6
basically, fundamentally, in essence: [nI."Ran]
P F adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsic
character or nature)
battle party, squad, military clan:
["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. wempongu (c.w. from
wem fight and pongu group)
>
be able, can: [ts·un] P F vim. tsun
be above someone in a heirarchy, be someo-
ne’s superior: [tI."k'Im s·i] P F vin. tìkxìm si
(derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering,
assigning tasks)
be afraid: ["t'o.pu "s·i] P F vin. txopu si (derived
from txopu fear)
be angry, anger (intransitive): [st·i] P F vin. sti
be as it should be, be well, be intact, work
correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] P F
svin. zo
be at, occupy a space: [t·ok^] P F vtr. tok
be bad at: [w·æt'] P F vtr. wätx
be born: ["P·o.N·ok'] P F vin. ’ongokx (c.w. from
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)
be busy (negative sense): be tired out and
overwhelmed by an activity that’s kee-
ping one busy: ["v·r.·In] P F svin. vrrìn (de-
"
rived from ’ìn be busy)
be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in so-
mething one finds especially pleasant and
energizing: ["s·u.l·In] P F svin. sulìn (deri-
ved from ’ìn be busy)
be busy, be occupied: [P·In] P F svin. ’ìn
be careful, watch out: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. nari si
(derived from nari eye)
be content, calm, there there: ["tam "tam] M
intj. tam tam
be curious, odd, strange, unexpected: [h·Ek^]
P F vin. hek
be curious, want to know: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F
svin. newomum (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
be engrossed in something one finds especi-
ally pleasant and energizing, be busy (po-
sitive sense): ["s·u.l·In] P F svin. sulìn (deri-
ved from ’ìn be busy)
be enjoyable: [z·aw."pr.tEP] P F vin. zawprrte’
(derived from za’u "come and prrte’ pleasu-
rable)
be enthusiastic about, show enthusiasm for,
be excited about: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. so’ha
(Note: Being enthusiastic is always transi-
tive in Na’vi -PF)
be excited about, be enthusiastic about,
show enthusiasm for: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr.
so’ha (Note: Being enthusiastic is always
transitive in Na’vi -PF)
be familiar, be known (with dative): [sm·on]
P F vin. smon
be famous: [t'an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. txanro’a (c.w.
from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re-
spect)
be far: [l·Im] P F svin. lìm
be good at: [fn·an] P F vtr. fnan
be horizontal, lie flat: [t'·aj] P F vin. txay
be impressive, inspire awe or respect:
["R·o.P·a] P F vin. ro’a
be in order, be organized: [vE."z·o] P F vin. ve-
zo (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should
be)
be intact, be well, be as it should be, work
correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] P F
svin. zo
be interesting, intriguing: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i]
P F vin. eltur tìtxen si (derived from eltu-r
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
be known (with dative), be familiar: [sm·on]
P F vin. smon
be luminous, glow: [n·r] P F vin. nrr
" beautiful (inner beauty): ["ju.Ej] P F adj. yuey
be miserable, suffer mentally or emotional-
ly: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. ngä’än
be naughty, do mischief: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin.
stiwi si (derived from stiwi mischief )
be near: [s·im] P F svin. sim
be occupied, be busy: [P·In] P F svin. ’ìn
>
be of importance, matter: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin.
tsranten
be of value, have some positive value, be
worth something: [l·Ej] P F vin. ley
be organized, be in order: [vE."z·o] P F vin. ve-
zo (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should
be)
be painful, hurt: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. tìsraw si
(derived from tìsraw pain)
be particularly interested in, focus on, speci-
alize in: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. kan’ìn (c.w. from
kan aim and ’in be busy)
7
be patient (ii): [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F svin. mawey-
pey (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
be perfect, flawless: [j·oP^] P F svin. yo’
be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment:
["s·u.n·u] P F vin. sunu
>
be possible, may: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. tsunslu
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
be quiet, quiet: [fn·u] P F vin. fnu
be responsible: [kl."fR·oP] P F svin. kllfro’
"
be responsible for, look after, take care of:
[v·EwN] P F vtr. vewng
be someone’s superior, be above someone in
a heirarchy: [tI."k'Im s·i] P F vin. tìkxìm si
(derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering,
assigning tasks)
be vertical: [k'·Em] P F vin. kxem
be well, be intact, be as it should be, work
correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] P F
svin. zo
be worth something, be of value, have some
positive value: [l·Ej] P F vin. ley
be, am, is, are: [l·u] P F vin., svin. lu (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
be, or get drunk: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. rou (example
use: rou fa pxir)
bead (decorative): [sRok^] P F n. srok
beast, animal: [i."o.aN] P F n. ioang
beat (rhythmic): ["PE.koN] P F n. ’ekong
beat, strike, slap: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. takuk
ofp.
beautiful sounding, pleasant sounding:
[mIk."loR] P F adj. miklor (derived from mi-
kyun ear and lor beautiful)
beautiful visually: [naR."loR] P F adj. narlor (de-
rived from nari eye and lor beautiful, plea-
sant to the senses)
beautiful, pleasant to the senses: [loR] P F adj.
lor
beauty: [tI."loR] P F n. tìlor (derived from lor
beautiful)
because of that, therefore: [ta."fRal] P F adv.
tafral
because of, due to: [ta."lun] P F adp. talun–
because, based on the cause: [ta."wEjk(a)] P F
conj. taweyk(a)
because, from the reason: [ta."lun(a)] P F conj.
talun(a) (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
because, from the reason: [a."lun.ta] P F conj.
alunta
become stuck, get caught in something:
[n·ip^] P F vin. nip
become well, heal, get fixed (ii): ["zo.sl·u] P F
vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be-
come)
before: ["sRE.fwa] P F conj. srefwa (derived from
sre+ before and fwa that)
before (time): [sRE] P F adp. sre+
before dawn: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. sresrr’ong (c.w.
from sre before and " trr’ong dawn)
before midnight: [sRE."kam.t'on] P F n. srekam-
txon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)
before, already, ahead of time: [sRE."kr] P F
adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr " ti-
me)
before, by, up to but not after: ["li.sRE] P F adp.
lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
before, in front of (place): ["E.o] P F adp. eo–
begin, start: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. sngä’i
beginner: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. sngä’iyu (derived
from sngä’i begin)
beginning, starting position, initial location:
> from ’ongokx be born)
["sNæ.PI.tsEN] P F n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from
sngä’i start and tseng place)
beginning, starting time: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n.
" krr ti-
sngä’ikrr (c.w. from sngä’i begin and
me)
begrudgingly, disagreeably: [nI.wæ."tE] P F
adv. nìwäte (derived from wäte argue)
behind: ["u.o] P F adp. uo–
believe: [sp·aw] P F vtr. spaw
beloved: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. yawne
below, under: ["æ.o] P F adp. äo–
bench; any tool or device to facilitate sitting,
chair, stool: [sEjn] P F n. seyn (derived from
sä’o tool and heyn sit)
bend: [i·l] P F vin. il
>
benefit, advantage, upside, gain: ["tsan.kum]
P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
better and kum result)
berry: ["pa.suk^] P F n. pasuk
beside, alongside: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. rofa–
besides, additionally, furthermore: [nI."suN]
P F adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)
best: [swEj] P F adj. swey
8
best, optimally: [nI."swEj] P F adv. nìswey (de-
rived from swey best)
betray: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. kavuk si (derived
from kavuk treachery)
between: [mI."kam] P F adp. mìkam–
beyond: ["nu.æ] P F adp. nuä+
beyond perfection, sublime: ["fjo.lE] P F adj.
fyole
bib necklace: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. fkxile
>
big (in size), tall: [tsawl] P F adj. tsawl ofp.
bind: [j·Im] P F vtr. yìm
bind / bring two or more things together (ii):
[Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. ’awstengyem (c.w.
from ’awsiteng together and yem put)
bioluminescence: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,P F n. syura-
tan (c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
bioluminescent freckle, star: [tan."hI] P F n.
tanhì
bird: ["ja.jo] P F n. yayo (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
>
bird’s nest: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. yayotsrul (c.w.
from yayo bird and tsrul nest)
bird, young of an animal, fish, insect: ["li.ni]
P F n. lini
birth: [tI."Po.Nok'^] P F n. tì’ongokx (derived
bit of language, expression: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n.
lì’fyavi (derived from lì’fya language)
bit or piece of advice, advice: [mo."waR] P F n.
mowar
bit, a small amount: [Pit^] P F n. ’it
bite: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. frìp
bitter: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. syä’ä
black: [la."jon] P F adj. layon
black: [la."jom.pin] P F n. layompin (derived
from layon black)
>
bladder lantern, nectar lantern: ["tsmi.snr] P F
n. tsmisnrr (c.w. from tsmi nectar and" nrr
glow)
blade of grass: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. zeswavi (deri-
ved from zeswa grass)
blemish, deformity, stain, flawed feature:
["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)
bless: [t·IN sjawn] P F vin. tìng syawn (derived
from syawn blessing)
blessing: [sjawn] P F n. syawn
blind: [kak."REl] P F adj. kakrel (derived from rel
image, picture)
blindness: [tI.kak."REl] P F n. tìkakrel (derived
from kakrel blind)
blizzard: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. txanfwerwì (de-
rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì
wind+snow)
blood: ["REj.paj] P F n. reypay (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)
blooming, unfolding: [tI."PoN] P F n. tì’ong
(derived from ’ong bloom)
blossom, unfold: [P·oN] P F v. ’ong
blue, green: ["E.an] P F adj. ean
blue, green: ["E.am.pin] P F n. eampin (derived
from ean blue, green)
blunt (as a point), dull: [fwEm] P F adj. fwem
boat: ["u.Ran] P F n. uran
bodily, physical: [lE."tok'] P F adj. letokx (deri-
ved from tokx body)
body: [tok'] P F n. tokx
>
bond (neural connection): [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F
n. tsaheylu
bond with, establish a neural connection:
>
[tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. tsaheyl si (derived
from tsaheylu bond)
bone: ["t'æ.REm] P F n. txärem
boom (onomatopoeic): ["k'aN.aN.aN] P F intj.
kxangangang
border, edge, brink, limit, end: [t'Ew] P F n.
txew
border, perimeter, circumference: ["p'aw.pa]
P F n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
borrow: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. zasrìn (derived from
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
bother, annoy: [sR·æt'] P F vtr. srätx
bottom: ["kl.pa] P F n. kllpa
" "s·i] P F vin. hasey si (derived from hasey do-
boundless, endless, without limit:
["t'Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-
ew limit, border and luke without)
bout of suffering; episode of depression:
[sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. sängä’än (derived from
ngä’än suffer mentally or emotionally)
>
bow (weapon): [tsko] P F n. tsko
>
bow and arrow: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. tsko swi-
zaw (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
boy: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. ’evengan (derived from
’eveng child)
boy (colloquial): ["PE.van] P F n. ’evan (derived
from ’evengan boy)
>
braid, queue: [tswin] P F n. tswin
9
brain: ["El.tu] P F n. eltu
branch (of a tree): [vul] P F n. vul
branch, fork, point of divergence: [jak^] P F n.
yak
>
brave: [tstEw] P F adj. tstew ofp.
>
brave, courageous: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. tìt-
stewnga’ (derived from tìtstew courage, bra-
very) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
>
bravery, courage: [tI."tstEw] P F n. tìtstew
brawny person, strongman/woman: ["t'uR.tu]
P F n. txurtu (derived from txur strong (phy-
sically))
>
breach, gap: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. mektseng (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place)
>
break, small rest or relaxation: [tI."sjoR.tsjIp^]
P F n. tìsyortsyìp (derived from syor relax,
chill out)
break, snap in two: [k'·ak'] P F vin. kxakx
breastplate (armor): ["ma.sat] P F n. masat
breath: ["sjE.ha] P F n. syeha
breathe: ["sjE.ha s·i] P F vin. syeha si (derived
from syeha breath)
>
breeze, light wind: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n.
hufwetsyìp (derived from hufwe wind)
briefly, shortly (of time): [nI."jol] P F adv. nìyol
(derived from yol short (of time))
bright, vivid: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. txanatan
(c.w. from txan much and atan light)
bring: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. zamunge (derived
from munge bring)
bring enjoyment, be pleasing or likeable:
["s·u.n·u] P F vin. sunu
bring forth, reveal, uncover (literally and
metaphorically): ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kulat
bring to a conclusion, accomplish: [ha."sEj
ne, finished)
bring, take: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. munge
bringing fun, exciting: [PoP] P F adj. ’o’
brink, edge, limit, border, end: [t'Ew] P F n.
txew
broad, vast, expansive: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. hoet
broken: [fwEl] P F adj. fwel
broken heart, broken heartedness:
[jawn."jEw.la] P F n. yawnyewla (c.w. from
yawne beloved and yewla disappointment)
broken heartedness, broken heart:
[jawn."jEw.la] P F n. yawnyewla (c.w. from
yawne beloved and yewla disappointment)
 >
brother: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. tsmukan (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
brow, forehead: [za."REP] P F n. zare’ (c.w. from
zapxì front and re’o head)
brown: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. kllvawm (c.w. from
"
kllte ground and vawm dark)
> nìsyayvi (derived from syayvi luck)
bruise, cut, minor wound: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n.
skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)
brush, comb: [sl·aJk^] P F vtr. slayk
bubble: [t'at'] P F n. txatx
bud: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. prrnesyul (c.w. from
prrnen " baby and syulang flower)
build, construct: ["t'·u.l·a] P F vtr. txula
burn: ["p·a.l·on] P F vin. palon
burn, consume: [n·Ek'] P F vtr. nekx
bury: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. kllyem (c.w. from kllte
" and yem put)
ground
> by one’s self; lonely, alone, on one’s own:
bush: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. utraltsyìp (derived
from utral tree)
but: [slæ] P F conj. slä
but also: ["slæ.kop^] P F adv. släkop (c.w. from
slä but and kop also)
but instead, but rather: [ki] P F conj. ki
but only rarely), a wall or bank of powerful
waterfalls noted for its deafening roar and
deadly force (countable: [k'oR] P F n. kxor
but only rarely), whitewater rapids (countab-
> >
le: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. tseltsul
but rather, but instead: [ki] P F conj. ki
butcher (in the sense of separating or proces-
sing the carcass of a dead animal): [s·Ej."to]
P F vtr. seyto
butchering tool: [sæ.sEj."to] P F n. säseyto (de-
rived from seyto ‘butcher (in the sense of se-
parating or processing the carcass of a dead ani-
mal))
butt, rear end, ass: [t'Im] P F n. txìm
butthole, asshole, dickhead (vulgar):
[von."væP] P F n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra soul
and onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
by chance or coincidence: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv.
>
by climbing: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. nìtsyìl (derived
from tsyìl climb)
by drinking, in a liquid way: [nI."næk^] P F
adv. nìnäk (derived from näk drink)
by hiding, secretly, in hiding: [nI."wan] P F
adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)
by imagination, in imagination: [nI."Ron.sREl]
P F adv. nìronsrel (derived from rons-
relngop imagine)
by means of, with: [fa] P F adp. fa–
[lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’aw
one and tute person)
by reading: ["ni.nan] P F adv. ninan (derived
from inan read)
by swimming: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. nìslele (deri-
ved from slele swim)
by the way, incidentally: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv.
nìvingkap (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into one’s mind)
>
by whispering, in a whisper: [nI."tsI.syI] P F
adv. nìtsìsyì (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
by whistling, in a whistling manner:
[nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. nìfwefwi (derived from
fwefwi whistle)
by, before, up to but not after: ["li.sRE] P F adp.
lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
by, via, following, according to: ["I.læ] or
[I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+

’crap!’, expression of warning or frustration, call: [tI."lEjm] P F n. tìleym (derived from leym
>
’ah, hell!’: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey call, cry out, exclaim)
>
a climb, climbing event: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. sätsyìl call to defense, alarm cry: ["Raw.kE] P F intj.
(derived from tsyìl climb) rawke
call, cry out, exclaim: [l·Ejm] P F vim. leym
a competition: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. säwäsul (de-
calm: [ma."wEj] CM adj. mawey
rived from wäsul compete)
> calm, be content, there there: ["tam "tam] M
a contest: [sæ."wæ.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. säwäsultsyìp intj. tam tam
(derived from säwäsul a competition)
calmly, peacefully: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. nìmwey
call: [sj·aw] P F vin. syaw (derived from mawey calm)

10
camera: [sjEp."REl] P F n. syeprel (c.w. from syep
trap and rel image)
camp: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. tì’awm si (derived
from ’awm camp)
camp: [Pawm] P F n. ’awm
camping: [tI."Pawm] P F n. tì’awm (derived
from ’awm camp)
>
can, be able: [ts·un] P F vim. tsun
cannot be pluralised), food (collective noun:
["sju.vE] P F n. syuve
canoe: [ja."nEj] P F n. yaney
canoe paddle: [spul.ja."nEj] P F n. spulyaney
(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)
cape, poncho, shawl: ["Pa.RE] P F n. ’are
captive: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. spe’etu (derived
from spe’e capture)
capture: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. spe’e
capture: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. tìspe’e (derived from
spe’e capture)
carefully, firmly: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. nìk-
tungzup (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
lit.: ’without letting it fall’
carrier, container, vessel: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. sä-
hena (derived from hena carry)
carry: ["h·E.n·a] P F vtr. hena
carved from wood, goggles, (made from in-
sect wings, etc): ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten
catch: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. stä’nì
cause: [o."Ejk^] P F n. oeyk
cave: [slæR] P F n. slär
cavity, hole, excavation with a bottom (visib-
>
le or presumed): ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. tsongropx
(c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)
celebrate: [ft'o."zæ s·i] P F vin. ftxozä si (deri-
ved from ftxozä celebration)
celebration, happy occasion: [ft'o."zæ] P F n.
ftxozä
>
center, place in the middle: ["k'am.tsEN] P F
n. kxamtseng (c.w. from kxam middle and
tseng place)
ceremonial), song (ancient: [waj] P F n. way
ceremonious: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ’eoio
ceremoniously: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. nì’eoio
(derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
ceremony, ritual, rite: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n.
sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
certain, clear: [law] P F adj. law
chair, stool, bench; any tool or device to fa-
cilitate sitting: [sEjn] P F n. seyn (derived
11
from sä’o tool and heyn sit)
challenge (ceremonial): [fpE."i.o] P F n. fpeio
chance, luck: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. syayvi (derived
from syay fate)
chance, opportunity: [sk'om] P F n. skxom
change: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. latem (l«eyk»atem
vtr. change)
change (abstract concept): [tI."la.tEm] P F n.
tìlatem (derived from latem change)
change (instance of), edit, modification:
[sæ."la.tEm] P F n. sälatem (derived from la-
tem change)
change direction, diverge, go astray: [j·ak^ s·i]
P F vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-
vergence)
chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles:
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and luke without)
characteristic, feature, trait, attribute, point,
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
charge: ["k'l "s·i] P F vin. kxll si (derived from
"
kxll charge)
charge, running attack: [k'l] P F n. kxll
"
chase: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. fewi
chat, converse, have a conversation:
[p·æN."k'·o] P F vin. pängkxo
chatter, converser: [pæN."k'o.ju] P F n. pängkx-
oyu (derived from pängkxo chat)
check out, taste, try, sample, evaluate, test-
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
check, examine: [st·E."ft'·aw] P F vtr. steftxaw
cheek: [flawm] P F n. flawm
chest: [hEJR] P F n. heyr
child: ["PE.vEN] P F n. ’eveng
chill out, relax: [sj·oR] P F vin. syor
chilly, cool: [wuR] P F adj. wur
>
chin: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. tsuksìm
chip, flake, drop: ["Il.va] P F n. ìlva
choice: [tI."ft'Ej] P F n. tìftxey (derived from ftx-
ey choose)
choose: [ft'·Ej] P F vtr. ftxey
cinder, ash: ["t'E.pI.va] P F n. txepìva (derived
from txep fire and ìlva flake)
circle: ["joP.ko] P F n. yo’ko (derived from yo’
perfect and ko’on ring)
circumference, perimeter, border: ["p'aw.pa]
P F n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
clan: [o."loP] P F n. olo’
clan leader: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. olo’eyktan rounded, curved and ’on shape)
(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader) closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies):
>
clan or tribal domain, country: [t'an.lo."k'E] [tstu] P F adj. tstu
P F n. txanlokxe (c.w. from txan; olo’ great; cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a loom: [sRæ]
tribe, clan and atxkxe land) P F n. srä
clan, or group of avatars: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] cloud: [pI."wop'] P F n. pìwopx
P F n. uniltìrantokxolo’ (c.w. from uniltìran- cloudy: [lEp."wop'] P F adj. lepwopx (derived
tokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan) from pìwopx cloud)
clap hands: [t·ak."syok'] P F vin. taksyokx (deri- club (weapon): [t'Ewk^] P F n. txewk
ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand) clump, set, group, pile, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n.
class (for instruction): [nu.mul."t'a] P F n. nu- sna’o nfp.
multxa (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa me- clumsiness: [tIp."saw] P F n. tìpsaw (derived
eting) from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone)
classmate, member of a class: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] clumsy, accident-prone: [pI."saw] P F adj. pìsaw
P F n. numultxatu (derived from numultxa coarse, vulgar, socially unacceptable:
class (for instruction)) [ræp."tum] P F adj. räptum
>
classroom, division of a school: ["num.tsEN.vi] cold: [wEw] P F adj. wew
P F n. numtsengvi (derived from numtseng cold, coldness: [tI."wEw] P F n. tìwew (derived
school) from wew cold)
clause - level attributive marker: [a] P F,LN coldness, cold: [tI."wEw] P F n. tìwew (derived
part. a from wew cold)
>
claw, nail: [tsin] P F n. tsin collar / choker: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. ’ali’ä
clean: ["la.Ro] P F adj. laro colleague: ["lER.tu] P F n. lertu
clean, make free of dirt: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. laro collect, gather: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. starsìm
si (derived from laro clean) collection (put together intentionally by a
clear (for cloudless skies), open: [pi."ak^] P F person): [sæ."staR.sIm] P F n. sästarsìm (de-
adj. piak rived from starsìm gather, collect)
clear, certain: [law] P F adj. law colloquial form of txanso’hayu (fan, enthusi-
clear, free, unblocked, unobstructed: ast): ["so.ju] P F n. so’yu
[kaw."k'an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke colloquial form of zìsìtsaltrr (yearly anniver-
>
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction) sary): [zI."tsal.tr] P F n. zìtsaltrr
clearly: [nI."law] P F adv. nìlaw (derived from color: ["Po.pin] P F "n. ’opin
law clear) color in, color: ["Po.pin.s·uN] P F vtr. ’opinsung
clever, smart (thing): [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. sìl- (c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
ronsem (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem color, color in: ["Po.pin.s·uN] P F vtr. ’opinsung
mind) (c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
clever/special methodology, trick, sleight of colorful, multicolored, variegated: ["p'aj.o.pin]
>
hand: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. ingyentsyìp (deri- P F adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and
ved from ingyen feeling of mystery) ’opin color)
cliff: [Pawk'] P F n. ’awkx comb, brush: [sl·aJk^] P F vtr. slayk
>
climb, scale (pulling entire body up): [tsj·Il] come: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. za’u
P F vtr. tsyìl come down, descend: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. kll-
> "
climbing event, a climb: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. sätsyìl za’u (c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)
(derived from tsyìl climb) come into view, appear, materialize: [sR·ER]
>
close: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. tstu si (derived from P F vin. srer
tstu closed) come out, emerge: [wr."z·a.Pu] P F vin. wrrza’u
close to: [l·ok^] P F adp. lok– (derived from wrrpa " outside and za’u come)
closed shape roughly circular, ring, oval: come to the senses as, resemble in a sensory
["ko.Pon] P F n. ko’on (derived from koum modality: [fk·an] P F vin. fkan

12
come up, ascend: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. fäza’u
(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)
comfort: ["ho.an] P F n. hoan
comfortable: [lE."ho.an] P F adj. lehoan (derived
from hoan comfort)
>
comfortable, mild, moderate: ["tsja.fE] P F adj.
tsyafe
comfortably: [nI."ho.an] P F adv. nìhoan (deri-
ved from hoan comfort)
command, order, assign a task: [k'·Im] P F vtr.
kxìm
commander, one with authority over anot-
her: ["k'Im.ju] P F n. kxìmyu (derived from
kxìm command, order, assign tasks)
commanding, ordering, assigning tasks:
[tI."k'Im] P F n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìm
command, order, assign tasks)
commands only), do not (for negative impe-
ratives: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. rä’ä
comment: [sæ.pl."t'E.vi] P F n. säplltxevi (deri-
" confident, sure: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. am’ake
ved from säplltxe statement)
communal: [jl] P F adj. yll
" confidently: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. nam’ake (de-
communal fire or fire pit: ["jl.t'Ep^] P F n. yll-
txep (c.w. from yll communal " and txep fire)
communally, in a communal manner: [nI."jl]
" (derived from kangay valid)
P F adv. nìyll (derived from yll communal)
commune: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k'·o] P F v. tireapäng-
kxo (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)
compete: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. wäsul
competition: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. tìwäsul (deri-
ved from wäsul compete)
complain: [l·Ejm."fEP] P F vin. leymfe’ (c.w.
from leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad)
complaining: [tI.lEjm."fEP] P F n. tìleymfe’ (de-
rived from leymfe’ complain)
complaint: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] P F n. säleymfe’ (deri-
ved from leymfe’ complain)
complement, fit, suit, inherently enhance:
[h·aP] P F vin. ha’
complete: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. ’änsyem
completely, all (of), in toto: [nI."wot'] P F adv.
nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)
complex: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. ep’ang
>
composer, music creator: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju]
P F n. pamtseongopyu (c.w. from pamtseo
music and ngopyu creator) eg. James Hor-
ner
computer: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. eltu lefngap
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
13
concede defeat, give up, surrender: ["v·E.l·Ek^]
P F vin. velek
concentrate, focus one’s attention: ["k·an.fp·Il]
P F vin. kanfpìl (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl
think)
concerning language, regarding language:
[lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. lelì’fya (derived from
lì’fya language)
concerning, about: [tE."Ri] P F adp. teri–
conclude, end: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. ’i’a
conclusion, ending: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. tì’i’a (de-
rived from ’i’a end)
condition, state, situation: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n.
tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)
>
conference, large gathering: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F
n. tsawlultxa (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa
meeting)
confident, strong (emotionally, spiritually,
not physical): [sEj."k'El] P F adj. seykxel
(c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not)
rived from am’ake confident)
confirm, validate: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. kangay si
confusing: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. yayayrnga’
(derived from yayayr confusion)
confusion: [ja."jajR] P F n. yayayr
conjunction: ["ti.lI.Pu] P F n. tilì’u (c.w. from til
joint, hinge and lì’u word)
connect, relate to, have a relationship with:
["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. tare
connection, relationship: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. sä-
tare (derived from tare connect, relate to)
conquer, defeat in battle: [l·æ."t'·ajn] P F vtr.
lätxayn
>
considerate, kind, thoughtful: ["tstun.wi] P F
adj. tstunwi
constellation: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. snatanhì (c.w.
from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a
clump of stars’
constititution; basic nature of something re-
sulting from the totality of its properti-
es; often best translated as personality, in-
trinsic character or nature, essence: [Ran]
P F n. ran
constrict, tighten: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. snew
construct, build: ["t'·u.l·a] P F vtr. txula
constructed device for keeping something
off the ground and clean: [fjan] P F n. fyan
constructed thing, construction: [tI."t'u.la] P F
n. tìtxula (derived from txula build)
construction, constructed thing: [tI."t'u.la] P F
n. tìtxula (derived from txula build)
consume, burn: [n·Ek'] P F vtr. nekx
contain: [NaP] P F vtr. nga’
container, vessel, carrier: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. sä-
hena (derived from hena carry)
content, satisfied, satiated, full: [jE] P F adj. ye
continually: [nI."tut^] P F adv. nìtut (derived
from tut continuation marker)
continuation marker: [tut^] P F part. tut
continuously, incessantly, without stopping:
[nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. from
luke without and ftang stop)
control: [hip'] P F vtr. hipx
control: [tI."hip'] P F n. tìhipx (derived from
hipx control)
conundrum, mystery, riddle, enigma:
>
["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
convenient, usable without much expenditu-
re of effort: [nik^] P F adj. nik
conversation, discussion: [tI.pæN."k'o] P F n.
tìpängkxo (derived from pängkxo chat)
converse, chat, have a conversation:
[p·æN."k'·o] P F vin. pängkxo
conversely, on the contrary: [nI."wæ] P F adv.
nìwä
converser, chatter: [pæN."k'o.ju] P F n. pängkx-
oyu (derived from pängkxo chat)
cook: [P·Em] P F vtr. ’em
cook, cooker: ["PEm.ju] P F n. ’emyu (derived
from ’em cook)
cooker, cook: ["PEm.ju] P F n. ’emyu (derived
from ’em cook)
cooking pot: ["hu.Ru] P F n. huru
cool, chilly: [wuR] P F adj. wur
cord: [tE."lEm] P F n. telem
correct path, right way (of doing something):
[e."jawR.fya] P F n. eyawrfya (derived from
eyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way,
manner)
correct, right: [E."jawR] P F adj. eyawr
correctly, rightly: [nI."jawR] P F adv. nìyawr (de-
rived from eyawr correct, right)
14
correctness: [tI."jawR] P F n. tìyawr (derived
from eyawr correct)
count: ["t·i.·am] P F vtr. tiam
country, clan or tribal domain: [t'an.lo."k'E]
P F n. txanlokxe (c.w. from txan; olo’ great;
tribe, clan and atxkxe land)
>
courage, bravery: [tI."tstEw] P F n. tìtstew
>
courageous, brave: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. tìt-
stewnga’ (derived from tìtstew courage, bra-
very) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
course (as a collection of classes):
[sna.nu.mul."t'a] P F n. snanumultxa (deri-
ved from numultxa class (for instruction))
course, direction: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. salewfya
(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)
cover: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. lew si (derived from
lew cover)
cover up, obfuscation: [tI."wan] P F n. tìwan
(derived from wan hide)
cover, lid: [lEw] P F n. lew
covering thoroughly, across: [ka] P F adp. ka–
coward: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. fnawe’tu (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)
cowardly: [fna."wEP] P F adj. fnawe’
craft, master of an art, or skill, expert:
>
[tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
tsulfä mastery)
>
crayon: ["Po.pin.vul.tsjIp^] P F n. ’opinvultsyìp
(c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)
crayon: ["pin.vul] P F n. pinvul (c.w. from ’opin
color and vul branch (of a tree)) short for
’opinvultsyìp
crazy, insane: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. lekye’ung
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
create: [N·op^] P F vtr. ngop
creation: [sæ."Nop^] P F n. sängop (derived from
ngop create)
creator: ["Nop.ju] P F n. ngopyu (derived from
ngop create)
creature: [swi."Ræ] P F n. swirä
cross: [Em."k·æ] P F vtr. emkä (derived from
emza’u pass, overcome and kä go)
>
crossbow: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. tskalep
crush, trample: [sR·uP] P F vtr. sru’
cry out, call, exclaim: [l·Ejm] P F vim. leym
>
cry, weep: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. tsngawvìk
cultural: [lE."REj.fja] P F adj. lereyfya (derived
from reyfya way of living)
culture, way of living: ["REj.fja] P F n. reyfya
(c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way)
>
cup: [tsNal] P F n. tsngal
cup or bowl minimally modified from natu-
rally occuring resources: [sEj] P F n. sey
curiosity: [tI."no.mum] P F n. tìnomum (derived
from newomum be curious)
curious: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. lenomum (deri-
ved from newomum be curious)
current: [lE."fkr] P F adj. lefkrr (derived from
"
fìkrr this time)
> (derived from hona endearing)
current: ["tswE.sja] P F n. tswesya
currently, lately: [nI."fkr] P F adv. nìfkrr (deri-
"
ved from fìkrr this time)
CANNOT FIND OSLETTER
utterance), what (word: ["lI.Pu.pE] PF inter. utterance), what (word: [pE."lI.Pu]
lì’upe variant of pelì’u
’damn!’, expression of warning or frustra-
tion: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. wiya
daddy: ["sEm.pu] P F n. sempu (affectionate
form of sempul father)
daily: [lE."tr] RL adj. letrr (derived from trr day)
" " trr day)
daily, every day: [fRa."tr] P F adv. fratrr (deri-
ved from trr day) "
damp, moist, humid: ["paj.NaP] P F adj.
paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’
contain)
dance: [sR·Ew] P F vin. srew
danger: ["hr.ap^] P F n. hrrap
"
dangerous: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. lehrrap (derived
"
from hrrap danger)
dank (non-animal decay), smell of decaying
wood and leaves: [NEt^] P F adj. nget
dark: [vawm] P F adj. vawm
dark color: ["vawm.pin] P F n. vawmpin (deri-
ved from vawm dark)
darkness: [tI."vawm] P F n. tìvawm (derived
from vawm dark)
>
darling, little loved one: ["yawn.tu.tsjIp] P F
n. yawntutsyìp (derived from yawntu loved
one)
daughter: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. ’ite
dawn after sunrise: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n.
trr’ongmaw (c.w. from " trr’ong dawn and
15
curved, rounded: ["ko.um] P F adj. koum
cut: [m·un."P·i] P F v. mun’i
cut into parts, divide: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] P F vtr. px-
ìmun’i (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
>
cut, bruise, minor wound: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n.
skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)
cute, endearing, adorable: ["ho.na] P F adj. ho-
na
cuteness, adorableness: [tI."ho.na] P F n. tìhona
cycle: ["joP.ko.fja] P F n. yo’kofya (c.w. from
yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way)
PF inter.
pelì’u variant of lì’upe
maw after)
dawn, sunrise: [tr."PoN] P F n. trr’ong (c.w.
from trr day and" ’ong unfold)
day: [tr] P F n. trr
"
day of commemoration: ["Pok.tr] P F n. ’oktrr
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and
day time smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue
(Na’vi idiom): [pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. prr-
kxentrrkrr (c.w. from" prrte’ " "pleasurable, kxe-
ner smoke, trr day and krr time)
dead: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. kerusey (c.w. from ke
not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))
deaf: [kak."pam] P F adj. kakpam (derived from
pam sound)
deafness: [tI.kak."pam] P F n. tìkakpam (derived
from kakpam deaf )
>
dear or cute little fire: ["t'Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. txept-
syìp (derived from txep fire)
death: [k'it'] P F n. kxitx
death (in abstract sense): [tI."tER.kup^] P F n.
tìterkup (derived from terkup die)“Death is
inevitable."
decay, rot, degrade over time: [sn·æm] P F vin.
snäm
decide: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. pe’un
decision: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. tìpe’un (derived
from pe’un decide)
decrease: [n·æn] P F vin. nän
decreasingly, less and less: [nI."næn.æn] P F
adv. nìnänän (derived from nän decrease)
deed, thing (action): [kEm] P F n. kem
deep (physically): [t'uk'] P F adj. txukx
defeat in battle, conquer: [l·æ."t'·ajn] P F vtr.
lätxayn
defeat, an instance of defeat: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] P F
n. sälätxayn (derived from lätxayn defeat)
defend, save: [z·oN] P F vtr. zong
deformity, blemish, stain, flawed feature:
["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)
degrade over time, rot, decay: [sn·æm] P F vin.
snäm
degree of complexity: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. fy-
inep’ang (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang
complex)
degree of tightness, looseness: [PE."k'i.num]
P F n. ’ekxinum (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
um loose)
deliberately, purposefully: [nIt."kan] P F adv.
nìtkan (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpo-
se)
delicate, fragile: [su."sjaN] P F adj. susyang
delicious, good tasting: [ft'I."loR] P F adj. ftxìlor
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
demand, require: [fN·oP] P F vtr. fngo’
demand, requirement: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. säfngo’
(derived from fngo’ require)
demon: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. vrrtep
" dim: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. snumìna ofp. (refers
depart, leave: [h·um] P F vin. hum
depend on, rely on, trust for protection:
[m·oN] P F vtr. mong
deputy, general, one step down from leader:
[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. eyktanay (derived from
eyktan leader)
descend, come down: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. kll-
"
za’u (c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)
descend, go down: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. kllkä (c.w.
from kllpa bottom and " kä go)
> direction, course: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. salewfya
describe: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. sla’tsu
>
description: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. tìsla’tsu (deri-
ved from sla’tsu describe)
design: ["Po.N·op^] P F vtr. ’ongop (c.w. from ’on
shape, form and ngop create)
design (a particular instance of designing):
[sæ."rE.Nop^] P F n. särengop (derived from
rengop design)
16
design (finer detail): ["rE.N·op^] P F vtr. rengop
(c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)
design (the act or art of designing: [tI."rE.Nop^]
P F n. tìrengop (derived from rengop design)
designer: ["Po.Nop.ju] P F n. ’ongopyu (derived
from ’ongop design)
desire: [tI."nEw] P F n. tìnew (derived from new
want)
destroy: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. ska’a
destruction: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. tìska’a (derived
from ska’a destroy)
detail-orientated (of a person), thorough:
[lE."no] P F adj. leno
detailed, fine, precise, intricate (of things):
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno
dickhead (vulgar), butthole, asshole:
[von."væP] P F n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra soul
and onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
dictionary: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. lì’upuk (c.w. from
lì’u word and puk book (English loan word))
die: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. terkup
difference: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. tìketeng (c.w. from
ke not and teng same)
different: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. keteng (c.w. from ke
not and teng same, equal)
difficult, hard: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. ngäzìk
difficulty, problem: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. tìngäzìk
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)
dig up: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kllkulat
"
diligently, hard: [kawl] P F adv. kawl
to a ’dim’ person)
> >
dimple: ["tsoN.tsjIp] P F n. tsongtsyìp (derived
from tsong valley)
>
dinner, served meal: ["wu.tso] P F n. wutso
dip into liquid: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. yemfpay
si (derived from yemfpay dipping)
dipping, immersion (into liquid): [jEm."fpaj]
P F n. yemfpay (c.w. from yem put and pay
water)
(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)
directly, straight to the point: [nI."jEj] P F adv.
nìyey (derived from yey straight)
>
dirty: [tsEwt'] P F adj. tsewtx
disadvantage, drawback, downside:
["fE.kum] P F n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad and
kum result)
disadvantageous: ["fE.kum.NaP] P F adj. fe-
kumnga’ (derived from fekum disadvantage,
drawback, downside)
disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent):
[lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. lewäte (derived from wä-
te argue)
disagreeably, begrudgingly: [nI.wæ."tE] P F
adv. nìwäte (derived from wäte argue)
disappear, vanish, recede from view: [P·Ip]
P F vin. ’ìp
disappointing: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. leyewla (de-
rived from yewla disappointment)
disappointment, emotional let-down, failed
expectation: ["jEw.la] P F n. yewla
discourse on, talk about, say something con-
cerning: [l·awk^] P F vtr. lawk
discover, find: [R·un] P F vtr. run
discussion, conversation: [tI.pæN."k'o] P F n.
tìpängkxo (derived from pängkxo chat)
disease, sickness, illness: [sæ."sp'in] P F n.
säspxin (derived from spxin sick)
disorganized, chaotic, messy, in shambles:
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and luke without)
disparagement: [pak^] P F part. pak
display an attitude towards, treat (emotio-
nally): [z·Et^] P F vtr. zet
dispute, argue: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. wäte
dispute, argument: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. tìwäte (de-
rived from wäte argue)
distinct, special: [zEj] P F adj. zey
dive, duck: [t·awN] P F vin. tawng
diverge, change direction, go astray: [j·ak^ s·i]
P F vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-
vergence)
divide, cut into parts: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] P F vtr. px-
ìmun’i (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)
divided, torn apart, strife-ridden: [kE."Paw]
P F adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
>
division of a school, classroom: ["num.tsEN.vi]
P F n. numtsengvi (derived from numtseng
school)
do: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. kem si (derived from kem
action, deed)
do again, repeat: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. leyn
do great deeds: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] P F vin. säro’a si
(derived from säro’a great deed)
do mischief, be naughty: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin.
stiwi si (derived from stiwi mischief )
17
do not (for negative imperatives, commands
only): [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. rä’ä
do wrong, mess up, foul: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] P F vin.
tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
dodgy, sneaky (of a person): [lEt."wan] P F adj.
letwan (derived from tute person and wan
hide)
don, put on (clothing): ["j·Em.stok'] P F vtr.
yemstokx (c.w. from yem sìn put on and tokx
body)
done, finished: [ha."sEj] P F adj. hasey
doorway, entrance: [rawN] P F n. rawng
doubt: [am."Pa] P F n. am’a
down (direction): [nE."kl] P F adv. nekll
"
downside, disadvantage, drawback:
["fE.kum] P F n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad and
kum result)
drab, grey: [Nul] P F adj. ngul
draw, illustrate: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. weyn
drawback, disadvantage, downside:
["fE.kum] P F n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad and
kum result)
dream: ["u.nil] JC n. unil
dream: ["u.nil s·i] P F vin. unil si (derived from
unil dream)
>
dream about, dream of: ["u.nIl.ts·a] P F vtr.
uniltsa (derived from unil dream and tse’a
see)
>
dream of, dream about: ["u.nIl.ts·a] P F vtr.
uniltsa (derived from unil dream and tse’a
see)
dreamwalker: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. uniltìra-
nyu (c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu wal-
ker)
dreamwalker body, avatar: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok']
JC,P F n. uniltìrantokx (c.w. from uniltìra-
nyu dreamwalker and tokx body)
drink: [n·æk^] P F vtr. näk
drink, something able to be drunk: [na."ER]
P F n. naer
drinking gourd: [PE."Pin.SEj] P F n. ’e’insey (c.w.
from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl mi-
nimally modified from naturally occurring re-
sources)
drinking vessel made of shell: ["sum.sEj] P F
n. sumsey (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup
or bowl minimally modified from naturally oc-
curring resources)
drive out: [k·u."R·ak'] P F vtr. kurakx
drizzle: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. tompameyp (de-
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)
drop: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. tungzup (c.w. from
tung allow and zup fall)
drop of water: ["paj.I.va] P F n. payìva (derived
from pay water and ìlva drop)
drop, flake, chip: ["Il.va] P F n. ìlva
drought: ["tom.pa,kel] P F n. tompakel (derived
from tompa rain)
drum (made of skin): ["a.u] JC n. au
dry: [u."k'o] P F adj. ukxo
dry land: [REjm] P F n. reym
duck, dive: [t·awN] P F vin. tawng
due to, because of: [ta."lun] P F adp. talun–
dull (as a blade): ["tE.tE] P F adj. tete
dull, blunt (as a point): [fwEm] P F adj. fwem
’et cetera’: [saj."la.hE] P F adv. saylahe (derived
from sì alahe and others) (contraction)
>
each other: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. fìtsap (c.w. from
fìpo this one and tsapo that one)
each time, every time, every instance: ["fRa.lo]
P F adv. fralo (derived from alo time)
ear: ["mik.jun] JC n. mikyun
early: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. leye’krr (derived from
ye’krr early)"
early: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. ye’krr (derived from
ye’rìn soon" and krr time)
early afternoon, the time immediately af-
ter noon: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. kxamtrrmaw
(c.w. from kxamtrr" noon and maw after)
> ture)
earring: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. miktsang (c.w. from
mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
earthquake: [kl."rik'] P F n. kllrikx (c.w. from
kllte ground "and rikx move)
easily: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. nìftue (derived from
ftue easy)
easy, simple: ["ftu.E] P F adj. ftue
eat: [j·om] P F vtr. yom
eating (the act): [tI.ju."som] P F n. tìyusom (de-
rived from yom eat)
echo: [Nam] P F n. ngam
edge, brink, limit, border, end: [t'Ew] P F n.
txew
>
edible: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. tsukyom (derived
from yom eat)
18
during: ["kr.ka] P F adp. krrka– (derived from
krr time)"
dusk, evening before sunset: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F
n. sreton’ong (c.w. from sre before and txon-
’ong night-fall)
dusk, night-fall, sunset, gloaming: [t'on."PoN]
P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)
dust (in the air): [fwop'] P F n. fwopx (derived
from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud)
dust (on a surface): [fwEp^] P F n. fwep
>
dutifully, as an obligation: [nI."tson] P F adv.
nìtson (derived from tson duty, obligation)
duty, obligation, imposed requirement:
>
[tson] P F n. tson
dwell, live: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. kelku si (deri-
ved from kelku home)
edit, change (instance of), modification:
[sæ."la.tEm] P F n. sälatem (derived from la-
tem change)
egg: ["lo.i] P F n. loi
eight: [vol] P F num. vol
eighth (ordinal): ["vol.vE] P F adj. volve (deri-
ved from vol eight)
ejective consonant: ["p'oR.pam] P F n. pxorpam
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
elbow: ["p'un.til] P F n. pxuntil (c.w. from pxun
arm and til joint)
elegance, grace: ["lo.Ran] P F n. loran (c.w. from
lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
elevated utilitarian surface, table: ["fjan.jo]
P F n. fyanyo (c.w. from fyan constructed de-
vice for keeping something off the ground and
clean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo
can be used in place of fyanyo.
else, other: ["la.hE] P F adj. lahe
embarrassment, humiliation, loss of face:
[fwIN] P F n. fwìng
embrace, hug: [sæm."yam] P F n. sämyam (deri-
ved from meyam hug)
embrace, hug, hold in one’s arms: [m·E."y·am]
P F vtr. meyam
emerge, come out: [wr."z·a.Pu] P F vin. wrrza’u
(derived from wrrpa " outside and za’u come)
emotional let-down, disappointment, failed
expectation: ["jEw.la] P F n. yewla
empty, or metaphorically: having no value:
[mEk^] P F adj. mek
enclosed open area, space, hollow: [mo] P F n.
mo
encounter, meet by chance (ii): [ul."t'a.R·un]
P F vtr. ultxarun (c.w. from ultxa meeting
and run find)
end, conclude: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. ’i’a
end, edge, brink, limit, border: [t'Ew] P F n.
txew
endearing, adorable, cute: ["ho.na] P F adj. ho-
na
endearingly, sweetly: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. nìho-
na (derived from hona endearing)
ending, conclusion: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. tì’i’a (de-
rived from ’i’a end)
endless, boundless, without limit:
["t'Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-
ew limit, border and luke without)
endless, never-ending (in a temporal sense):
[tIP."i.lu.kE] P F adj. tì’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a
ending, conclusion and luke without)
enemy: ["k'u.tu] P F n. kxutu (derived from kxu
harm)
energetic, active: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. walak
energy (physical or spiritual): [sju."Ra] P F n.
syura
enigma, mystery, riddle, conundrum:
>
["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
enigmatic, mysterious, puzzling: ["iN.jE.NaP]
P F adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-
eling of mystery)
enjoyable (physically, pleasing, sexually):
[mo."wan] P F adj. mowan
enjoyably, in a manner which is enjoyable:
[nI."PoP] P F adv. nì’o’ (derived from ’o’ exci-
ting)
enough: [nI."tam] P F adv. nìtam (derived from
tam suffice)
enter: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] P F vin. fpxäkìm
enthusiasm, having a good attitude:
[tI."soP.ha] P F n. tìso’ha (derived from so’ha
be enthusiastic about)
enthusiast), colloquial form of txanso’hayu
(fan: ["so.ju] P F n. so’yu
19
enthusiast, fan: [t'an."soP.ha.ju] P F n. txan-
so’hayu (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be
enthusiastic about)
enthusiastic, keen: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. leso’ha
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
ofp.
enthusiastically: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. nìso’ha
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
entrance, doorway: [rawN] P F n. rawng
enviously, jealously: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. nìfmo-
kx (derived from fmokx jealousy)
environment: ["p'aw.Nip^] P F n. pxawngip (c.w.
from pxaw around and ngip space)
envy, jealousy: [fmok'] P F n. fmokx
equal, same: [tEN] P F adj. teng
equally, on the same level: [nI."PEN] P F adv.
nì’eng (derived from ’engeng level)
er, um: [I:] P F intj. ìì
erect, upright: [p'im] P F adj. pxim
erectly, rightly: [nI."p'im] P F adv. nìpxim (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
errand, task, step (in an instruction): ["tIn.vi]
P F n. tìnvi
error, mistake: ["k'E.jEj] P F n. kxeyey
escape, flee: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. hifwo
especially, pointedly, unambiguously:
[nI."p'i] P F adv. nìpxi (derived from pxi
sharp)
essence, intrinsic character or nature, consti-
titution; basic nature of something resul-
ting from the totality of its properties; of-
ten best translated as personality: [Ran] P F
n. ran
establish a neural connection, bond with:
>
[tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. tsaheyl si (derived
from tsaheylu bond)
etc), goggles, (made from insect wings, car-
ved from wood: ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten
Eureka! I found it! I understand!: [to."lEl] P F
intj. tolel (synonym: tslolam)
Eureka! I’ve found it!: [Ro."lun] P F intj. rolun
evaluate, taste, try, sample, check out, test-
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
>
even so, nevertheless: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv.
tsalsungay
even, so much as: [kEN] P F adv. keng
evening (before twilight), late afternoon:
[kajm] P F n. kaym
evening before sunset, dusk: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F
n. sreton’ong (c.w. from sre before and txon-
’ong night-fall)
event, happening: [tI."lEn] P rr n. tìlen (derived
from len happen)
every day, daily: [fRa."tr] P F adv. fratrr (deri-
ved from trr day) " from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)
every instance, every time, each time: ["fRa.lo]
P F adv. fralo (derived from alo time)
every night: [fRa."t'on] P F adv. fratxon (derived
from txon night)
every time, every instance, each time: ["fRa.lo]
P F adv. fralo (derived from alo time)
everyone: ["fRa.po] P F pn. frapo (derived from
po he/she)
everything: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. fra’u (derived
from ’u thing)
everything is fine or OK, all is well: [fRaw."zo]
P F intj. frawzo (derived from fra’u everyt-
hing and zo be well)
> adv. nìno
everywhere: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. fratseng (deri-
ved from tseng place)
evil: [tI."kawN] P F n. tìkawng (derived from
kawng bad)
evil, bad: [kawN] P F adj. kawng
examination: [tI.stE."ft'aw] P F n. tìsteftxaw
(derived from steftxaw examine)
examine, check: [st·E."ft'·aw] P F vtr. steftxaw
example: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. tìkenong (derived
from kenong model)
excavation with a bottom (visible or presu-
> explanation: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. tìoeyktìng (de-
med), hole, cavity: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. tson-
gropx (c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)
exceedingly great, greatest of all: [tu."vom] P F
adj. tuvom
>
excellent: ["t'an.tsan] P F adj. txantsan
except: [muN."wr] P F adp. mungwrr–
"
exception: [tI.muN."wr] P F n. tìmungwrr (deri-
ved from mungwrr" except)
excessive: [lE."hawN] P F adj. lehawng (derived
from hawng overabundance)
excessively, too: [nI."hawN] P F adv. nìhawng
(derived from hawng overabundance)
excitement, fun: [tI."PoP] P F n. tì’o’ (derived
from ’o’ exciting)
exciting, bringing fun: [PoP] P F adj. ’o’
exclaim, call, cry out: [l·Ejm] P F vim. leym
exclamation of consternation: [a."u] LA intj. au
20
exclamation upon exertion, urgh: [sa."u] LA
intj. sau
exclude, keep out, bar: [E."k'an s·i] P F vin. ekx-
an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-
tion)
excuse me: [hI."t'o.a] P F intj. hìtxoa (derived
exemplify (ii), model, represent: ["k·E.n·oN] or
["kE.n·oN] P F vin. kenong (c.w. from ke not
and nong follow)
>
exercise, train: ["tsk'E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. tskxe-
keng si (derived from tskxekeng training)
>
exercise, training: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. tskxekeng
exist: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. fkeytok (derived from
kifkeyti tok be in the world)
existing at or from the start, original, first in
a series: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. lesngä’i (derived
from sngä’i begin)
expansive, vast, broad: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. hoet
expansively, in detail, thoroughly: [nI."no] P F
expect: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr., vin. srefey (c.w. from
sre+ before and pey wait)
experience: ["li.E] P F n. lie
experience: ["li.E s·i] P F vin. lie si (derived
from lie experience)
expert, master of an art, craft, or skill:
>
[tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
tsulfä mastery)
explain (why) (ii): [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F vtr. oeyktìng
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
explode: [p'·oR] P F vin. pxor
exploit: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. kawngsar
exploration: [tI."laN] P F n. tìlang (derived from
lang investigate, explore)
explore, investigate: [l·aN] P F vtr. lang
expression of surprise and pleasure, wow:
["tEw.ti] P F intj. tewti
expression of warning or frustration, ’crap!’,
>
’ah, hell!’: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey
expression of warning or frustration,
’damn!’: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. wiya
expression, bit of language: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n.
lì’fyavi (derived from lì’fya language)
exquisite, sublime in style: ["fJo.lup^] P F adj.
fyolup (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra
 style)
extraordinarily: [nI."t'an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adv. eye: ["na.Ri] P F n. nari
nìtxankeltrrtrr (derived from" txankeltrrtrr
" eyes (two): [mE."na.Ri] P F n. menari (derived
extraordinary)
extraordinary: ["t'an.kEl.tr.tr] P F adj. txankel-
" much
trrtrr (derived from txan " and keltrrtrr
(for food), plate: ["jom.jo] P F n. yomyo (c.w.
from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-
rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
a few, several: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. ’a’aw (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
face: [kEj] P F n. key
face lead, rein: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. säzärìp
(derived from za’ärìp pull)
facet, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,
point, aspect, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
facial expression: ["kEy.REl] P F n. keyrel (c.w.
from key face and rel image)
facial stripe: [pil] P F n. pil
fact, thing (object, abstraction): [Pu] P F n. ’u
fail, falter, go astray, not obtain expected or
desired result: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui
failed expectation, disappointment, emotio-
nal let-down: ["jEw.la] P F n. yewla
failingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly, not
achieving the desired or expected end:
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,
falter)
failure (abstract concept): [tI."nu.i] P F n. tìnui
(derived from nui fail, falter)
failure (particular instance of failure):
[sæ."nu.i] P F n. sänui (derived from nui fail,
falter)
fair, proper, right, justified: [mu."i.æ] P F adj.
muiä
fairness, justice: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. tìmwiä (de-
rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
faithfully, firmly, steadfastly: [nIk.lo."nu] P F
adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not let
go) lit.: ’without releasing it’
fall: [z·up^] P F vin. zup
>
false: [tslEN] P F adj. tsleng
>
falsely: [nI."tslEN] P F adv. nìtsleng (derived
from tsleng false)
falter, fail, go astray, not obtain expected or
desired result: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui
21
unusual)
from me+ dual and nari eye)
falteringly, failingly, in vain, fruitlessly, not
achieving the desired or expected end:
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,
falter)
family hammock: ["swaj,ni,vi] P F n. swayni-
vi (c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleeping
hammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway
famine: ["sju.vE.kEl] P F n. syuvekel (derived
from syuve food)
fan, enthusiast: [t'an."soP.ha.ju] P F n. txan-
so’hayu (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be
enthusiastic about)
fantastic, wonderful, terrific: [ko."sman] P F
adj. kosman
far away, at a distance: [a."lIm] P F adv. alìm
(derived from lìm far, be far)
fast: [win] P F adj. win
fast, quickly: [nI."win] P F adv. nìwin (derived
from win fast)
fasten, tie down: [j·æn] P F vtr. yän
fat (substance in meat): ["sJE.wE] P F n. syewe
fate: [sjaj] P F n. syay
father: ["sEm.pul] P F n. sempul
fatty: ["sJE.wE.NaP] P F adj. syewenga’ (c.w. from
syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’ con-
tain)
favorable, auspicious: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. etrìp
fear: ["t'o.pu] P F n. txopu
feat, accomplishment, great deed: [sæ."Ro.Pa]
P F n. säro’a
feature, trait, attribute, characteristic, point,
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
feed (with dative object) (ii): ["jom.t·IN] P F
vin. yomtìng (c.w. from yom eat and tìng gi-
ve)
feel (not intentionally): [z·Im] P F vtr. zìm
feel, sense, perceive: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. ’efu
feel, touch, texture: [ziR] P F n. zir
feeling: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. tì’efu (derived from
’efu feel)
feeling of mystery or incomprehension:
["iN.jEn] P F n. ingyen
feeling of pride, pride: ["nr.a] P F n. nrra
" the start: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. lesngä’i (deri-
feeling quenched, satisfied from thirst by
drink, slaked: ["jE.væN] P F adj. yeväng (de-
rived from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
female: ["fnE.lE] P F n. fnele (derived from fnel
kind, type)
female: [lE."fnE.lE] P F adj. lefnele (derived from
fnele female)
female (person): [tu."tE] P F n. tuté (derived
from tute person)
female spouse, wife: [mun."t'a.tE] P F n. mun-
txate (derived from muntxatu spouse)
fern: [I."p'a] RL,P F n. ìpxa
few: [hol] P F adj. hol
few, not many: [nI."hol] P F adv. nìhol (derived
from hol few)
field, open terrain, plain: ["t'a.jo] P F n. txayo
fifth (ordinal): ["mr.vE] P F adj. mrrve (derived
from mrr five) "
fight: [w·Em] P F vin. wem
fighting: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. tìwusem (derived
from wem fight)
fill (with dative of thing filled): [tE."ja "s·i] P F
vin. teya si (derived from teya full)
film, movie, video: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. rel
arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
final, last: [sjEn] P F adj. syen
finally, at long last: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. nì’i’a
(derived from ’i’a end)
find, discover: [R·un] P F vtr. run
fine, detailed, precise, intricate (of things):
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno
finger: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. zekwä
finished, done: [ha."sEj] P F adj. hasey
finite, having a limit, not without bounds:
["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txew
limit and nga’ contain)
fire: [t'Ep^] P F n. txep
firmly, carefully: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. nìk-
tungzup (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
lit.: ’without letting it fall’
firmly, steadfastly, faithfully: [nIk.lo."nu] P F
adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not let
go) lit.: ’without releasing it’
first: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. nì’awve (derived
from ’awve first)
22
first (ordinal): ["Paw.vE] P F adj. ’awve (derived
from ’aw one)
first in a series, original, existing at or from
ved from sngä’i begin)
fish: [paj."o.aN] P F n. payoang (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
fish, young of an animal, bird, insect: ["li.ni]
P F n. lini
fit, suit, complement, inherently enhance:
[h·aP] P F vin. ha’
five: [mr] P F num. mrr
"
five day work week: ["mr.tr] P F n. mrrtrr (de-
rived from mrr five and " trr
" day)
fix, heal: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. zeyko (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
flake, drop, chip: ["Il.va] P F n. ìlva
flavor, taste: [suR] P F n. sur
flawed feature, blemish, deformity, stain:
["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)
flawed nature, something ill-conceived or in-
herently defective: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. fe’ran
(c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character
or nature)
flawless, be perfect: [j·oP^] P F svin. yo’
flawlessly, perfectly: [nI."joP^] P F adv. nìyo’
(derived from yo’ be perfect)
flee, escape: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. hifwo
flesh, food made from animal origin: [vEj] P F
n. vey
>
flight (an instance of flying): [sæ."tswaj.on] P F
n. sätswayon (derived from tswayon fly)
float in the air, hover: [l·IN] P F vin. lìng
>
flour: [tsjo] P F n. tsyo
>
flow: ["tswE.sja s·i] P F vin. tswesya si (derived
from tswesya current)
flower: ["sju.laN] P F n. syulang
fluent (for speech): [naw."fwE] P F adj. nawfwe
Contraction of na hufwe
>
fly: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. tswayon
focus on, specialize in, be particularly in-
terested in: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. kan’ìn (c.w.
from kan aim and ’in be busy)
focus one’s attention, concentrate: ["k·an.fp·Il]
P F vin. kanfpìl (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl
think)
fog, mist, steam: ["ja.paj] P F n. yapay (c.w.
from ya air and pay water)
foggy, misty: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. leyapay (deri-
ved from yapay fog)
follow, proceed after: [n·oN] P F vtr. nong
follow, track: [s·ut'] P F vtr. sutx
following common sense, of course, logical-
ly: [nI."lun] P F adv. nìlun
following, by, via, according to: ["I.læ] or
[I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+
food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised):
["sju.vE] P F n. syuve
food made from animal origin, flesh: [vEj] P F
n. vey
>
food made from flour: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. tsyosyu
(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
food tray: ["sju.smuN] P F n. syusmung (c.w.
from syuve food and smung transportation
device)
food wrap (food items wrapped in edible
>
leaves or vines): ["nik.tsjEj] P F n. niktsyey
(c.w. from nik convenient and tsyey snack,
light meal)
foolish, ignorant: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. yaymak
foot: ["vE.nu] P F n. venu
for a long time: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. txankrr (c.w.
from txan much and krr " time)
for example, as an example: [nat."kE.noN] P F
conj. natkenong (c.w. from na like, as and tì-
kenong example)
for the benefit of, for the sake of: [fpi] P F adp.
fpi+
for the sake of, for the benefit of: [fpi] P F adp.
fpi+
forbidden: ["k'a.nI] P F adj. kxanì
forehead, brow: [za."REP] P F n. zare’ (c.w. from
zapxì front and re’o head)
forest: ["naP.RIN] P F n. na’rìng
forest canopy: ["u.tu] P F n. utu
forever, never-endingly: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] P F adv.
nìt’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion
and luke without)
>
forget: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. tswa’
> >
forgettable: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. tsuktswa’ (de-
rived from tswa’ forget)
forgiveness: ["t'o.a] P F n. txoa
fork, branch, point of divergence: [jak^] P F n.
yak
forked lightning: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. atanzaw
(derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
form, shape: [Pon] P F n. ’on
23
formal: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. skepek
former, old: ["spu.win] P F adj. spuwin nfp.
foul, mess up, do wrong: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] P F vin.
tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
>
four: [tsIN] P F num. tsìng
>
fourth (ordinal): ["tsI.vE] P F adj. tsìve (derived
from tsìng four)
fragile, delicate: [su."sjaN] P F adj. susyang
free time, the absence of business: [tIk."PIn]
P F n. tìk’ìn (derived from ’ìn be busy)
free, unblocked, unobstructed, clear:
[kaw."k'an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)
frenzied, hurried: [lE."t'i] P F adj. letxi (derived
from txi hurry)
frenzy, hurry, hurriedness: [t'i] P F n. txi
fresh, appealing as food: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. px-
asul
fretfully, worryingly: [nI."sNum] P F adv.
nìsngum (derived from sngum worry)
Friday: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. trrpuve (c.w. from trr
day and" puve sixth)
friend: ["PEj.lan] P F n. ’eylan
friendship: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. tì’eylan (derived
from ’eylan friend)
frighten: ["t'o.pu slEj."k·u] P F vtr. txopu sleyku
(derived from txopu fear and sleyku
produce)
frightening, scary: [t'Ewm] P F adj. txewm
from (direction): [ftu] P F adp. ftu–
from (locative), from (temporal sense with
other time words): [ta] P F adp. ta–
from (temporal sense with other time
words), from (locative): [ta] P F adp. ta–
from above: [ta."PEm] P F adv. ta’em
from among: [ta."kip^] P F adp. takip– (c.w.
from ta from and kip– among)
from inside, out of: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. ftumfa–
(derived from mìfa inside)
from now (in the future): [kaj] P F adp. kay–
from the reason, because: [ta."lun(a)] P F conj.
talun(a) (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
from the reason, because: [a."lun.ta] P F conj.
alunta
from up among: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. tafkip– (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)
front (part or section): [za."p'I] P F n. zapxì (de-
rived from hapxì part)
fruit: ["ma.u.ti] P F n. mauti
fruitlessly, failingly, falteringly, in vain, not
achieving the desired or expected end:
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,
falter)
fuel: [rEm] P F n. rem
full: [tE."ja] P F adj. teya
full fruition, ripeness, maturity: [tI."fjEjn] P F
n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
full of self-pride: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. lesnonr-
ra (derived from snonrra" self-pride)
full, satisfied from hunger: ["jE.hak'] P F adj.
yehakx (derived from ye full and ohakx
hungry)
full, satisfied, content, satiated: [jE] P F adj. ye
fun, excitement: [tI."PoP] P F n. tì’o’ (derived
from ’o’ exciting)
a group or party of people: ["po.Nu] P F n. pon-
gu (derived from po he/she) ofp.
gain knowledge from sensory input, read
(e.g. the forest): [·i."n·an] P F vtr. inan (stress
moves to first syllable with infixation)
>
gain, advantage, benefit, upside: ["tsan.kum]
P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
better and kum result)
game: [u."van] P F n. uvan
> >
gap, breach: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. mektseng (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place)
>
garbage dump, rubbish place: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F
n. sngeltseng (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
garbage, trash, rubbish: [sNEl] P F n. sngel
gather, collect: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. starsìm
gathering place: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F n. mo’ara
gel, viscous liquid: ["k'um.paJ] P F n. kxum-
pay (derived from kxum viscous, gelatinous,
thick)
gelatinous, viscous, thick: [k'um] P F adj. kx-
um
general, deputy, one step down from leader:
[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. eyktanay (derived from
eyktan leader)
gentle, mild, tender (people or things): [flr]
" >
P F adj. flrr
gentleness, tenderness: [tI."flr] P F n. tìflrr (de-
rived from flrr gentle) " ground)
24
functional clothing (item of): [p'En] P F n. px-
en
fundamentally, basically, in essence: [nI."Ran]
P F adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsic
character or nature)
fungus, mushroom: [sp'am] P F n. spxam
funny story, joke: ["haN.vuR] P F n. hangvur
(c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story)
funny, humorous, amusing: ["Pi.pu] P F adj.
’ipu
funny, strange: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. hiyìk
furthermore, besides, additionally: [nI."suN]
P F adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)
future: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. zusawkrr (c.w. from
z«us»a’u coming " and krr time)
gently, tenderly: [nI."flr] P F adv. nìflrr (derived
from flrr gentle) "
>
get better, improve: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. tsan’ul
(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)
get caught in something, become stuck:
[n·ip^] P F vin. nip
get fixed (ii), heal, become well: ["zo.sl·u] P F
vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be-
come)
get it, I understand: [tslo."lam] P F intj. tslolam
(derived from tslam understand and «ol»
perfective aspect infix)
get to a place, arrive: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. pate
get worse, worsen: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. fe’ul (c.w.
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)
get, acquire: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. kanom
giant loom, mother loom: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n.
sa’ewrang (derived from sa’nok mother and
’ewrang loom)
gift: ["st'E.li] P F n. stxeli
girl: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. ’evenge (derived from
’eveng child)
girl (colloquial): ["PE.vE] P F n. ’eve (derived
from ’evenge girl)
give: [t·IN] P F vtr. tìng
give birth to: [n·ok'] P F vtr. nokx
give ground, back down: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin.
tìng tseng (derived from tìng give and tseng

give out a tune or melody, sing wordlessly:
[t·IN lawR] P F vin. tìng lawr (derived from
tìng give and lawr melody)
give speech, orate: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. ftxulì’u
(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)
give thanks, thank: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. irayo
si (derived from irayo thanks)
give up, surrender, concede defeat: ["v·E.l·Ek^]
P F vin. velek
gladly, pleasurably, with pleasure: [nI."pr.tEP]
" fyep
P F adv. nìprrte’ (derived from prrte’ pleasu-
rable)
gloaming, night-fall, sunset, dusk: [t'on."PoN]
P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)
>
glove: [hawn."tsjok'] P F n. hawntsyokx (c.w.
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
glow, an instance of glowing; light source,
lamp: [sæ."nr] P F n. sänrr (derived from nrr
"
glow)
glow, be luminous: [n·r] P F vin. nrr
"
go: [k·æ] P F vin. kä
go astray, diverge, change direction: [j·ak^ s·i]
P F vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-
vergence)
go astray, fail, falter, not obtain expected or
desired result: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui
go down, descend: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. kllkä (c.w.
from kllpa bottom and " kä go)
go to the bathroom, relieve oneself; (on
Earth) use the restroom: [fN·æP] P F vin.
fngä’
go up, ascend: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. fäkä (c.w. from
fäpa top and kä go)
go, proceed: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. salew
goal, aim, purpose, target: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
(derived from kan aim)
goggles, (made from insect wings, carved
from wood, etc): ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten
> >
good (abstract concept), goodness: [tsIl."tsan]
P F n. tsìltsan (derived from sìltsan good)
>
good (of its kind), well done: [sIl."tsan] P F
adj. sìltsan
good looking, handsome: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj.
sayrìp ofp. (male)
good tasting, delicious: [ft'I."loR] P F adj. ftxìlor
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
good-smelling: [on."loR] P F adj. onlor (c.w.
from ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)
25
> >
goodness, good (abstract concept): [tsIl."tsan]
P F n. tsìltsan (derived from sìltsan good)
gourd, pod: [PE."Pin] P F n. ’e’in
grab: [n·i.·"æ] P F vtr. niä
grace, elegance: ["lo.Ran] P F n. loran (c.w. from
lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
ture)
grant (ii): [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. teswotìng (c.w.
from tìng give)
grasp, hold in the hand, grip: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr.
grass: ["zE.swa] P F n. zeswa
grassroots movement: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. ngrr-
" and pongu party)
pongu (c.w. from ngrr root
grassy: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. lezeswa (derived
from zeswa grass)
gravel: [nIk'] P F n. nìkx
great deed, feat, accomplishment: [sæ."Ro.Pa]
P F n. säro’a
great joy: ["law.nol] P F n. lawnol
great person: ["nawm.tu] P F n. nawmtu (deri-
ved from nawm great)
great, noble: [nawm] P F adj. nawm
greatest of all, exceedingly great: [tu."vom] P F
adj. tuvom
greed: [tI."t'a.nEw] P F n. tìtxanew (derived
from txanew greedy)
greedy: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. txanew (c.w. from tx-
an much and new want)
green, blue: ["E.an] P F adj. ean
green, blue: ["E.am.pin] P F n. eampin (derived
from ean blue, green)
greet, say hello: [kal."t'I "s·i] P F vin. kaltxì si
(derived from kaltxì hello)
grey: ["Nul.pin] P F n. ngulpin (derived from
ngul grey, drab)
grey, drab: [Nul] P F adj. ngul
grief: [a."fpawN] P F n. afpawng
grieve: [a."fpawN s·i] P F vin. afpawng si (deri-
ved from afpawng grief )
grievingly, with grief: [na."fpawN] P F adv. naf-
pawng (derived from afpawng grief )
grip, hold in the hand, grasp: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr.
fyep
ground: ["kl.tE] P F n. kllte
"
ground rack (for smoking meats): ["mER.ki]
P F n. merki
group, set, pile, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n.
sna’o nfp.
 >
grow: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. tsawl slu (c.w. from guide: [fja.wIn."t'u.ju] P F n. fyawìntxuyu (deri-
tsawl big and slu become)
guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition:
[PEn] P F n. ’en
guest, visitor: ["fr.tu] P F n. frrtu
"
guidance: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u ] P F n. tìfyawìntxu
(derived from fyawìntxu guide)
’How sad!’, unhappy, upset: [kE."ft'o] P F adj.,
intj. keftxo
> >
hail: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. tskxaytsyìp (derived
from tskxepay ice)
hair: ["nik.RE] P F n. nikre
hair adornment: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. nikroi (c.w.
from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
half: [mawl] P F n. mawl
halt: [t'·Ej] P F v. txey
hamper or suspended rack: ["kuR.fjan] P F n.
kurfyan (c.w. from kur hang and fyan con-
structed device for keeping something off the
ground and clean)
> hat: [haw."REP] P F n. hawre’ (c.w. from hawnu
hand: [tsjok'] P F n. tsyokx
hand-sized, kava bowl (constructed from
seed pods, used for drinking intoxicating
beverages): ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. swoasey (c.w.
from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits"
and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from
naturally occurring resources)
handle: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. säfyep (derived from
fyep hold in the hand)
handsome, good looking: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj.
sayrìp ofp. (male)
hang: [k·uR] P F vin. kur
hang out with, spend time with: ["k·æ.tEN] P F
vin. käteng
hanging vine: ["Pa.na] P F n. ’ana
happen, occur: [l·En] P F vin. len
happening, event: [tI."lEn] P rr n. tìlen (derived
from len happen)
happily, luckily: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. netrìp
happiness, well-being, peace: [fpom] P F n.
fpom
happy (of people): [nit."Ram] P F adj. nitram
happy occasion, celebration: [ft'o."zæ] P F n.
ftxozä
happy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant: [lE."fpom]
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-
26
ved from fyawìntxu guide)
guide (with dative of thing guided):
[fja.w·In."t'·u] P F vin. fyawìntxu (c.w. from
fya’o path and wìntxu show)
guideline, rule: [ko."REn] P F n. koren
ness, peace) nfp.
hard: [t'aP] P F adj. txa’
hard, difficult: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. ngäzìk
hard, diligently: [kawl] P F adv. kawl
harm: [k'u] P F n. kxu
harm: [k'u s·i] P F vin. kxu si (derived from kxu
harm)
harmonious: [mE."PEm] P F adj. me’em
harmony (general sense): [tI."mE.PEm] P F n.
tìme’em (derived from me’em harmonious)
harmony, living at one with nature:
[mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. meoauniaea
protect and re’o head)
hate: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. ve’kì
hateful: [fkaj] P F adj. fkay
hatred: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. tìve’kì (derived from
ve’kì hate)
have a relationship with, connect, relate to:
["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. tare
have some positive value, be of value, be
worth something: [l·Ej] P F vin. ley
having a good attitude, enthusiasm:
[tI."soP.ha] P F n. tìso’ha (derived from so’ha
be enthusiastic about)
having a limit, not without bounds, finite:
["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txew
limit and nga’ contain)
having to do with the Na’vi, the People:
[lE."naP.vi] P F adj. leNa’vi (derived from
Na’vi the People)
he (no plural form: use (ay)fo): [po."an] P F pn.
poan (derived from po he, she)
he, she: [po] P F pn. po
heavy rain, rainstorm: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. tx-
antompa (c.w. from txan much and tompa
rain)
head: ["RE.Po] P F n. re’o

heal, become well, get fixed (ii): ["zo.sl·u] P F
vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be-
come)
heal, fix: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. zeyko (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
health (physical): [fpom."tok'] P F n. fpomtokx
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
ofp.
health or well-being (mental): [fpom."Ron] P F
n. fpomron (derived from fpom well-being
and ronsem mind) ofp.
healthful (mentally): [fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. fp-
omronga’ (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace,
happiness and ronsem mind) nfp.
healthful (physically): [fpom."tok'.NaP] P F
adj. fpomtokxnga’ (c.w. from fpom well-
being, peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp.
healthy (mentally): [lE.fpom."Ron] P F adj. lefp-
omron (derived from fpomron health or well-
being (mentally)) ofp.
healthy (physically) : [lE.fpom."tok'] P F adj.
lefpomtokx (derived from fpomtokx health
(physical) ) ofp.
hear: [st·awm] P F vtr. stawm
heart: [t'EP."lan] P F n. txe’lan
heartbeat: [t'EP."lan.koN] P F n. txe’lankong
(c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat)
heat: [tI."som] P F n. tìsom (derived from som
hot)
heavy (physical weight): ["ku.Pup^] P F adj.
ku’up
heed, obey: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. lek
heimat (ger.), personally significant or belo-
>
ved place: [t'an."wE.tsEN] P F n. txanwetseng
(derived from txanwawe(a) personally mea-
ningful, significant and tseng place)
hell!’, expression of warning or frustration,
>
’crap!’, ’ah: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey
hello: [kal."t'I] P F intj. kaltxì
hello (casual): [k'I] P F intj. kxì (derived from
kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form of
kaltxì
help: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. srung si (derived from
srung help)
help, assistance: [sRuN] P F n. srung
helper, assistant: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. srungsiyu
(derived from srung help)
helpful: ["sRu.NaP] P F adj. srunga’ (derived
from srung help) nfp.
27
>
helpful hint, tip: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. srungtsyìp
(derived from srung help)
her own, his own, its own: [snE."jæ] P F pn.
sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, its
self )
>
here, this place: [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. fìt-
seng(e) (derived from tseng place)
heritage: [sa."tuP.li] P F n. satu’li (Note: Also
name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora)
>
hero: ["t'an.tstEw] P F n. txantstew (c.w. from
txan much and tstew brave)
hesitant, in a state of hesitation: [lE."hI.pEj] P F
adj. lehìpey (derived from hìpey hesitate)
hesitantly: [nI."hI.pEj] P F adv. nìhìpey (derived
from hìpey hesitate)
hesitate, hold back for a short time: ["hI.p·Ej]
P F vin. hìpey (derived from hì’i small and
pey wait)
hesitation: [ti."hI.pEj] P F n. tìhìpey (derived
from hìpey hesitate)
hide: [w·an] P F vtr. wan
high: [k'ajl] P F adj. kxayl
high level: ["k'ajl.jI] P F n. kxaylyì (c.w. from
kxayl high and yì level)
>
hill: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. ramtsyìp (derived from
ram mountain)
>
hinder: [h·ul."tst'·Em] P F vtr. hultstxem
hinge, joint: [til] P F n. til
hip: ["Pl.No] P F n. ’llngo
"
his own, her own, its own: [snE."jæ] P F pn.
sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, its
self )
hiss: [o."Isss s·i] P F vin. oìsss si (derived from
oìsss angry snarl)
history (ancient): [Pok."Rol] P F n. ’okrol (deri-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)
history (non-ancient): [Pok."vuR] P F n. ’okvur
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story)
hobby, pleasure-yielding activity: [sæ."su.lIn]
P F n. säsulìn (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense))
hold back for a short time, hesitate: ["hI.p·Ej]
P F vin. hìpey (derived from hì’i small and
pey wait)
hold in one’s arms, hug, embrace: [m·E."y·am]
P F vtr. meyam
hold in the hand, grasp, grip: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr.
fyep
hold off, suspend action: [fp·ak^] P F v. fpak
hole (going clear through an object): [Rop'] P F
n. ropx
hole, cavity, excavation with a bottom (visib-
>
le or presumed): ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. tsongropx
(c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)
hollow, not solid: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. momek
hollow, space, enclosed open area: [mo] P F n.
mo
home, house: ["kEl.ku] P F n. kelku
honor: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. meuia
honor: [mE."u.i.a s·i] P F vin. meuia si (derived
from meuia honor)
honorable, honorably: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj.
meuianga’ (derived from meuia honor and
nga’ contain)
honorably, honorable: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj.
meuianga’ (derived from meuia honor and
nga’ contain)
hook (for hanging or suspending an item):
["kuR.fja.vi] P F n. kurfyavi (derived from
kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)
>
hope (abstract concept): [tsIl."pEj] P F n. tsìlpey
(derived from sìlpey hope)
hope (particular instance): [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n.
säsìlpey (derived from sìlpey hope)
hope (with tsnì for thing hoped, unless in in-
dependent clause) (ii): [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. sìl-
pey (c.w. from sìltsan good and pey wait)
hopefully: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. nìsìlpey (deri-
ved from sìlpey hope)
horizontally: [nI."t'aj] P F adv. nìtxay (derived
from txay be horizontal)
horn of an animal: [sluk'] P F n. slukx
horn, wind instrument: [pawk^] P F n. pawk
hot: [som] P F adj. som
house, home: ["kEl.ku] P F n. kelku
hover, float in the air: [l·IN] P F vin. lìng
how: ["fja.pE] P F inter. fyape variant of pefya
how: [pE."fja] P F inter. pefya variant of fyape
how complex?: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. pefy-
inep’ang (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe
how complex?: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. fyi-
nep’angpe (derived from fyinep’ang degree
of complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang
how many: [pol."p'aj] P F inter. polpxay (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
how many: [hol."p'aj.pE] P F inter. holpxaype
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
28
how much: [hIm."t'am.pE] P F inter. hìmtxampe
variant of pìmtxan
how much: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. pìmtxan vari-
ant of hìmtxampe
how tight, loose?: [pE."k'in.um] P F inter. pekx-
inum (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, loo-
seness)
how tight, loose?: [PE."k'i.num.pE] P F inter.
’ekxinumpe (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
ness, looseness)
how wide?, what width: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F in-
ter. peslosnep (derived from snep narrow)
variant of slosneppe
how wide?, what width: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter.
slosneppe (derived from snep narrow) vari-
ant of peslosnep
however: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. ngian
howl: [R·o."Nu.waj] P F vin. ronguway (derived
from rol sing and nguway howl)
howl, viperwolf cry: ["Nu.waj] P F n. nguway
(derived from way song)
howler: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] P F n. ronguwayyu (de-
rived from ronguway howl)
hug, embrace: [sæm."yam] P F n. sämyam (deri-
ved from meyam hug)
hug, embrace, hold in one’s arms: [m·E."y·am]
P F vtr. meyam
humid, moist, damp: ["paj.NaP] P F adj.
paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’
contain)
humiliate: [fwIN s·i] P F vin. fwìng si (derived
from fwìng humiliation)
humiliation, embarrassment, loss of face:
[fwIN] P F n. fwìng
humor: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. tì’ipu (derived from
’ipu humorous)
humorous, funny, amusing: ["Pi.pu] P F adj.
’ipu
hunch, guess, informed guess, intuition:
[PEn] P F n. ’en
hunger: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. tìohakx (derived from
ohakx hungry)
hungry: [o."hak'] P F adj. ohakx
hunt: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. taron
hunt: [sæ."ta.Ron] P F n. sätaron (derived from
taron hunt)
hunted thing, prey: [smaR] P F n. smar
hunter: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. taronyu (c.w. from
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
hunting: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. tìtusaron (derived hurry: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. win säpi (c.w. from
from taron hunt)
hunting: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. tìtaron (derived
from taron hunt)
hurried, frenzied: [lE."t'i] P F adj. letxi (derived
from txi hurry)
hurriedly, in a frenzied way: [nI."t'i] P F adv.
nìtxi (derived from txi hurry)
hurriedness, hurry, frenzy: [t'i] P F n. txi
in vain, useless: [kEl."saR] P F adj. kelsar (c.w.
from ke not and lesar useful)
I (deferential or ceremonial form): ["o.hE] P F
pn. ohe
I mean, rather (self-correcting): [ko."lan] P F
intj. kolan (derived from kan aim, intend)
>
I understand, get it: [tslo."lam] P F intj. tslolam
(derived from tslam understand and «ol»
perfective aspect infix)
I, me: ["o.E] P F pn. oe
>
ice: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. tskxepay (derived from
tskxe stone and pay water)
idea: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. säfpìl (derived from fpìl
think)
idiot, moron: [sk'awN] P F n. skxawng
if: [t'o] P F conj. txo
if (counterfactual use): [zun] P F conj. zun
if not, or else, otherwise: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F
conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw
if not one path)
ignorant, foolish: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. yaymak
ignore, not notice, snub: [J·æk'] P F vtr. yäkx
illness, disease, sickness: [sæ."sp'in] P F n.
säspxin (derived from spxin sick)
illustrate, draw: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. weyn
image, picture: [REl] P F n. rel
imaginary: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. leronsrel (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
imagination: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. tìronsrel (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
imitate, reflect: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. rì’ìr si (deri-
ved from rì’ìr reflection)
immaturely, like a child: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv.
nì’eveng (derived from ’eveng child)
immediately (not as soon as pxiswaway):
[p'i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. pxiye’rìn (c.w. from
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
hurry, hurriedness, frenzy: [t'i] P F n. txi
hurt (someone or something): [tI."sRaw
sEj."k·i] P F vtr. tìsraw seyki (c.w. from tìs-
raw pain and s«eyk»i make (causative))
hurt, be painful: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. tìsraw si
(derived from tìsraw pain)
husband, male spouse: [mun."t'a.tan] P F n.
muntxatan (derived from muntxatu spouse)
ye’rìn soon and pxi sharp)
immersion (into liquid), dipping: [jEm."fpaj]
P F n. yemfpay (c.w. from yem put and pay
water)
impatient: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. kelemwey-
pey (derived from ke not and lemweypey
patient)
impatiently: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. nìke-
mweypey (derived from ke not and lemwey-
pey patient)
importance, meaning, significance: [wa."wE]
P F n. wawe
>
important: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. letsranten
(derived from tsranten matter)
imposed requirement, obligation, duty:
>
[tson] P F n. tson
>
impossible: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. keltsun (c.w.
from ke not and tsun be able)
improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified:
[kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
>
improve, get better: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. tsan’ul
(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)
improvement (in the general or abstract sen-
>
se): [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. tìtsan’ul (derived
from tsan’ul improve)
>
improvement (specific instance): [sæ."tsan.Pul]
P F n. sätsan’ul (derived from tsan’ul impro-
ve)
in a communal manner, communally: [nI."jl]
"
P F adv. nìyll (derived from yll communal)
in a disappointing fashion, in a way failing
to meet expectations: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv.
nìyewla (derived from yewla disappoint-
ment)
29
in a fashion as if one’s life were at sta-
ke: [nEm."REj] P F adv., intj. nemrey (derived
from emrey survive)
in a frenzied way, hurriedly: [nI."t'i] P F adv.
nìtxi (derived from txi hurry)
in a liquid way, by drinking: [nI."næk^] P F
adv. nìnäk (derived from näk drink)
in a manner: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. nìfya’o (deri-
ved from fya’o way)
in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably:
[nI."PoP] P F adv. nì’o’ (derived from ’o’ exci-
ting)
in a mediocre manner: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. nìks-
ran (derived from kesran mediocre)
in a puzzling fashion, mysteriously: ["niN,jEn]
P F adv. ningyen (derived from ingyen fee-
ling of mystery)
in a smart way, intelligently: [nI."ka.nu] P F
adv. nìkanu (derived from kanu smart)
in a state of hesitation, hesitant: [lE."hI.pEj] P F
adj. lehìpey (derived from hìpey hesitate)
in a straight line, straight ahead: [nI."jEj.fja]
P F adv. nìyeyfya (derived from yeyfya
straight line)
in a way failing to meet expectations, in a
disappointing fashion: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv.
nìyewla (derived from yewla disappoint-
ment)
>
in a whisper, by whispering: [nI."tsI.syI] P F
adv. nìtsìsyì (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
in a whistling manner, by whistling:
[nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. nìfwefwi (derived from
fwefwi whistle)
in advance: [nI."li] P F adv. nìli (derived from li
already)
in an iron grip, tightly: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv.
nìsyep (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a
trap’
in an original way, originally, with origina-
>
lity: [nI."tsim] P F adv. nìtsim (derived from
tsim source)
in answer, back, in response: [nI."PEjN] P F
adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)
in detail, expansively, thoroughly: [nI."no] P F
adv. nìno
in essence, basically, fundamentally: [nI."Ran]
P F adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsic
character or nature)
30
in every way: ["fra.fja] P F adv. frafya (c.w. from
fra’u everything and fya’o way)
in exchange for: ["jo.a] P F adp. yoa–
in front of (place), before: ["E.o] P F adp. eo–
in hiding, secretly, by hiding: [nI."wan] P F
adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)
in imagination, by imagination: [nI."Ron.sREl]
P F adv. nìronsrel (derived from rons-
relngop imagine)
in just a second from now: [p'i.swaw."aj] P F
adv. pxiswaway (c.w. from swaw moment
and ay future marker)
in order to, so that: [ftE] P F conj. fte (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
in other words, that is: ["a.lu] P F conj. alu (de-
rived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used
for appositions)
in poor taste, tacky: ["fE.lup^] P F adj. fe’lup
(c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)
in response, back, in answer: [nI."PEjN] P F
adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)
in season (of foods, vegetable or animal):
[kI."maR] P F adj. kìmar
in shambles, chaotic, messy, disorganized:
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and luke without)
in that case, so: [ha] P F adv. ha
in the capacity of, something as, or in the role
of, something else: [sko] P F adp. sko+
>
in the meantime, until then: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F
adv. tsakrrvay (c.w. from tsakrr then" and vay
up to)
in the right season, opportunely: [nIk."maR]
P F adv. nìkmar (derived from kìmar in se-
ason)
in this regard, related to this matter:
[mI."ft'E.lE] P F adv. mìftxele
in toto, all (of), completely: [nI."wot'] P F adv.
nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)
in vain, failingly, falteringly, fruitlessly, not
achieving the desired or expected end:
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,
falter)
in, on: [mI] P F adp. mì+
inappropriate, noise. sound that is excessi-
ve, unnecessary, unexpected or startling:
["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from
hawng overabundance and pam sound)
incessantly, continuously, without stopping:
[nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. from
luke without and ftang stop)
incidentally, by the way: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv.
nìvingkap (derived from vingkap occur to
one, pop into one’s mind)
incorrect, wrong, not right: [kE."jawR] P F adj.
keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
incorrectness, mistakeness: [tI."k'Ej] P F n.
tìkxey (derived from kxeyey mistake)
increase: [P·ul] P F vin. ’ul
increase: [tI."Pul] P F n. tì’ul
increasingly, more and more: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F
adv. nì’ul’ul (derived from ’ul increase)
indicate, point at: [v·l] P F vin., vtr. vll
" nga’ contain)
indication, sign, signal: [sæ."vl] P F n. sävll
(derived from vll indicate, point " at)
individuality (negative connotation), selfish-
ness: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. tì’awpo (derived
from ’awpo one individual)
infant, baby: ["pr.nEn] P F n. prrnen
" >
infinite, uncountable: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj.
ketsuktiam (derived from ketsuk– not able to
do and tiam count)
infix: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. kemlì’uvi (derived
from kemlì’u verb)
informed guess, guess, hunch, intuition:
[PEn] P F n. ’en
inherently enhance, fit, suit, complement:
[h·aP] P F vin. ha’
initial location, beginning, starting position:
> from ral meaning and peng tell)
["sNæ.PI.tsEN] P F n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from
sngä’i start and tseng place)
injustice, unfairness: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] P F n. tìke-
mwiä (derived from kemwiä improper, un-
fair, wrong, unjustified)
insane, crazy: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. lekye’ung
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
insanity: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. keye’ung
insect: ["hI.PaN] P F n. hì’ang (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
insect, young of an animal, bird, fish: ["li.ni]
P F n. lini
inside: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. mìfa
inside, into: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. nemfa– (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
inspiration: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. slantire (c.w.
from slan support and tirea spirit)
31
inspire: [slan.ti."RE s·i] P F vin. slantire si (deri-
ved from slantire inspiration)
inspire awe or respect, be impressive:
["R·o.P·a] P F vin. ro’a
instance of protesting, protest: [sæ.lEjm."kEm]
P F n. säleymkem (derived from leymkem
protest)
instance, time, turn, one of a number of repe-
ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] P F n. alo
instead of, rather than: [tup^] P F conj. tup
instruction, teaching: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. sänu-
me (derived from nume learn)
instructive, meaningful, something from
which a lesson can be learned: ["Ral.NaP]
P F adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and
insult, offence: [zop."lo] P F n. zoplo
intelligence: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. tìkanu (derived
from kanu smart)
>
intelligence, understanding: [tI."tslam] P F n.
tìtslam (derived from tslam understand)
intelligent, smart: ["ka.nu] P F adj. kanu ofp.
intelligently, in a smart way: [nI."ka.nu] P F
adv. nìkanu (derived from kanu smart)
inter. marker for yes or no questions:
["sRak(E)] P F part. srak(e)
interfered with, modified, no longer in a na-
tural state: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. zäfi
intermediate level: ["k'am.jI] P F n. kxamyì
(c.w. from kxam middle and yì level)
interpret (ii): [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. ralpeng (c.w.
interpretation, translation: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n.
tìralpeng (derived from ral meaning and
peng tell)
interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance:
[m·æ."k'u] P F vtr. mäkxu (derived from kxu
harm)
into, inside: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. nemfa– (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
intoxicating beverage, or “spirits”: ["swo.a]
P F n. swoa
intricate (of things), fine, detailed, precise:
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno
intriguing, be interesting: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i]
P F vin. eltur tìtxen si (derived from eltu-r
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
intrinsic character or nature, essence, consti-
titution; basic nature of something resul-
 ting from the totality of its properties; of-
ten best translated as personality: [Ran] P F
n. ran
introduce, present: [mu.w·In."t'·u] P F vtr.
muwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)
intuition, guess, informed guess, hunch:
[PEn] P F n. ’en
intuitive, speculative: [lE."PEn] P F adj. le’en
(derived from ’en guess) nfp.
investigate, explore: [l·aN] P F vtr. lang
irregular, random: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. renulke
(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
hout)
is, be, am, are: [l·u] P F vin., svin. lu (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
island: ["spo.no] P F n. spono
isn’t it?, right?: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. kefyak
(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)
>
it (as intransitive subject), that: [tsaw] P F
dem., pn. tsaw
>
it (as object), that: [tsat^] P F pn. tsat
>
it (transitive subject), that: [tsal] P F pn. tsal
itch: ["fk'·a.k·E] P F v. fkxake
its own, his own, her own: [snE."jæ] P F pn.
sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, its
self )

jealously, enviously: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. nìfmo- ness, peace) nfp.

kx (derived from fmokx jealousy)
jealousy, envy: [fmok'] P F n. fmokx
joint, hinge: [til] P F n. til
joke, funny story: ["haN.vuR] P F n. hangvur
(c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story)
journey: [tI."sop^] P F n. tìsop (derived from
sop travel)
joyous, happy, peaceful, pleasant: [lE."fpom]
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-
jump: [sp·æ] P F v. spä
just a moment ago: [p'i.swaw."am] P F adv. px-
iswawam (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
past)
justice, fairness: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. tìmwiä (de-
rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
justified, proper, fair, right: [mu."i.æ] PF adj.
muiä

kava bowl (constructed from seed pods, kind: [tI."stun.wi.NaP] P F adj. tìtstunwinga’
used for drinking intoxicating beverages), (c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con-
hand-sized: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. swoasey (c.w. tain) (nfp.)
from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits" kind of, more or less, somewhat, yes and
and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from no: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w.
naturally occurring resources) from srane yes and kehe no)
keen, enthusiastic: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. leso’ha kind, thoughtful, considerate: ["tstun.wi>
] PF
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) adj. tstunwi
ofp.
kind, type: [fnEl] P F n. fnel
>
keep out, exclude, bar: [E."k'an s·i] P F vin. ekx- kindness: [tI."tstun.wi ] P F n. tìtstunwi (deri-
an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc- ved from tstunwi kind)
tion)
> kiss: [p·om] P F vtr. pom
keep up with someone: [l·a."ts·i] LA v. latsi
kiss: [sæ."pom] P F n. säpom (derived from pom
kick, shove: [p'·Ek^] P F vtr. pxek kiss)
kid: ["PE.vi] P F n. ’evi (affectionate form of knee: [ki."nam.til] P F n. kinamtil (c.w. from ki-
’eveng child) nam leg and til joint)
> >
kill: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. tspang knife: [tstal] P F n. tstal

32
 >
knife sheath: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. tstalsena (c.w. know (spiritual sense), see, see into, un-
from tstal knife and sähena carrier)
knot: [fta] P F n. fta
knot, make or tie a knot: [fta s·i] P F vin. fta si
(derived from fta knot)
know: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. omum (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)
lack: [tI."kE.lu] P F n. tìkelu (derived from ke
not and lu be)
lack of notice, snubbing: [tI."Jæk'] P F n. tìyäkx
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
>
lack of notice, unawareness: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n.
tìktseri (derived from tseri note, notice)
lacking sufficient energy, lethargic, lazy:
[NoN] P F adj. ngong
lake: ["Po.Ra] P F n. ’ora
lamp, glow, an instance of glowing; light
source: [sæ."nr] P F n. sänrr (derived from
"
nrr glow)
land: [at'."k'E] P F n. atxkxe
land (process of), alight: [kl."w·o] P F vin. kllwo
" wo reach for)
(c.w. from kllte ground and
land, reach the ground: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. kllpä
" pähem arrive)
(c.w. from kllte ground and
language: ["lIP.fja] P F n. lì’fya (c.w. from lì’u
word and fya’o way)
language group, language users: ["lIP.fja.o."loP]
P F n. lì’fyaolo’ (c.w. from lì’fya language and
olo’ clan)
language users, language group: ["lIP.fja.o."loP]
P F n. lì’fyaolo’ (c.w. from lì’fya language and
olo’ clan)
large: [a."p'a] P F adj. apxa nfp.
>
large gathering, conference: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F
n. tsawlultxa (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa
meeting)
large part, majority, most: [t'am."p'I] P F n. tx-
ampxì (derived from txan much)
large pestle (grinding tool); meal-mashing
pole: ["i.kut^] P F n. ikut
large social kava bowl: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl] P F n.
swoasey ayll (c.w. from swoasey kava " bowl
(constructed from seed pods, used for drinking
intoxicating beverages) and yll communal)
last month: [vo.sp'I."am] P F n. vospxìam (deri-
ved from vospxì month)
33
derstand: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
knowledge: [tI."o.mum] P F n. tìomum (derived
from omum know)
last night: [t'o."nam] P F adv. txonam (derived
from txon night and ham previous)
last time: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. hamalo (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
last week: ["kin.tram] P F n. kintrram (derived
from kintrr week) "
last weekend: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. muntrram
(derived from muntrr " weekend)
last, final: [sjEn] P F adj. syen
last, ultimate, terminal: [toR] P F adj. tor (deri-
ved from toruk last shadow)
lastly: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. nìsyen (derived from
syen last)
late: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. hawngkrr (c.w. from
"
hawng overabundance and krr time)
late: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. lehawngkrr (derived
from hawngkrr " late)
late afternoon, evening (before twilight):
[kajm] P F n. kaym
lately, currently: [nI."fkr] P F adv. nìfkrr (deri-
ved from fìkrr this time)"
later, after, afterwards: ["maw.kr] P F adv.
mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and" krr time)
laugh: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. hangham
launch, take off: [ja."w·o] P F vin. yawo (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for)
lava, magma: [t'E."k'um.paJ] P F n. txekxum-
pay (derived from txep fire and kxumpay
viscous liquid)
lawlike: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lekoren (derived
from koren rule)
lawyer: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn] P F n. pängkx-
oyu lekoren (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
and lekoren lawlike)
lay (something) on the ground: [kl.t'Ej."k·aj]
"
P F vtr. klltxeykay (c.w. from kllte ground
and txay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay
lazily, lethargically: [nI."NoN] P F adv. nìngong
(derived from ngong lazy)
laziness, lethargy: [tI."NoN] P F n. tìngong (de-
rived from ngong lazy)
lazy, lethargic, lacking sufficient energy:
[NoN] P F adj. ngong
lead: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. eyk
leader: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. eyktan (derived from
eyk lead)
leader (typically temporary, of a small group
like a hunting party): ["Ejk.ju] P F n. eykyu
(derived from eyk lead)
leadership: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,P F n. tìeyktan (deri-
ved from eyktan leader)
leaf: [RIk^] P F n. rìk
leaf green: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. rìkean (c.w. from
rìk leaf and ean green)
leaf plate: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] P F n. yomyo lerìk
(c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìk
leafy)
leafy: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. lerìk (derived from rìk
leaf )
lean: ["t·u.v·on] P F v. tuvon
learn: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. nume
least, minority, small part: [hIm."p'I] P F n.
hìmpxì
leather: [flawk'] P F n. flawkx
leave, abandon: [t'·IN] P F vtr. txìng
leave, depart: [h·um] P F vin. hum
ledge, shelf, level, step, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
(Can also be used metaphorically to refer
to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
anger, etc.)
left (not right): [ftæR] P F adj. ftär
left side: ["ftæR.pa] P F n. ftärpa (c.w. from ftär
left and pa’o side)
leg: [ki."nam] P F n. kinam
leggings (used in war): [Ra."spuP] P F n. raspu’
leisurely, unhurriedly: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv.
nìtxiluke (c.w. from txi hurry and luke wit-
hout)
lend: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. käsrìn (derived from
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
length: [Nim."pup^] P F n. ngimpup (derived
from ngim long and pup short)
lent or borrowed thing: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. säsrìn
(derived from srìn temporarily transfer from
one to another)
34
less: [nI."næn] P F adv. nìnän (derived from nän
decrease)
less and less, decreasingly: [nI."næn.æn] P F
adv. nìnänän (derived from nän decrease)
lesson: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. sänumvi (derived
from sänume teaching)
lest, so that not: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. fteke (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
let go, release: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. lonu
lethargic, lacking sufficient energy, lazy:
[NoN] P F adj. ngong
lethargically, lazily: [nI."NoN] P F adv. nìngong
(derived from ngong lazy)
lethargy, laziness: [tI."NoN] P F n. tìngong (deri-
ved from ngong lazy)
letter (phonetic symbol): [pam."REl.vi] P F n.
pamrelvi (derived from pamrel writing)
level: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. ’engeng
level, shelf, ledge, step, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
(Can also be used metaphorically to refer
to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
anger, etc.)
lid, cover: [lEw] P F n. lew
lie flat, be horizontal: [t'·aj] P F vin. txay
lie on the ground: [kl."t'·aj] P F vin. klltxay
(c.w. from kllte ground " and txay lie flat)
life: [tI."REj] P F n. tìrey (derived from rey live)
lift, pick up: ["k'·El.t·Ek] P F vtr. kxeltek
light: [a."tan] JC n. atan
light (physical weight), lightweight: [sjo] P F
adj. syo
light color: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. neympin (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
light colors, shades of white: [nEjn] P F adj.
neyn
>
light meal, snack: [tsjEj] P F n. tsyey
>
light wind, breeze: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n.
hufwetsyìp (derived from hufwe wind)
lightning (general term): [Rawm] P F n. rawm
lightweight, light (physical weight): [sjo] P F
adj. syo
like a child, immaturely: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv.
nì’eveng (derived from ’eveng child)
like an adult, maturely: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv.
nìfyeyntu (derived from fyeyntu adult)
 >
like that, that way: [tsa."fja] P F adv. tsafya
(c.w. from tsa- that and fya’o way)
like the Na’vi, Na’vi-ly: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. nì-
Na’vi (derived from Na’vi the People)
like this, this way: [fI."fja] P F adv. fìfya (deri-
ved from fya’o path)
like us, as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]):
[nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. nìayoeng (derived from
ayoeng us (inclusive))
like, as: [na] P F adp. na–
like, as: [p'El] P F adp. pxel–
likewise, too, also, as well: [nI."tEN] P F adv.
nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)
limit, edge, brink, border, end: [t'Ew] P F n.
txew
lip: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. seyri
liquid, water: [paj] P F n. pay
listen: ["t·IN "mik.jun] P F vin. tìng mikyun (de-
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
listen to (intentionally): ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. yune
lit. åooden writing stick.", pencil:
[pam."rel.vul le."RIn] P F n. pamrelvul lerìn
(c.w. from pamrelvul pen, pencil and lerìn
wooden, of wood)
lit. åriting stick."(short form of pamrelvul),
pen, pencil: ["REl.vul] P F n. relvul
lit. åriting stick.", pen, pencil: [pam."rel.vul]
n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing and
vul branch (of a tree))
little (in size), small: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. hì’i
> loom: ["PEw.RaN] P F n. ’ewrang
little conversation: [tI.pæN."k'o.tsjIp^] P F n.
tìpängkxotsyìp (derived from tìpängkxo
conversation)
little daughter (term of endearment):
> seness)
["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. ’itetsyìp (derived from
’ite daughter)
> ’ekxinumpe (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
little hunter: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. taronyut-
syìp (derived from taronyu hunter)
> loosely, weakly: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. nìmeyp
little I, little me: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. oetsyìp (de-
rived from oe I)
> looseness, degree of tightness: [PE."k'i.num]
little loved one, darling: ["yawn.tu.tsjIp] P F
n. yawntutsyìp (derived from yawntu loved
one)
> lose: [sn·ajt'] P F vtr. snaytx
little me, little I: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. oetsyìp (de-
rived from oe I)
>
little moment, second: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n.
swawtsyìp (derived from swaw moment)
little mommy (used for young girls):
>
["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. sa’nutsyìp (derived
35
from sa’nu mommy)
> >
little queue: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. tswintsyìp (de-
rived from tswin queue)
>
little you, you little: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. ngatsyìp
(derived from nga you)
live: [R·Ej] P F vin. rey
live, dwell: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. kelku si (deri-
ved from kelku home)
living at one with nature, harmony:
[mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. meoauniaea
living thing, alive, living: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n.
rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
living, alive, living thing: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n.
rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
logically, of course, following common sen-
se: [nI."lun] P F adv. nìlun
loincloth: [tEwN] P F n. tewng
long (physical length): [Nim] P F adj. ngim
longer (time): [nul."kr] P F adv. nulkrr (derived
from krr time) "
look: ["t·IN "na.Ri] P F vin. tìng nari (derived
from tìng give and nari eye)
look after, take care of, be responsible for:
[v·EwN] P F vtr. vewng
look at: [n·In] P F vtr. nìn
look for, seek, search: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. fwew
look, sight, appearance: [PuR] P F n. ’ur
loose: [um] P F adj. um
loose?, how tight: [pE."k'in.um] P F inter. pekx-
inum (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, loo-
loose?, how tight: [PE."k'i.num.pE] P F inter.
ness, looseness)
(derived from meyp weak)
P F n. ’ekxinum (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
um loose)
lose: [h·an] P F vtr. han
lose awareness of something, lose track:
["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. tatep
lose oneself (spiritual sense): ["P·i.·a] P F vin.
’ia
lose track, lose awareness of something:
["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. tatep
loser: ["snaj.tu] P F n. snaytu (derived from
snaytx lose)
loss: [tI."snajt'] P F n. tìsnaytx (derived from
snaytx lose)
loss: [tI."han] P F n. tìhan (derived from han lo-
se)
loss of face, humiliation, embarrassment:
[fwIN] P F n. fwìng
loud: [wok^] P F adj. wok
loudly: [nI."wok^] P F adv. nìwok (derived from
wok loud)
(made from insect wings, goggles, carved
from wood, etc): ["REn.tEn] P F n. renten
magenta, violet, purple: ["Pom.pin] P F n. ’om-
pin (derived from ’om purple)
magenta, violet, purple: [Pom] P F adj. ’om
magma, lava: [t'E."k'um.paJ] P F n. txekxum-
pay (derived from txep fire and kxumpay
viscous liquid)
main, primary: [t'in] P F adj. txin
majority, most, large part: [t'am."p'I] P F n. tx-
ampxì (derived from txan much)
make an exception: [tI.muN."wr s·i] P F vin.
"
tìmungwrr si (derived from tìmungwrr ex-
ception)
make an informed guess: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. ’en
si (derived from ’en guess)
make clear: ["law "s·i] P F vin. law si (derived
from law clear)
make free of dirt, clean: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. laro
si (derived from laro clean)
make impervious, seal: [fy·El] P F vtr. fyel
make or tie a knot, knot: [fta s·i] P F vin. fta si
(derived from fta knot)
make someone angry, anger: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr.
steyki (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)
make something fast, rush something: ["win
"s·i] P F vin. win si (derived from win fast)
make to sing (poetic), play music: [REj."kol] P F
vtr. reykol (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
causitive infix)
make, auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
bound verb do: [s·i] P F si deriving affix
36
love: [tI."jawn] P F n. tìyawn (derived from
yawne beloved)
loved one: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. yawnetu (derived
from yawne beloved)
loved one: ["jawn.tu] P F n. yawntu (derived
from yawne beloved)
low: [tIm] P F adj. tìm
low level: ["tIm.jI] P F n. tìmyì (c.w. from tìm
low and yì level)
luck, chance: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. syayvi (derived
from syay fate)
luckily, happily: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. netrìp
>
lung: ["tso.pI] P F n. tsopì
making an informed guess, acting on intui-
tion: [nI."PEn] P F adv. nì’en (derived from
’en guess)
male: ["fnE.lan] P F n. fnelan (derived from fnel
kind, type)
male: [lE."fnE.lan] P F adj. lefnelan (derived
from fnelan male)
male (person): [tu."tan] P F n. tutan (derived
from tute person)
male spouse, husband: [mun."t'a.tan] P F n.
muntxatan (derived from muntxatu spouse)
malicious, bad hearted: ["kawN.lan] P F adj.
kawnglan (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and
txe’lan heart)
manily, many: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. nìpxay (deri-
ved from pxay many)
manner, path, way: ["fja.Po] P F n. fya’o
many: [p'aj] P F adj. pxay (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
many, manily: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. nìpxay (deri-
ved from pxay many)
map: [at'."k'E.REl] P F n. atxkxerel (c.w. from atx-
kxe land and rel picture)
marriage, mating: [tI.mun."t'a] P F n. tìmuntxa
(derived from muntxa mated)
married, mated: [mun."t'a] P F adj. muntxa
marry, mate (with someone): [mun."t'a "s·i] P F
vin. muntxa si (derived from muntxa mated)
>
master: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. tsulfä si (derived
from tsulfä mastery)
master of an art, craft, or skill, expert:
>
[tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
tsulfä mastery)
 >
mastery: [tsul."fæ] P F n. tsulfä
mate (with someone), marry: [mun."t'a "s·i] P F
vin. muntxa si (derived from muntxa mated)
mated, married: [mun."t'a] P F adj. muntxa
materialize, appear, come into view: [sR·ER]
P F vin. srer
mating, marriage: [tI.mun."t'a] P F n. tìmuntxa
(derived from muntxa mated)
matter (subject): ["t'E.lE] P F n. txele
> member of a class, classmate: [nu.mul."t'a.tu]
matter, be of importance: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin.
tsranten
mature, ripe, adult: [fjEjn] P F adj. fyeyn
maturely, like an adult: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv.
nìfyeyntu (derived from fyeyntu adult)
maturity, ripeness, full fruition: [tI."fjEjn] P F
n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
maximally: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. txantx-
ewvay (derived from txantxew maximum)
maximum: [t'an."t'Ew] P F n. txantxew (c.w.
from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
> from fngap metal)
may, be possible: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. tsunslu
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
maybe, perhaps: [k'awm] P F adv. kxawm
me, I: ["o.E] P F pn. oe
meaning: [Ral] P F n. ral
meaning, importance, significance: [wa."wE]
P F n. wawe
meaningful, instructive, something from
which a lesson can be learned: ["Ral.NaP]
P F adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and
nga’ contain)
meaningfully, significantly: [nI.wa."wE] P F
adv. nìwawe (derived from wawe meaning,
significance)
> wem fight and pongu group)
meat: [tsNan] P F n. tsngan
> milk: ["o.kup^] P F n. okup
medicine: ["Pum.tsa] P F n. ’umtsa
mediocre, so-so: [kE."sRan] P F adj. kesran (c.w.
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of
this word is not entirely clear. It may have
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘not
yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
tain action was performed well or not, and
over time it became shortened to just kes-
ran, its use expanding to include anything
only mediocre in quality.)
meet by chance (ii), encounter: [ul."t'a.R·un]
P F vtr. ultxarun (c.w. from ultxa meeting
and run find)
37
meet with someone intentionally (use hu
with): [ul."t'a "s·i] P F vin. ultxa si (derived
from ultxa meeting)
meeting: [ul."t'a] P F n. ultxa
meeting participant: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. ultxatu
(derived from ultxa meeting)
melody: [lawR] P F n. lawr
member: [ha."p'I.tu] P F n. hapxìtu (derived
from hapxì part)
P F n. numultxatu (derived from numultxa
class (for instruction))
mess up, foul, do wrong: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] P F vin.
tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
message: [Pu."p'a.RE] P F n. ’upxare
messy, chaotic, disorganized, in shambles:
["vEl.ke] P F adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and luke without)
metal: [fNap^] P F n. fngap
metallic: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. lefngap (derived
mid-day, noon: ["k'am.tr] P F n. kxamtrr (c.w.
from kxam middle and" trr day)
middle, midpoint: [k'am] P F n. kxam
midnight: ["k'am.t'on] P F n. kxamtxon (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
midpoint, middle: [k'am] P F n. kxam
mighty: [fkEw] P F adj. fkew
mild, gentle, tender (people or things): [flr]
"
P F adj. flrr
>
mild, moderate, comfortable: ["tsja.fE] P F adj.
tsyafe
military clan, squad, battle party:
["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. wempongu (c.w. from
mind: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. ronsem
minimally: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. hìmtxewvay
(derived from hìmtxew minimum)
minimum: [hIm."t'Ew] P F n. hìmtxew (c.w.
from hìm small and txew limit)
>
minor ailment: [sæ."sp'in.tsjIp^] P F n. säspxint-
syìp (derived from säspxin illness)
>
minor wound, cut, bruise: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n.
skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)
minority, least, small part: [hIm."p'I] P F n.
hìmpxì
miracle: [pa."Rul] P F n. parul
miraculous: [pa."Rul.NaP] P F adj. parulnga’ (de-
rived from parul miracle) nfp.
mischief: ["sti.wi] P F n. stiwi
mischief-maker: ["sti.wi.si.Ju] P F n. stiwisiyu
(derived from stiwi mischief )
mischievous: ["sti.wi.NaP] P F adj. stiwinga’
(c.w. from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain)
missed (as an absent person who is longed
for), missing: [lom] P F adj. lom
missed person: ["lom.tu] P F n. lomtu (derived
from lom missing, missed)
missing, missed (as an absent person who is
longed for): [lom] P F adj. lom
mist, fog, steam: ["ja.paj] P F n. yapay (c.w.
from ya air and pay water)
mistake, error: ["k'E.jEj] P F n. kxeyey
mistakeness, incorrectness: [tI."k'Ej] P F n.
tìkxey (derived from kxeyey mistake)
misty, foggy: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. leyapay (deri-
ved from yapay fog)
model, represent, exemplify (ii): ["k·E.n·oN] or
["kE.n·oN] P F vin. kenong (c.w. from ke not
and nong follow)
> ’opin color)
moderate, mild, comfortable: ["tsja.fE] P F adj.
tsyafe
modification, change (instance of), edit:
[sæ."la.tEm] P F n. sälatem (derived from la-
tem change)
modified, interfered with, no longer in a na-
tural state: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. zäfi
moist vegetation, pleasant smell of nearby
running water, rain: [so."sul] P F adj. sosul
moist, humid, damp: ["paj.NaP] P F adj.
paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’
contain)
moment: [swaw] P F n. swaw
mommy, mum: ["saP.nu] P F n. sa’nu (affectio-
nate form of sa’nok mother)
Monday: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. trrmuve (c.w. from
trr day and" muve second)
month: [vo."sp'I] P F n. vospxì (derived from
vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)
more: [nI."Pul] P F adv. nì’ul
more and more, increasingly: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F
adv. nì’ul’ul (derived from ’ul increase)
more or less, somewhat, yes and no, kind
of: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w.
from srane yes and kehe no)
morning: ["RE.won] P F n. rewon
38
moron, idiot: [sk'awN] P F n. skxawng
moss: ["pr.wl] P rr n. prrwll (c.w. from prrnen
baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
most, majority, large part: [t'am."p'I] P F n. tx-
ampxì (derived from txan much)
mother: ["saP.nok^] P F n. sa’nok (from
sa’atenuk C )
mother loom, giant loom: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n.
sa’ewrang (derived from sa’nok mother and
’ewrang loom)
mountain: [Ram] P F n. ram
mouth: [k'a] P F n. kxa
move: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. ’ärìp
move, shift position: [R·ik'] P F vin. rikx
movie, film, video: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. rel
arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
much: [t'an] P F adj. txan
much (abstract), very: [nI."t'an] P F adv. nìtxan
(derived from txan much)
mud: ["No.a] P F n. ngoa
multicolored, colorful, variegated: ["p'aj.o.pin]
P F adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and
mum, mommy: ["saP.nu] P F n. sa’nu (affectio-
nate form of sa’nok mother)
>
muscle: [tsNEm] P F n. tsngem
>
muscular: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. tsawsngem (de-
rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle)
mushroom, fungus: [sp'am] P F n. spxam
>
music: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. pamtseo (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
>
music creator, composer: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju]
P F n. pamtseongopyu (c.w. from pamtseo
music and ngopyu creator) eg. James Hor-
ner
musical instrument (generic term): [Po."t'aN]
P F n. ’otxang
>
musician: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. pamtseotu (de-
rived from pamtseo music)
must: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. zene
must not (ii): ["z·EN.kE] P F vim. zenke (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and
regret), sorry: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. ngaytxoa
(c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic: ["iN.jE.NaP]
P F adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-
eling of mystery)
mysteriously, in a puzzling fashion: ["niN,jEn] ling of mystery)
P F adv. ningyen (derived from ingyen fee- mystery,
["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
Na’vi-ly, like the Na’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. nì-
Na’vi (derived from Na’vi the People)
>
nail, claw: [tsin] P F n. tsin
naked, without clothing: [luk."pEn] P F adj.
lukpen (c.w. from luke without and pen clot-
hing (plural))
>
name: [tst'o] P F n. tstxo
>
nap: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. hawtsyìp (derived from
hahaw sleep)
narrative poem, story poem: ["vuR.waj] P F n.
vurway (c.w. from vur story and way song)
narrow: [snEp^] P F adj. snep
natural (something in its original, wild, un-
modified, untampered-with natural state):
[jr] P F adj. yrr
" fmawn
naturally, without tampering with or chan-
ging the nature: [nI."jr] P F adv. nìyrr (de-
rived from yrr natural)"
navel: [NEp^] P F n. ngep
>
near-master: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. tsulfätunay
(derived from tsulfätu master)
nearby, at close range: [a."sim] P F adv. asim
(derived from sim near, be near)
>
nebula: [pI."wop'.tsjIp] P F n. pìwopxtsyìp (deri-
ved from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’
necessarily: [nI."zEn] P F adv. nìzen (derived
from zene must)
necessary: [lE."kin] P F adj. lekin (derived from
kin need)
neck: [pEwn] P F n. pewn
>
nectar: [tsmi] P F n. tsmi
>
nectar lantern, bladder lantern: ["tsmi.snr] P F
n. tsmisnrr (c.w. from tsmi nectar and" nrr
glow)
need: [k·in] P F vtr. kin
need: [tI."kin] P F n. tìkin (derived from kin
need)
needless to say, of course: [kE.zEm.pl."t'E]
PF adv. kezemplltxe (contraction" of
ke+zene+pivlltxe)
nest; protected area serving as the home of
>
Pandoran fauna: [tsRul] P F n. tsrul
39
riddle, enigma, conundrum:
>
net, web: [hæn] P F n. hän
never: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. kawkrr (c.w. from ke
’aw not one "and krr time)
never-ending (in a temporal sense), endless:
[tIP."i.lu.kE] P F adj. tì’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a
ending, conclusion and luke without)
never-endingly, forever: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] P F adv.
nìt’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion
and luke without)
>
nevertheless, even so: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv.
tsalsungay
new: [mip^] P F adj. mip
newcomer, someone who has just arrived on
the scene: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. zìma’uyu
news, something to report: [fmawn] P F n.
next: [haj] P F adj. hay
next: [nI."haj] P rr adv. nìhay (derived from hay
next)
next month: [vo.sp'I."aj] P F n. vospxìay (deri-
ved from vospxì month)
next time: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. hayalo (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)
next week: ["kin.traj] P F n. kintrray (derived
from kintrr week) "
next weekend: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. muntrray
(derived from muntrr" weekend)
next year: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. zìsìtay (derived from
zìsìt year)
night: [t'on] P F n. txon
night-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming: [t'on."PoN]
P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)
no: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. kehe
no (before a noun): ["kE.a] P F adj. kea
no action or activity: ["kE.kEm] P F pn., adv. ke-
kem (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
no longer in a natural state, modified, inter-
fered with: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. zäfi
no matter what, no matter, whatever:
>
[kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. from
ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)
no matter, no matter what, whatever:
>
[kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. from
ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)
no way! (vulgar), screw that!: ["p'a.sIk^] P F in-
tj. pxasìk
no-one: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. kawtu (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person)
noble, great: [nawm] P F adj. nawm
noise. sound that is excessive, unnecessa-
ry, inappropriate, unexpected or startling:
["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from
hawng overabundance and pam sound)
noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech:
["væ.pam] P F n. väpam (derived from vä un-
pleasant to the senses and pam sound)
noisily: [nI."hawm.pam] P F adv. nìhawmpam
(derived from hawmpam noise)
noisome, unpleasant to the senses: [væP] P F
adj. vä’
noisy: [lE."hawm.pam] P F adj. lehawmpam (de-
rived from hawmpam noise)
noon, mid-day: ["k'am.tr] P F n. kxamtrr (c.w.
from kxam middle and" trr day)
nose: ["on.tu] JC n. ontu
> >
nose ring: ["on.tsaN] P F n. ontsang (c.w. from
ontu nose and tsang piercing)
not: [kE] P F adv. ke
not a bit (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at
all in phrases), not at all: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv.
kaw’it (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit)
not achieving the desired or expected end,
failingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly:
[nI."nu] P F adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,
falter)
not at all, not a bit (used with ke; see ke
kaw’it not...at all in phrases): [kaw."Pit^] P F
adv. kaw’it (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it
bit)
not derived from another source, original,
>
unique: [lE."tsim] P F adj. letsim (derived
“on top of things”, organized: ["vE.NaP] P F obfuscation, cover up: [tI."wan] P F n. tìwan
adj. venga’ (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
and nga’ contain)
O (vocative marker): [ma] P F part. ma
obey, heed: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. lek
from tsim source)
not hollow, solid: [vawt^] P F adj. vawt
not many, few: [nI."hol] P F adv. nìhol (derived
from hol few)
not necessarily: [kEn."zEn] P F adv. kenzen (c.w.
from ke not and nìzen necessarily)
not notice, ignore, snub: [J·æk'] P F vtr. yäkx
not obtain expected or desired result, fail,
falter, go astray: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. nui
not only: [kEn."Paw] P F adv. ken’aw (c.w. from
ke not and nì’aw only)
not physical), strong (emotionally, spiritual-
ly, confident: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. seykxel
not right, incorrect, wrong: [kE."jawR] P F adj.
keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
not solid, hollow: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. momek
not without bounds, having a limit, finite:
["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txew
limit and nga’ contain)
>
note, notice: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. tseri
nothing: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. ke’u (c.w. from ke not
and ’u thing)
>
notice, awareness: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. tìtseri (de-
rived from tseri note, notice)
notice, note: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. tseri
>
noun: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. tstxolì’u (c.w. from
tstxo name and lì’u word)
noun phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central
>
word is a noun): [tst'o."lIP.u.kN.vi] P F n.
tstxolì’ukìngvi (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and
kìng thread)
nourish, provide nourishment: [li."swa s·i] P F
vin. liswa si (derived from liswa nourish-
ment)
nourishment: [li."swa] P F n. liswa
now: [sEt^] P F adv. set
>
nowhere: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. kawtseng (c.w.
from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)
number: [hol."p'aj] P F n. holpxay (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)
(derived from wan hide)
object, thing (physical or tangible): [zum] P F
n. zum
obligation, duty, imposed requirement:
>
[tson] P F n. tson
40
obstruction, barricade: [E."k'an] P F n. ekxan
occupation, primary role in society: ["t'in.tIn]
P F n. txintìn (c.w. from txin main and tìn
activity that keeps one busy)
occupy a space, be at: [t·ok^] P F vtr. tok
occur to one, pop into one’s mind: ["v·iN.k·ap^]
P F vtr. vingkap
occur, happen: [l·En] P F vin. len
ocean, sea: [t'am."paj] P F n. txampay (c.w. from
txan much and pay water)
odd, be curious, strange, unexpected: [h·Ek^]
P F vin. hek
oddly, strangely: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. nìhek (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
of a small group like a hunting party), leader
(typically temporary: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. eykyu
(derived from eyk lead)
of course, logically, following common sen-
se: [nI."lun] P F adv. nìlun
of course, needless to say: [kE.zEm.pl."t'E]
PF adv. kezemplltxe (contraction" of
ke+zene+pivlltxe)
>
of stone, stony: [lE."tsk'E] P F adj. letskxe (deri-
ved from tskxe rock, stone)
of wood, wooden: [lE."rIn] P F adj. lerìn (deri-
ved from rìn wood)
offence, insult: [zop."lo] P F n. zoplo
offer: ["st'E.nu] P F n. stxenu (c.w. from stxeli
gift and lonu release)
offer: ["st'E,nu,t·IN] P F vtr. stxenutìng (derived
from stxenu offer, n.)
often: [p'Im] P F adv. pxìm
OK, that will suffice, that will do: [t·am] P F
vin., intj. tam
old (opposite of mip): [lal] P F adj. lal nfp.
old man: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. koaktan (derived
from koak old, aged)
old person: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. koaktu (derived
from koak old, aged)
old woman: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. koakte (derived
from koak old, aged)
old, aged (for living things): ["ko.ak^] P F adj.
koak
old, former: ["spu.win] P F adj. spuwin nfp.
omen, sign: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. aungia
on a daily basis, regularly: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv.
nìtrrtrr (derived from trr day) " "
41
on one’s own, alone, by one’s self; lonely:
[lE."Paw.tu] P F adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’aw
one and tute person)
on the contrary, conversely: [nI."wæ] P F adv.
nìwä
on the opposite side, opposite: ["fEw.tu.sok^]
P F adj. fewtusok (derived from few– ac-
ross)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok)
on the same level, equally: [nI."PEN] P F adv.
nì’eng (derived from ’engeng level)
on, in: [mI] P F adp. mì+
on, onto: [sIn] P F adp. sìn–
once: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. ’awlo
once (in the past): [Paw."li.E] P F adv. ’awlie
one: [Paw] P F num. ’aw
one individual: ["Paw.po] P F pn. ’awpo
one of a number of repeated or recurring ac-
tions, time, turn, instance: ["a.lo] P F n. alo
one step down from leader, deputy, general:
[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. eyktanay (derived from
eyktan leader)
one third, third: [pan] P F n. pan
One who is patient: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n.
maweypeyyu (derived from maweypey be
patient)
one with authority over another, comman-
der: ["k'Im.ju] P F n. kxìmyu (derived from
kxìm command, order, assign tasks)
one, they (singular usage) (unspecified
agent): [fko] P F pn. fko
only: [nI."Paw] P F adv. nì’aw (derived from ’aw
one)
only: [lE."Paw] P F adj. le’aw
onto, on: [sIn] P F adp. sìn–
oops!: [PæP] P F intj. ’ä’
open: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. piak si (derived from
piak open)
open or borderless area, space: [Nip^] P F n.
ngip
open terrain, field, plain: ["t'a.jo] P F n. txayo
open, clear (for cloudless skies): [pi."ak^] P F
adj. piak
opponent: ["wæ.tu] P F n. wätu (derived from
wä- against)
opportunely, in the right season: [nIk."maR]
P F adv. nìkmar (derived from kìmar in se-
ason)
opportunity, chance: [sk'om] P F n. skxom
opposite, on the opposite side: ["fEw.tu.sok^] order, command, assign a task: [k'·Im] P F vtr.
P F adj. fewtusok (derived from few– ac- kxìm
ross)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok) ordering, commanding, assigning tasks:
optimally, best: [nI."swEj] P F adv. nìswey (de- [tI."k'Im] P F n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìm
rived from swey best) command, order, assign tasks)
or: [fu] P F conj. fu ordinary: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. letrrtrr (derived
or “spirits”, intoxicating beverage: ["swo.a] from trr day)" "
P F n. swoa organization, order (as opposed to disorder
or ceremonial apparel (item of), adornment: or chaos): ["vE.Po] P F n. ve’o
[i."o.i] P F n. ioi organize, put in order: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. ve-
or else, if not, otherwise: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F zeyko (derived from vezo be in order)
conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw organized, “on top of things”: ["vE.NaP] P F
if not one path) adj. venga’ (c.w. from ve’o order, organization
or get drunk, be: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. rou (example and nga’ contain)
use: rou fa pxir) original, existing at or from the start, first in
or group of avatars, clan: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] a series: [lE."sNæ.Pi]
P F adj. lesngä’i (derived
P F n. uniltìrantokxolo’ (c.w. from uniltìran- from sngä’i begin)
tokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan) original, unique, not derived from another
or in the role of, something as, in the capacity >
source: [lE."tsim] P F adj. letsim (derived
of, something else: [sko] P F adp. sko+ from tsim source)
or metaphorically: having no value, empty: originally, at first: [nI."sNæ.Pi]
P F adv. nìsngä’i
[mEk^] P F adj. mek (derived from sngä’i begin)
or not: [fu."kE] P F conj. fuke (c.w. from fu or
originally, in an original way, with origina-
and ke not) >
lity: [nI."tsim] P F adv. nìtsim (derived from
or off of a floating mountain (countable), an
tsim source)
individual tall, thin waterfall that pours
other one person or thing: ["la.po] P F pn. lapo
down a sheer high cliff: [sE."Pajl] P F n.
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
se’ayl
other, else: ["la.hE] P F adj. lahe
or skill, master of an art, craft, expert:
> otherwise, if not, or else: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F
[tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. tsulfätu (derived from
tsulfä mastery) conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw
or, whether: [ft'Ej] P F conj. ftxey if not one path)
orange (fire tun"): ["t’Ep.tun] P F adj. txeptun out of, from inside: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. ftumfa–
(c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange) (derived from mìfa inside)
>
orange, red: ["tum.pin] P F n. tumpin (c.w. from out there: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. käsatseng (c.w.
tun red, orange and ’opin color) from kä go and tseng place)
orange, red: [tun] P F adj. tun outside: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. wrrpa
"
orate, give speech: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. ftxulì’u oval, ring, closed shape roughly circular:
(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word) ["ko.Pon] P F n. ko’on (derived from koum
oration, speech: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. säftxulì’u rounded, curved and ’on shape)
(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech) over, above: ["i.o] P F adp. io–
orator, (public) speaker: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. overabundance: [hawN] P F n. hawng
ftxulì’uyu (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give overcast (for cloudy skies), closed, shut:
>
speech) [tstu] P F adj. tstu
order (as opposed to disorder or chaos), orga- overcome, pass (a test): [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr.
nization: ["vE.Po] P F n. ve’o emza’u (c.w. from za’u come)

42
P
(piece of) information: [sæ."o.mum] P F n. säo-
mum (derived from omum know)
(public) speaker, orator: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n.
ftxulì’uyu (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give
speech)
>
a piercing: [tsaN] P F n. tsang
a possession, something acquired, an acqui-
sition: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. säkanom (derived
from kanom acquire)
pain: [tI."sRaw] P F n. tìsraw (derived from sraw
painful)
painful: [sRaw] P F adj. sraw
pair: ["mun.sna] P F n. munsna (derived from
mune two and sna’o set, group)
panic: [l·op'] P F vin. lopx
parent or set of parents: ["saP.sEm] P F n. sa’sem
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul
father)
part: [ha."p'I] P F n. hapxì
pass (a test), overcome: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr.
emza’u (c.w. from za’u come)
pass by (something): [ft·Em] P F vtr. ftem
passion: [tI."ft'a.vaN] P F n. tìftxavang (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
passionate: ["ft'a.vaN] P F adj. ftxavang
passionately, with all heart: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F
adv. nìftxavang (derived from ftxavang pas-
sionate)
past: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. ftawnemkrr (c.w.
from ft«awn»em " pass by (passive participle
form) and krr time)
path, way, manner: ["fja.Po] P F n. fya’o
patience: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. tìmweypey (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
patient: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. lemweypey (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
patiently: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. nìmweypey
(derived from maweypey be patient)
pattern: ["RE.nu] P F n. renu
pay attention, quit goofing off: ["El.tu s·i] P F
vin. eltu si (derived from eltu brain)
peace, well-being, happiness: [fpom] P F n.
fpom
peaceful, happy, joyous, pleasant: [lE."fpom]
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-
ness, peace) nfp.
43
peacefully, calmly: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. nìmwey
(derived from mawey calm)
pebble, small stone polished smooth by na-
>
tural forces: ["tsk'E.vi] P F n. tskxevi (deri-
ved from tskxe rock, stone)
peel: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F v. fkarut
pen, pencil, lit. åriting stick.": [pam."rel.vul]
n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing and
vul branch (of a tree))
pen, pencil, lit. åriting stick."(short form of
pamrelvul): ["REl.vul] P F n. relvul
pencil, lit. åooden writing stick.":
[pam."rel.vul le."RIn] P F n. pamrelvul lerìn
(c.w. from pamrelvul pen, pencil and lerìn
wooden, of wood)
pencil, pen, lit. åriting stick.": [pam."rel.vul]
n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing and
vul branch (of a tree))
pencil, pen, lit. åriting stick."(short form of
pamrelvul): ["REl.vul] P F n. relvul
pendulum drum: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. wokau
(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
perceive, feel, sense: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. ’efu
perfection: [tI."yoP^] P F n. tìyo’ (derived from
yo’ be perfect)
perfectly, flawlessly: [nI."joP^] P F adv. nìyo’
(derived from yo’ be perfect)
perform a ritual, take part in a ceremony:
[sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. sä’eoio si (derived
from sä’eoio ceremony)
perform a task, run an errand: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F
vin. tìnvi si (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
perhaps, maybe: [k'awm] P F adv. kxawm
perimeter, circumference, border: ["p'aw.pa]
P F n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
person: ["tu.tE] P F n. tute
personal belongings rack: ["snok.fjan] P F n.
snokfyan (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its
self and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)
personal style or aesthetic, presence:
["sno.lup^] P F n. snolup (c.w. from sno self
and lupra style)
personally meaningful, significant:
[t'an.wa."wE] P F adj. txanwawe (c.w. from
txan much and wawe significance)
personally significant or beloved place, hei-
>
mat (ger.): [t'an."wE.tsEN] P F n. txanwetseng
(derived from txanwawe(a) personally mea-
ningful, significant and tseng place)
pervasively, widely: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. nìhoet
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
philosophy: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. snafpìlfya (c.w.
from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-
king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’
phrase: ["lI.Pu.kIN.vi] P F n. lì’ukìngvi (derived
from lì’ukìng sentence)
physical or athletic game, sport: [u."van
lE."tok'] P F n. uvan letokx (c.w. from uvan
game and letokx physical)
physical, bodily: [lE."tok'] P F adj. letokx (deri-
ved from tokx body)
pick up, lift: ["k'·El.t·Ek] P F vtr. kxeltek
picture, image: [REl] P F n. rel
piece of work, project: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n.
tìkangkemvi (derived from tìkangkem work)
pierce: [R·ip'] P F vtr. ripx
pile, set, group, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n.
sna’o nfp.
> pod, gourd: [PE."Pin] P F n. ’e’in
place: ["tsEN(E)] P F n. tseng(e)
> point at, indicate: [v·l] P F vin., vtr. vll
place in the middle, center: ["k'am.tsEN] P F
n. kxamtseng (c.w. from kxam middle and
tseng place)
place where a fire is burning or has burned:
>
["t'Ep.tsEN] P F n. txeptseng (c.w. from txep
fire and tseng place)
>
place where, where: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. tsenga
(derived from tseng place)
place, put: [j·Em] P F vtr. yem
plain, field, open terrain: ["t'a.jo] P F n. txayo
plan, preparations: [tI."hawl] P F n. tìhawl (de-
rived from hawl prepare)
plant: ["PE.wl] P F n. ’ewll
" ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)
plate, (for food): ["jom.jo] P F n. yomyo (c.w.
from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-
rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
play (a game): [u."van "s·i] P F vin. uvan si (de-
rived from uvan game)
play music (with fa for instrument played):
>
["pam.tsE.o "s·i] P F vin. pamtseo si (derived
from pamtseo music)
play music, make to sing (poetic): [REj."kol] P F
vtr. reykol (derived from rol sing and «eyk»
causitive infix)
44
pleasant smell of nearby running water, rain,
moist vegetation: [so."sul] P F adj. sosul
pleasant sounding, beautiful sounding:
[mIk."loR] P F adj. miklor (derived from mi-
kyun ear and lor beautiful)
pleasant to the senses, beautiful: [loR] P F adj.
lor
pleasant, happy, peaceful, joyous: [lE."fpom]
P F adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-
ness, peace) nfp.
please: [Ru."t'E] P F intj. rutxe
pleasing, enjoyable (physically, sexually):
[mo."wan] P F adj. mowan
pleasurable (of an activity): ["pr.tEP] P F adj.
prrte’ "
pleasurably, gladly, with pleasure: [nI."pr.tEP]
"
P F adv. nìprrte’ (derived from prrte’ pleasu-
rable)
pleasure: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. tìprrte’ (derived
"
from prrte’ pleasurable)
pleasure-yielding activity, hobby: [sæ."su.lIn]
P F n. säsulìn (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense))
"
point of contention, source of argument,
thing disputed: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. säwäte
(derived from wäte argue)
point of divergence, fork, branch: [jak^] P F n.
yak
point, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
pointedly, especially, unambiguously:
[nI."p'i] P F adv. nìpxi (derived from pxi
sharp)
poison: [t'um] P F n. txum
poisonous: ["t'um.NaP] P F adj. txumnga’ (deri-
pole, bar, rod: [swEk^] P F n. swek
poncho, cape, shawl: ["Pa.RE] P F n. ’are
>
pond, pool: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. ’oratsyìp (deri-
ved from ’ora lake)
>
pool, pond: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. ’oratsyìp (deri-
ved from ’ora lake)
pop into one’s mind, occur to one: ["v·iN.k·ap^]
P F vtr. vingkap
>
position: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. klltseng (derived from
"
tseng place)
 >
possibility: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. tìtsunslu (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
possible: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. letsunslu (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
post script, addition: [tI."suN] LN n. tìsung (de-
rived from sung add)
postpositional non-bound verb do, auxiliary
verb, make: [s·i] P F si deriving affix
pour: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. sloan
>
power: [tswal] P F n. tswal
power, strength: [tI."t'uR] P F n. tìtxur (derived
from txur strong)
powerful: ["t'an.tuR] P F adj. txantur (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong) ofp.
powerful: [tI."t'uR. NaP] P F adj. tìtxurnga’ (de-
rived from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.
>
powerful: [le."tswal] P F adj. letswal (derived
from tswal power) ofp.
>
powerful: ["tswal.NaP] P F adj. tswalnga’ (deri-
ved from tswal power) nfp.
pray: [a."ho] P F vin. aho
prayer: [sa."ho] P F n. saho (derived from aho
pray)
prayer (in general, abstract idea): [tI.a."ho] P F
n. tìaho (derived from aho pray)
precise, fine, detailed, intricate (of things):
[hI."no] P F adj. hìno
predator animal: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. tarnioang
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)
predict, prophetize, prophesize, prophesy:
[sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
before and tse’a see)
prefer (ii): [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. nulnew (deri-
ved from new want)
prefix: ["E.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. eolì’uvi (derived
from eo– before and lì’u word)
preparations, plan: [tI."hawl] P F n. tìhawl (de-
rived from hawl prepare)
prepare: [h·awl] P F vtr. hawl
presence, personal style or aesthetic:
["sno.lup^] P F n. snolup (c.w. from sno self
and lupra style)
present: ["sE.kr] P F n. sekrr (c.w. from set now
and krr time)"
present, introduce: [mu.w·In."t'·u] P F vtr.
muwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)
pretty: [sE."vin] P F adj. sevin ofp. (female)
previous: [ham] P F adj. ham
prey, hunted thing: [smaR] P F n. smar
45
pride, feeling of pride: ["nr.a] P F n. nrra
"
primary role in society, occupation: ["t'in.tIn]
P F n. txintìn (c.w. from txin main and tìn
activity that keeps one busy)
primary, main: [t'in] P F adj. txin
private space that one can retreat to: ["sno.mo]
P F n. snomo (c.w. from sno his or her self and
mo space)
probable, probably: ["sk'a.kEp^] P F adj., adv.
skxakep
probably, probable: ["sk'a.kEp^] P F adj., adv.
skxakep
problem, difficulty: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. tìngäzìk
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)
procedure, system, process, approach:
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and fya’o way, manner)
proceed after, follow: [n·oN] P F vtr. nong
proceed, go: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. salew
process, system, procedure, approach:
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and fya’o way, manner)
produce: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. sleyku (derived
from slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
project, piece of work: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n.
tìkangkemvi (derived from tìkangkem work)
proliferate, spread: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. virä
promise: ["pæ.nu] P F n. pänu
promise (a thing to someone) (ii):
["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. pänutìng (c.w. from
pänu promise and tìng give)
pronunciation, accent: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n.
lì’upam (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
proof (particular instance): [sæ.wI."Naj] P F n.
säwìngay (derived from wìngay proof )
proof, proving (abstract): [tI.wI."Naj] P F n.
tìwìngay (derived from wìngay prove)
propel: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. spule
proper, fair, right, justified: [mu."i.æ] P F adj.
muiä
property, feature, trait, attribute, characte-
ristic, point, aspect, facet: [sjon] P F n. syon
prophecy: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. tìsrese’a (derived
from srese’a prophetize)
prophesize, prophetize, prophesy, predict:
[sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
before and tse’a see)
prophesy, prophetize, prophesize, predict:
[sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
 before and tse’a see)
prophetize, prophesize, prophesy, predict:
[sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+
before and tse’a see)
protect: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] P F vin. tìhawnu si (de-
rived from tìhawnu protection)
protect, shelter: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. hawnu
protection: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. tìhawnu (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
protest: [l·Ejm."kEm] P F vin. leymkem (c.w.
from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiä
improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified)
protest (abstract concept), protesting:
[tI.lEjm."kEm] P F n. tìleymkem (derived from
leymkem protest)
protest, instance of protesting: [sæ.lEjm."kEm]
P F n. säleymkem (derived from leymkem
protest)
protesting, protest (abstract concept):
[tI.lEjm."kEm] P F n. tìleymkem (derived from
leymkem protest)
proud: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. lenrra (derived from
nrra pride)"
proudly, with pride: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. nìnrra
(derived from nrra pride)"
prove: [w·I."Naj] P F vtr. wìngay (derived from
wìntxu show and ngay true)
provide nourishment, nourish: [li."swa s·i] P F
vin. liswa si (derived from liswa nourish-
ment)
proving (abstract), proof: [tI.wI."Naj] P F n.
tìwìngay (derived from wìngay prove)
quickly, fast: [nI."win] P F adv. nìwin (derived
from win fast)
quench, put out: [t·oN] P F vtr. tong
question: [tI."pawm] P F n. tìpawm (derived
from pawm ask)
> quiver (attached to ikran’s saddle):
queue, braid: [tswin] P F n. tswin
quiet: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. tìfnunga’ (derived
from fnu quiet) nfp.
quiet, be quiet: [fn·u] P F vin. fnu
46
public speaking, speech-making: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu]
P F n. tìftxulì’u (derived from ftxulì’u orate,
give speech)
pull: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. za’ärìp (derived
from ’ärìp move)
pun, word-play: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. lì’uvan (c.w.
from lì’u word and uvan game)
purple, violet, magenta: ["Pom.pin] P F n. ’om-
pin (derived from ’om purple)
purple, violet, magenta: [Pom] P F adj. ’om
purpose, aim, goal, target: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
(derived from kan aim)
purposefully, deliberately: [nIt."kan] P F adv.
nìtkan (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpo-
se)
pursue with an intent to capture: [n·oN."sp·EP]
P F vtr. nongspe’
push: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. kä’ärìp (c.w. from
kä go and ’ärìp move)
put away, store: [n·op'] P F vtr. nopx
put down: [k·Ejn] P F vtr. keyn
put in order, organize: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. ve-
zeyko (derived from vezo be in order)
put on (clothing), don: ["j·Em.stok'] P F vtr.
yemstokx (c.w. from yem sìn put on and tokx
body)
put out, quench: [t·oN] P F vtr. tong
put, place: [j·Em] P F vtr. yem
putrid, smell of decaying animal/flesh, rot-
ting: ["k'æ.næN] P F adj. kxänäng
puzzling, mysterious, enigmatic: ["iN.jE.NaP]
P F adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-
eling of mystery)
quiet, silence: [tI."fnu] PF n. tìfnu (derived
from fnu quiet)
quit goofing off, pay attention: ["El.tu s·i] PF
vin. eltu si (derived from eltu brain)
[swi."zaw.sE.na] P F n. swizawsena (c.w. from
swizaw arrow and sähena carrier)
quote, saying: [san] P F adv. san
R
rain: ["tom.pa] P F n. tompa
rain, pleasant smell of nearby running water,
moist vegetation: [so."sul] P F adj. sosul
raindrop: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. tompìva (derived
from tompa rain and ìlva drop)
rainstorm, heavy rain: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. tx-
antompa (c.w. from txan much and tompa
rain)
random, irregular: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. renulke
(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
hout)
rather (self-correcting), I mean: [ko."lan] P F
intj. kolan (derived from kan aim, intend)
rather than, instead of: [tup^] P F conj. tup
ray: [a."tan.vi] P F n. atanvi (derived from atan
light)
reach for: [w·o] P F vtr. wo
reach the ground, land: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. kllpä
(c.w. from kllte ground and " pähem arrive)
read (e.g. the forest), gain knowledge from
sensory input: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. inan (stress
moves to first syllable with infixation)
reading: ["ti.nan] P F n. tinan (derived from in-
an read)
ready: [a."lak.si] P F adj. alaksi
rear (part or section): [kæ."p'I] P F n. käpxì (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part)
rear end, butt, ass: [t'Im] P F n. txìm
reason: [lun] P F n. lun
recede from view, disappear, vanish: [P·Ip] P F
vin. ’ìp
receive: [t·El] P F vtr. tel
recent: [sok^] P F adj. sok
red (blood tun"): ["REj.paj.tun] P F adj. rey-
paytun (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red,
orange)
red, orange: ["tum.pin] P F n. tumpin (c.w. from
tun red, orange and ’opin color)
red, orange: [tun] P F adj. tun
reflect, imitate: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. rì’ìr si (deri-
ved from rì’ìr reflection)
reflection: ["RI.PIR] P F n. rì’ìr
>
refuge, safe place: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. zongtseng
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
refuse (to do something): [st·o] P F vtrm. sto
regarding language, concerning language:
[lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. lelì’fya (derived from
47
lì’fya language)
regularly, on a daily basis: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv.
nìtrrtrr (derived from trr day) " "
rein, face lead: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. säzärìp
(derived from za’ärìp pull)
>
reject: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. tsyär
>
rejection: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. tìtsyär (derived from
tsyär reject)
relate to, connect, have a relationship with:
["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. tare
related to this matter, in this regard:
[mI."ft'E.lE] P F adv. mìftxele
relationship, connection: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. sä-
tare (derived from tare connect, relate to)
relax, chill out: [sj·oR] P F vin. syor
relaxation: [tI."sjor] P F n. tìsyor (derived from
syor relax)
release, let go: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. lonu
relieve oneself; (on Earth) use the restroom,
go to the bathroom: [fN·æP] P F vin. fngä’
rely on, depend on, trust for protection:
[m·oN] P F vtr. mong
remain, stay: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. ’ì’awn
remember: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F vtr. zerok
remembrance: [Pok^] P F n. ’ok
remove, take away, take off: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr.
’aku
repeat, do again: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. leyn
replace, substitute: [R·awn] P F vtr. rawn
replacement, substitute, something that re-
places something else: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. sä-
rawn (derived from rawn replace)
replacement, the act of replacing: [tI."Rawn]
P F n. tìrawn (derived from rawn replace)
represent, model, exemplify (ii): ["k·E.n·oN] or
["kE.n·oN] P F vin. kenong (c.w. from ke not
and nong follow)
request: [æ."t'æ.lE] P F n. ätxäle
request (with tsnì clause for object): [æ."t'æ.lE
"s·i] P F vin. ätxäle si (derived from ätxäle re-
quest)
request, ask for: [v·in] P F vtr. vin
require, demand: [fN·oP] P F vtr. fngo’
requirement, demand: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. säfngo’
(derived from fngo’ require)
researcher: [tI.fti".a.tu] P F n. tìftiatu (derived
from tìftia study)
resemble in a sensory modality, come to the
senses as: [fk·an] P F vin. fkan
respect: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. leioae
respond, answer: [P·EjN] P F v. ’eyng
response, answer: [tI."PEjN] P F n. tì’eyng (deri-
ved from ’eyng answer)
>
rest: [ts·u."R·ok'] P F vin. tsurokx
restore: [sp·EN] P F vtr. speng
restore oneself (metaphorically): [spæ."p·EN]
P F vin. späpeng (derived from speng resto-
re)
> ripeness, maturity, full fruition: [tI."fjEjn] P F
restroom (on Earth): ["fNæP.tsEN] P F n.
fngä’tseng (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself
and tseng place)
restroom (on Earth): ["mo a "fNæP] P F n. mo a
fngä’ (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open area
and (a) fngä’ relieve oneself )
result: [kum] P F n. kum
return: [t·æ."t'·aw] P F vin. tätxaw
reveal, bring forth, uncover (literally and
metaphorically): ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kulat
rhyme: ["Nam.pam] P F n. ngampam (c.w. from
ngam echo and pam sound)
rhyme: ["Nam.pam s·i] P F vin. ngampam si (de-
rived from ngampam rhyme)
rhythm: ["ka.to] P F n. kato
rich, savory, umami: [fwaN] P F adj. fwang
riddle, mystery, enigma, conundrum:
> ne ftärpa Turn to the left
["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. ingyentsim (c.w. from
ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)
ride: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. makto
ride out: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F v. kämakto (c.w.
from kä go and makto ride)
right (not left): ["ski.En] P F adj. skien
right after: [p'i."maw] P F adp. pximaw– (c.w.
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
right before: [p'i."sRE] P F adp. pxisre+ (c.w.
from sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
right now: [p'i."sEt^] P F adv. pxiset (c.w. from
set now and pxi sharp)
right side: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. skiempa (c.w. from
skien right and pa’o side)
right way (of doing something), correct path:
[e."jawR.fya] P F n. eyawrfya (derived from
eyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way,
manner)
right, correct: [E."jawR] P F adj. eyawr
right, proper, fair, justified: [mu."i.æ] P F adj.
muiä
48
right?, isn’t it?: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. kefyak
(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)
rightly, correctly: [nI."jawR] P F adv. nìyawr (de-
rived from eyawr correct, right)
rightly, erectly: [nI."p'im] P F adv. nìpxim (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
ring, oval, closed shape roughly circular:
["ko.Pon] P F n. ko’on (derived from koum
rounded, curved and ’on shape)
ripe, mature, adult: [fjEjn] P F adj. fyeyn
n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
rise to a challenge: [s·a] P F vin. sa
rite, ceremony, ritual: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n.
sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
ritual, ceremony, rite: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n.
sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
river: [kil."van] P F n. kilvan
>
rock, stone: [tsk'E] P F n. tskxe
rod, bar, pole: [swEk^] P F n. swek
roll: ["P·r.k·o] P F vin. ’rrko
root: [Nr"] P F n. ngrr
"
rope: ["t'uR.tel ] P F n. txurtel (c.w. from txur
strong and telem cord)
rot, decay, degrade over time: [sn·æm] P F vin.
snäm
rotate on an axis, turn: [m·In] P F vin. mìn Mìn
rotting, smell of decaying animal/flesh, put-
rid: ["k'æ.næN] P F adj. kxänäng
rough: [Ek'."t'u] P F adj. ekxtxu
roughly, approximately: [wum] P F adv. wum
rounded, curved: ["ko.um] P F adj. koum
>
rubbish place, garbage dump: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F
n. sngeltseng (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
rubbish, garbage, trash: [sNEl] P F n. sngel
rule, guideline: [ko."REn] P F n. koren
run: [t·ul] P F vin. tul
run an errand, perform a task: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F
vin. tìnvi si (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
rung , shelf, ledge, level, step: [jI] P F n. yì
(Can also be used metaphorically to refer
to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
anger, etc.)
running attack, charge: [k'l] P F n. kxll
rush something, make something " fast: ["win
"s·i] P F vin. win si (derived from win fast)
S
>
(sense of) hearing: ["stawm.tswo] P F n.
stawmtswo (derived from stawm hear)
> >
(sense of) sight, vision: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n.
tse’atswo (derived from tse’a see)
>
(sense of) smell: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. hefitswo
(derived from hefi smell)
>
(sense of) taste: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. ewktswo (de-
rived from ewku taste)
>
(sense of) touch: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. zìmtswo (de-
rived from zìm touch)
a showing, an exhibition: [sæ.wIn."t'u] P F n.
säwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)
a single drop or series of smaller waterfalls
occurring sequentially along a stream or
series of pools (countable): ["sja.nan] P F n.
syanan
a small amount (abstract), a bit: [nI."Pit^]
P F adv. nì’it (derived from ’it bit, a small
amount)
a small amount, bit: [Pit^] P F n. ’it
a suggestion: [sæ."mok^] P F n. sämok (derived
from mok suggest)
sacred: [swok^] P F adj. swok
sacred place: ["swo.tu] P F n. swotu
sad: [tI.kE."ft'o.NaP] P F adj. tìkeftxonga’ (deri-
ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.
sadly, unfortunately: [nI.kE."ft'o] P F adv. nì-
keftxo (derived from keftxo unhappy)
sadness: [tI.kE."ft'o] P F n. tìkeftxo (derived
from keftxo unhappy)
safe: ["k'u.kE] P F adj. kxuke (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)
>
safe place, refuge: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. zongtseng
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
safely: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. nìzawnong (deri-
ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
zong save)
safety: [tI."k'u.kE] P F n. tìkxuke (derived from
kxuke safe)
salty: [wip^] P F adj. wip
same time as, while: [tEN."kr] P F conj. tengkrr
(c.w. from teng same, equal" and krr time)
same way as (similar action), as: [nI."tEN.fja]
P F adv. nìtengfya (derived from tengfya as,
same way as (conj.))
same way as (situational similarity), as:
["tEN.fja] P F conj. tengfya (c.w. from teng sa-
49
me, equal and fya’o path)
same, equal: [tEN] P F adj. teng
sample, taste, try, evaluate, check out, test-
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
sand: ["nE.ni] P F n. neni
satiated, satisfied, content, full: [jE] P F adj. ye
satisfied from hunger, full: ["jE.hak'] P F adj.
yehakx (derived from ye full and ohakx
hungry)
satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling quen-
ched, slaked: ["jE.væN] P F adj. yeväng (deri-
ved from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
satisfied, content, satiated, full: [jE] P F adj. ye
Saturday: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. trrkive (c.w. from trr
day and kive" seventh)
save, defend: [z·oN] P F vtr. zong
savory, umami, rich: [fwaN] P F adj. fwang
say hello, greet: [kal."t'I "s·i] P F vin. kaltxì si
(derived from kaltxì hello)
say something concerning, discourse on, talk
about: [l·awk^] P F vtr. lawk
saying, quote: [san] P F adv. san
>
scale (pulling entire body up), climb: [tsj·Il]
P F vtr. tsyìl
scary, frightening: [t'Ewm] P F adj. txewm
>
school: ["num.tsEN] P F n. numtseng (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)
science, the study of the physical world:
[tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. tìftia kifkeyä (c.w.
from tìftia study and kifkey world)
scientist: [tI.fti"a.tu k."fkEJ.Jæ] P F n. tìftiatu
kifkeyä (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and kif-
key world)
scream: [z·awN] P F vin. zawng
screech, noise. ugly or unpleasant sound:
["væ.pam] P F n. väpam (derived from vä un-
pleasant to the senses and pam sound)
screw that!, no way! (vulgar): ["p'a.sIk^] P F in-
tj. pxasìk
sea, ocean: [t'am."paj] P F n. txampay (c.w. from
txan much and pay water)
seal, make impervious: [fy·El] P F vtr. fyel
search, look for, seek: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. fwew
season: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. zìsìkrr (derived from
zìsìt year and" krr time)
second (ordinal): ["mu.vE] P F adj. muve (deri-
ved from mune two)
 >
second, little moment: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n.
swawtsyìp (derived from swaw moment)
second, very short time: ["hI.kr] P F n. hìkrr
(c.w. from hì’i little, small and" krr time)
secretly, in hiding, by hiding: [nI."wan] P F
adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)
>
see (physical sense): [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. tse’a
see into, see, understand, know (spiritual
sense): ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
see, see into, understand, know (spiritual
sense): ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
seed: [Ri."naP] P F n. rina’ (derived from atoki-
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
seek, look for, search: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. fwew
seem, appear: [l·am] P F vin. lam
self-control: [sno."tip'] P F n. snotipx (c.w. from
sno self and tìhipx control)
self-pride (negative connotation): [sno."nr.a]
"
P F n. snonrra (c.w. from sno his/her self and
nrra pride)
selfishness, individuality (negative conno-
tation): [tI."Paw.po] P F n. tì’awpo (derived
from ’awpo one individual)
send: [fp·EP] P F vtr. fpe’
sense (means of perception): [i."nan.fja] P F n.
inanfya (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge
from sensory input and fya’o ‘path, way)
sense, feel, perceive: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. ’efu
sentence: ["lI.Pu.kIN] P F n. lì’ukìng (c.w. from
lì’u word and kìng thread)
series of step-like levels, staircase: [sna."jI] P F
n. snayì (derived from yì level, step)
serve: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] P F vin. kìte’e si (derived
from kìte’e service)
>
served meal, dinner: ["wu.tso] P F n. wutso
service: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. kìte’e
set, group, pile, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] P F n.
sna’o nfp.
seven: ["ki.næ] P F num. kinä
seventh (ordinal): ["ki.vE] P F adj. kive (derived
from kinä seven)
several, a few: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. ’a’aw (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
sexually), pleasing, enjoyable (physically:
[mo."wan] P F adj. mowan
shades of white, light colors: [nEjn] P F adj.
neyn
shadow: [uk^] P F n. uk (derived from toruk
last shadow)
50
shake, tremble, shiver: [r·I."k'·i] P F vin. rìkxi
shakily, tremblingly: [nI.RI."k'i] P F adv. nìrìkxi
(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)
shallow (physically): [REN] P F adj. reng nfp.
shaman: [ti."RE.tu] P F n. tiretu (derived from
tirea spirit and tute person)
shape, form: [Pon] P F n. ’on
sharp (as a blade): [lit'] P F adj. litx
sharp (as a point): [p'i] P F adj. pxi
shawl, poncho, cape: ["Pa.RE] P F n. ’are
she (no plural form: use (ay)fo): [po."E] P F pn.
poe (derived from po he, she)
she, he: [po] P F pn. po
shelf: ["fjan.jI] P F n. fyanyì (c.w. from fyan con-
structed device for keeping something off the
ground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,
step, rung)
shelf, ledge, level, step, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
(Can also be used metaphorically to refer
to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
anger, etc.)
shell (from the ocean): [sum] P F n. sum
shelter, protect: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. hawnu
shift position, move: [R·ik'] P F vin. rikx
shiver, tremble, shake: [r·I."k'·i] P F vin. rìkxi
shoe: [hawn."vEn] P F n. hawnven (c.w. from
hawnu protect and venu foot)
shoot: [t·Em] P F vin. tem
shoot: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. toltem
shoreline, water’s edge: [paj."t'Ew] P F n.
paytxew (c.w. from pay water and txew ed-
ge)
short (of time): [jol] P F adj. yol
short (physical length): [pup^] P F adj. pup
shortly (of time), briefly: [nI."jol] P F adv. nìyol
(derived from yol short (of time))
should: ["swEj.l·u] P F v. sweylu (derived from
swey best and lu is)
shoulder: ["PEt.naw] P F n. ’etnaw
shove, kick: [p'·Ek^] P F vtr. pxek
show: [w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. wìntxu
show enthusiasm for, be enthusiastic about,
be excited about: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. so’ha
(Note: Being enthusiastic is always transi-
tive in Na’vi -PF)
shut, closed, overcast (for cloudy skies):
>
[tstu] P F adj. tstu
shy, timid: [nim] P F adj. nim
>
sibling: [tsmuk^] P F n. tsmuk
>
sibling: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. tsmuktu (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
sick: [sp'in] P F adj. spxin
sickness, disease, illness: [sæ."sp'in] P F n.
säspxin (derived from spxin sick)
sickness, the state of being ill: [tI."sp'in] P F n.
tìspxin (derived from spxin sick)
side: ["pa.Po] P F n. pa’o
sight, look, appearance: [PuR] P F n. ’ur
sign, indication, signal: [sæ."vl] P F n. sävll
(derived from vll indicate, point" at)
sign, omen: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. aungia
signal, sign, indication: [sæ."vl] P F n. sävll
(derived from vll indicate, point" at)
significance, meaning, importance: [wa."wE]
P F n. wawe
significant, personally meaningful:
[t'an.wa."wE] P F adj. txanwawe (c.w. from
txan much and wawe significance)
significantly, meaningfully: [nI.wa."wE] P F
adv. nìwawe (derived from wawe meaning,
significance)
silence, quiet: [tI."fnu] P F n. tìfnu (derived
from fnu quiet)
silently: [nI."fnu] P F adv. nìfnu (derived from
fnu quiet)
similar: [stEN] P F adj. steng
similarly: [nI."stEN] P F adv. nìsteng (derived
from steng similar)
simple: [fjin] P F adj. fyin
simple, easy: ["ftu.E] P F adj. ftue
since (temporal): [ta."kr.a] P F conj. takrra vari-
ant of akrrta (c.w. from" krr time and ta from)
since (temporal): [a."kr.ta] P F conj. akrrta vari-
"
ant of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
sing: [R·ol] P F v. rol
sing: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. way si (derived from
way song)
sing wordlessly, give out a tune or melody:
[t·IN lawR] P F vin. tìng lawr (derived from
tìng give and lawr melody)
single-person hammock: ["sno.ni.vi] P F n.
snonivi (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi
sleeping hammock)
>
sister: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. tsmuke (derived from
tsmuk sibling)
sit: [h·Ejn] P F vin. heyn
51
situation, state, condition: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n.
tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)
six: ["pu.kap^] P F num. pukap
sixth (ordinal): ["pu.vE] P F adj. puve (derived
from pukap six)
sixty four: [zam] P F num. zam
>
size: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. tsawlhì’ (c.w. from tsawl
big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))
skeleton: [sna."t'æ.REm] P F n. snatxärem (c.w.
from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set
of bones’
skin: ["taP.lEN] P F n. ta’leng
skin blue: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. ta’lengean
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)
skull: ["tEk.RE] P F n. tekre
sky: [taw] P F n. taw
slaked, satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling
quenched: ["jE.væN] P F adj. yeväng (derived
from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
slap, strike, beat: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. takuk
sleep: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. hahaw
sleeping hammock (general term): ["ni.vi] P F
n. nivi
sleet: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. tomperwì (derived
from tompa rain and herwì snow)
sleight of hand, trick, clever/special metho-
>
dology: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. ingyentsyìp (de-
rived from ingyen feeling of mystery)
slide, slip: [fw·i] P F vin. fwi
slip, slide: [fw·i] P F vin. fwi
slow: [kI."PoN] P F adj. kì’ong
slowly: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. nìk’ong (derived
from kì’ong slow)
small (in quantity): [hIm] P F adj. hìm
small part, minority, least: [hIm."p'I] P F n.
hìmpxì
>
small rest or relaxation, break: [tI."sjoR.tsjIp^]
P F n. tìsyortsyìp (derived from syor relax,
chill out)
small stone polished smooth by natural for-
>
ces, pebble: ["tsk'E.vi] P F n. tskxevi (derived
from tskxe rock, stone)
small, little (in size): ["hI.Pi] P F adj. hì’i
smart (thing), clever: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. sìl-
ronsem (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)
smart, intelligent: ["ka.nu] P F adj. kanu ofp.
smell: [fa."hEw] P F n. fahew
smell: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,P F vin. tìng ontu (deri-
ved from tìng give and ontu nose)
smell (not intentionally): ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. hefi
smell of decaying animal/flesh, rotting, put-
rid: ["k'æ.næN] P F adj. kxänäng
smell of decaying wood and leaves, dank
(non-animal decay): [NEt^] P F adj. nget
smell of living animals, as found around a
watering hole: [a."t'aR] P F adj. atxar
smile: ["lr.tok^] P F n. lrrtok
"
smile: ["lr.tok^ "s·i] P F vin. lrrtok si (derived
"
from lrrtok smile)
smoke: ["k'E.nER] P F n. kxener
>
smoke (lit. to suck smoke): [tsw·k k'E.nER.t]
P F,D vin. tswìk kxenerit (c.w. from tswìk
suck and kxener smoke)
smooth: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. faoi
smooth (for motion), steady: [lER] P F adj. ler
>
snack, light meal: [tsjEj] P F n. tsyey
snap in two, break: [k'·ak'] P F vin. kxakx
sneaky (of a person), dodgy: [lEt."wan] P F adj.
letwan (derived from tute person and wan
hide)
snow: ["hER.wI] P F n. herwì
snow field: ["hER.t'a.jo] P F n. hertxayo (derived
from herwì snow and txayo field)
snow flurry: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. hermeyp (deri-
ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)
snowflake: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. herwìva (derived
from herwì snow and ìlva flake)
snub: [sæ."Jæk'] P F n. säyäkx (derived from
yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
snub, not notice, ignore: [J·æk'] P F vtr. yäkx
snubbing, lack of notice: [tI."Jæk'] P F n. tìyäkx
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
so much as, even: [kEN] P F adv. keng
so that not, lest: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. fteke (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
so that, in order to: [ftE] P F conj. fte (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
so, in that case: [ha] P F adv. ha
so, to such an extent: [fI."t'an] P F adv. fìtxan
(derived from txan great, much)
so, to such an extent: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. nìftxan
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
so-so, mediocre: [kE."sRan] P F adj. kesran (c.w.
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of
this word is not entirely clear. It may have
52
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘not
yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
tain action was performed well or not, and
over time it became shortened to just kes-
ran, its use expanding to include anything
only mediocre in quality.)
social or personal support) , support (emotio-
nal: [tI."slan] P F n. tìslan (derived from slan
support) ofp.
social or personal support), support (emotio-
nal: [sl·an] P F vtr. slan ofp.
socially unacceptable, coarse, vulgar:
[ræp."tum] P F adj. räptum
soft (of a sound): ["Pa.No] P F adj. ’ango
soft (of an object): ["hEw.nE] P F adj. hewne
soil (fertile): ["Pak.Ra] P F n. ’akra
solicit agreement: [ko] P F part. ko
solid), world (physical: [ki."fkEj] P F n. kifkey
solid, not hollow: [vawt^] P F adj. vawt
somebody, someone: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. tuteo
(derived from tute person)
someone who has just arrived on the scene,
newcomer: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. zìma’uyu
someone, somebody: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. tuteo
(derived from tute person)
something: ["Pu.o] P F pn. ’uo
something able to be drunk, drink: [na."ER]
P F n. naer
something acquired, an acquisition, a pos-
session: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. säkanom (deri-
ved from kanom acquire)
something as, in the capacity of, or in the role
of, something else: [sko] P F adp. sko+
something confusing, source of confusion:
>
[ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. yayayrtsim (c.w. from
yayayr confusion and tsim source)
something else, something as, in the capacity
of, or in the role of: [sko] P F adp. sko+
something from which a lesson can be lear-
ned, meaningful, instructive: ["Ral.NaP] P F
adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’
contain)
something humorous: [sæ."Pi.pu] P F n. sä’ipu
(derived from ’ipu humorous)
something ill-conceived or inherently de-
fective, flawed nature: ["fEP.Ran] P F n.
fe’ran (c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic cha-
racter or nature)
something imagined: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. ronsrel
(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)
something that replaces something else, re-
placement, substitute: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. sä-
rawn (derived from rawn replace)
something to report, news: [fmawn] P F n.
fmawn
somewhat, more or less, yes and no, kind
of: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w.
from srane yes and kehe no)
>
somewhere: ["tsE.No] P F pn. tsengo (derived
from tseng place)
son: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. ’itan
song (ancient, ceremonial): [waj] P F n. way
song (vocal): [tI."Rol] P F n. tìrol (derived from
rol sing)
song cord: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. waytelem (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
soon: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. ye’rìn
sorrow: [jEN."wal] P F n. yengwal
sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of
guilt and regret): [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. ngaytx-
oa (c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgive-
ness)
soul: [vit."Ra] P F n. vitra
sound: [pam] P F n. pam
sound play: ["pam.u.van] P F n. pamuvan (c.w.
from pam sound and uvan game)
sour: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. we’ay
> " sing (ceremonial register))
source: [tsim] P F n. tsim
source of argument, point of contention,
thing disputed: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. säwäte
(derived from wäte argue)
source of confusion, something confusing:
>
[ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. yayayrtsim (c.w. from
yayayr confusion and tsim source)
source of worry, worrisome matter:
>
["sNum.tsim] P F n. sngumtsim (c.w. from
sngum worry and tsim source)
space, hollow, enclosed open area: [mo] P F n.
mo
space, open or borderless area: [Nip^] P F n.
ngip
spark: ["t'Ep.vi] P F n. txepvi (derived from txep
fire)
speak: [p·l."t'·E] P F v. plltxe
"
speaker: [pl."t'E.ju] P F n. plltxeyu (derived
" speak)
from plltxe
spear: [tuk."Ru] P F n. tukru
53
special, distinct: [zEj] P F adj. zey
specialize in, focus on, be particularly in-
terested in: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. kan’ìn (c.w.
from kan aim and ’in be busy)
speculative, intuitive: [lE."PEn] P F adj. le’en
(derived from ’en guess) nfp.
speech, oration: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. säftxulì’u
(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
speech-making, public speaking: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu]
P F n. tìftxulì’u (derived from ftxulì’u orate,
give speech)
spelling: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. pamrelfya (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)
spend time with, hang out with: ["k·æ.tEN] P F
vin. käteng
spin, to spin (something): [k·Im] P F vtr. kìm
Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ball
spiral: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. ’ìheyu
spirit: [ti."RE.a] P F n. tirea
spirit animal: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. tireaioang
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
spirit path: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. tireafya’o (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
spiritually, strong (emotionally, not physi-
cal), confident: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. seykxel
spit out, spit: ["hi·up^] P F vin., vtr. hiup
spit, spit out: ["hi·up^] P F vin., vtr. hiup
spoken poem (as a melodic recital): [waj a
pl.t'E] P F ph. way a plltxe (derived from
way
spooky, weird: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. snewsye (c.w.
from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre-
ath)
sport, physical or athletic game: [u."van
lE."tok'] P F n. uvan letokx (c.w. from uvan
game and letokx physical)
spouse: [mun."t'a.tu] P F n. muntxatu (derived
from muntxa mated)
spread, proliferate: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. virä
squad, military clan, battle party:
["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. wempongu (c.w. from
wem fight and pongu group)
>
squirt: [ts·æP] P F v. tsä’
>
stab: [ts·uk'] P F vtr. tsukx
stain, blemish, deformity, flawed feature:
["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. fe’ranvi (derived from
fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)
staircase, series of step-like levels: [sna."jI] P F
n. snayì (derived from yì level, step)
stand: [kl."k'·Em] P F vin. kllkxem
" cilitate sitting: [sEjn] P F n. seyn (derived
stand, set, group, pile, clump: ["sna.Po] P F n.
sna’o nfp.
>
star cluster: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp] P F n. snatanhìt-
syìp (c.w. from sna’o group and tanhì(tsyìp)
star)
star, bioluminescent freckle: [tan."hI] P F n.
tanhì
start, begin: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. sngä’i
starting position, beginning, initial location:
> store, put away: [n·op'] P F vtr. nopx
["sNæ.PI.tsEN] P F n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from
sngä’i start and tseng place)
starting time, beginning: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n.
sngä’ikrr (c.w. from sngä’i begin and " krr ti-
me)
state, condition, situation: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n.
tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)
statement: [sæ.pl."t'E] P F n. säplltxe (derived
" P F adv. nìyeyfya (derived from yeyfya
from plltxe speak)
stay, remain: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. ’ì’awn
steadfastly, firmly, faithfully: [nIk.lo."nu] P F
adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not let
go) lit.: ’without releasing it’
steadily: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] P F adv. nìk’ärìp (deri-
ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let-
ting it move’
steadily: [nI."lER] P F adv. nìler (derived from
ler steady, smooth)
steady, smooth (for motion): [lER] P F adj. ler
steam, mist, fog: ["ja.paj] P F n. yapay (c.w.
from ya air and pay water)
step (in an instruction), task, errand: ["tIn.vi]
P F n. tìnvi
step, shelf, ledge, level, rung : [jI] P F n. yì
(Can also be used metaphorically to refer
to the level of anything scalable - anyt-
hing that can have levels or degrees, highs
and lows, water level, temperature, talent,
anger, etc.)
> ved from fkxara stress)
stick: ["vul.tsjIp^] P F n. vultsyìp (derived from
vul branch (of a tree))
still, yet, as before: [mi] P F adv. mi
sting: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sngap
stomach: [NæN] P F n. ngäng
stone jar used to hold small toxic arachnid:
[E."p'aN] P F n. epxang
>
stone, rock: [tsk'E] P F n. tskxe
>
stony, of stone: [lE."tsk'E] P F adj. letskxe (deri-
ved from tskxe rock, stone)
54
stool, chair, bench; any tool or device to fa-
from sä’o tool and heyn sit)
stop: [ft·aN] P F vim. ftang
stop (someone or something) : [tI."ftaN s·i] P F
vin. tìftang si (derived from tìftang stop-
ping)
stopping, the glottal stop: [tI."ftaN] P F n. tìf-
tang (derived from ftang stop)
storm: ["jr.ap^] P F n. yrrap (derived from ya air
"
and hrrap danger)
story: [vuR] P F n. vur
story poem, narrative poem: ["vuR.waj] P F n.
vurway (c.w. from vur story and way song)
straight: [jEj] P F adj. yey
straight ahead, in a straight line: [nI."jEj.fja]
straight line)
straight line: ["jEj.fja] P F n. yeyfya (derived
from yey straight and fya’o path)
straight to the point, directly: [nI."jEj] P F adv.
nìyey (derived from yey straight)
strange, be curious, odd, unexpected: [h·Ek^]
P F vin. hek
strange, funny: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. hiyìk
strange, unfamiliar, unknown: [st'oN] P F adj.
stxong
strangely, oddly: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. nìhek (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
stream: ["paj.fja] P F n. payfya (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)
strength, power: [tI."t'uR] P F n. tìtxur (derived
from txur strong)
stress (mental or emotional feeling): ["fk’a.Ra]
P F n. fkxara
stressful: ["fk’a.Ra.NaP] P F adj. fkxaranga’ (deri-
stretcher: ["tut.sE.na] P F n. tutsena (c.w. from
tute person and sähena carrier)
strife-ridden, divided, torn apart: [kE."Paw]
P F adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
strike, beat, slap: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. takuk
stringed instrument: ["iP.En] JC n. i’en
strong (emotionally, spiritually, not physi-
cal), confident: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. seykxel
strong (physically): [t'uR] P F adj. txur
strongman/woman, brawny person: ["t'uR.tu]
P F n. txurtu (derived from txur strong (phy-
sically))
student: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. numeyu (derived
from nume learn)
study: [ft·i.·"a] P F vtr. ftia
study: [tI.fti".a] P F n. tìftia (derived from ftia
study)
style: ["lup.Ra] P F n. lupra
sublime in style, exquisite: ["fJo.lup^] P F adj.
fyolup (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra
style)
sublime, beyond perfection: ["fjo.lE] P F adj.
fyole
substitute, replace: [R·awn] P F vtr. rawn
substitute, replacement, something that re-
places something else: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. sä-
rawn (derived from rawn replace)
succeed: [fl·æ] P F vin. flä
success (an instance of succeeding): [sæ."flæ]
P F n. säflä (derived from flä succeed)
success (in general): [tI."flæ] P F n. tìflä (deri-
ved from flä succeed)
successful: [tI."flæ.Na] P F adj. tìflänga’ (c.w.
from tìflä success and nga’ contain)
such: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. nafì’u (c.w. from na as
and fì’u this)
>
suck: [tsw·Ik] P F vtr. tswìk
>
suddenly, without warning: [tsIk] P F adv. tsìk
suffer mentally or emotionally, be miserable:
[N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. ngä’än
sufficient: [lE."tam] P F adj. letam (derived
from tam suffice)
suffix: ["u.o.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. uolì’uvi (derived
from uo– behind and li’u word)
suggest: [m·ok^] P F vtr. mok
suit, fit, complement, inherently enhance:
[h·aP] P F vin. ha’
summary, synopsis: ["vuR.vi] P F n. vurvi (deri-
ved from vur story)
> synopsis, summary: ["vuR.vi] P F n. vurvi (de-
sun: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. tsawke
Sunday: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. trr’awve (c.w. from
" ’awve first)
trr day and
sung poem: [waj a Rol] P F ph. way a rol (deri-
ved from way sing (ceremonial register))
55
sunrise, dawn: [tr."PoN] P F n. trr’ong (c.w.
from trr day and" ’ong unfold)
sunset, night-fall, dusk, gloaming: [t'on."PoN]
P F,P rr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)
supplies: ["mEk.RE] P F n. mekre
support (emotional, social or personal sup-
port): [sl·an] P F vtr. slan ofp.
support (emotional, social or personal sup-
port) : [tI."slan] P F n. tìslan (derived from
slan support) ofp.
sure, confident: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. am’ake
(c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not)
surface: [jo] P F n. yo
surrender, give up, concede defeat: ["v·E.l·Ek^]
P F vin. velek
survival: [tEm."REj] P F n. temrey (derived from
emrey survive)
survive: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. emrey
surviving (e.g. of entities from a group some
of whom have died): [lEm."REj] P F adj. lem-
rey (derived from emrey survive)
suspend action, hold off: [fp·ak^] P F v. fpak
sustain: [fm·al] P F vtr. fmal
swallow: [k'·uk'] P F vtr. kxukx
sweet berry (term of endearment):
[pa.ska."lin] P F n. paskalin (derived from
pasuk berry and (a)kalin sweet)
sweet to the taste: [ka."lin] P F adj. kalin
sweetly aromatic (a flowery or aromatic
woody sort of smell; may also refer to so-
me spices used in Na’vi cooking): [un."joR]
P F adj. unyor
sweetly, endearingly: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. nìho-
na (derived from hona endearing)
swim: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. slele
syllable: ["lIP.koN] P F n. lì’kong (c.w. from lì’u
word and ’ekong rythmic beat)
rived from vur story)
system, process, procedure, approach:
["vE.fja] P F n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,
organization and fya’o way, manner)
T
(together) as members of a clan: [nI.o."loP] P F
adv. nìolo’ (derived from olo’ clan)
(together) as members of a family:
[nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. nìsoaia (derived from
soaia family)
table, elevated utilitarian surface: ["fjan.jo]
P F n. fyanyo (c.w. from fyan constructed de-
vice for keeping something off the ground and
clean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo
can be used in place of fyanyo.
tacky, in poor taste: ["fE.lup^] P F adj. fe’lup
(c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)
>
tail: ["k'E.tsE] P F n. kxetse
take: [kæ."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. kämunge (derived
from munge bring)
take away, remove, take off: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr.
’aku
take care of, look after, be responsible for:
[v·EwN] P F vtr. vewng
take off, launch: [ja."w·o] P F vin. yawo (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for)
take off, remove, take away: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr.
’aku
take part in a ceremony, perform a ritual:
[sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. sä’eoio si (derived
from sä’eoio ceremony)
take, bring: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. munge
take/consume time (ii): [kr."n·Ek'] P F vin. krr-
nekx (c.w. from krr time "and nekx consume)
talent: [tI."naw.Ri] P F n. tìnawri (derived from
nawri talented)
talented: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. nawri
talk about, discourse on, say something con-
cerning: [l·awk^] P F vtr. lawk
> test-drive, taste, try, sample, evaluate, check
tall, big (in size): [tsawl] P F adj. tsawl ofp.
target, aim, goal, purpose: [tI."kan] P F n. tìkan
(derived from kan aim)
task, errand, step (in an instruction): ["tIn.vi]
P F n. tìnvi
taste: [t·IN ft'I] P F vin. tìng ftxì (derived from
tìng give and ftxi tongue)
taste (not intentionally): ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr.
ewku
taste, flavor: [suR] P F n. sur
taste, try, sample, evaluate, check out, test-
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
teach: [k·aR] P F vtr. kar
56
teacher: ["kaR.ju] P F n. karyu (derived from kar
teach)
teaching (the act): [tI.ku."saR] P F n. tìkusar (de-
rived from kar teach)
teaching, instruction: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. sänu-
me (derived from nume learn)
>
teardrop: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. tsngawpayvi
(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water,
with partitive marker)
>
tears: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tsngawpay (c.w. from
tsngawvìk cry and pay water)
telephone: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. spulmokri (deri-
ved from spule propel and mokri voice)
tell: [p·EN] P F vtr. peng
temperature: [som."wEw] P F n. somwew (deri-
ved from som hot and wew cold)
tender (people or things), gentle, mild: [flr]
"
P F adj. flrr
tenderly, gently: [nI."flr] P F adv. nìflrr (derived
from flrr gentle) "
tenderness, gentleness: [tI."flr] P F n. tìflrr (de-
"
rived from flrr gentle)
>
term of affection for children: [pa."Rul.tsjIp^]
P F n. parultsyìp (derived from parul mirac-
le)
terminal, last, ultimate: [toR] P F adj. tor (deri-
ved from toruk last shadow)
terrific, wonderful, fantastic: [ko."sman] P F
adj. kosman
territory: [kl."p'Il.tu] P F n. kllpxìltu
"
test: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F vtr. fmetok
test: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. tìfmetok (derived from
fmetok test)
out: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
texture, touch, feel: [ziR] P F n. zir
thank you, thanks: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. irayo
thank, give thanks: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. irayo
si (derived from irayo thanks)
thanks, thank you: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. irayo
that: ["fu.ta] P F pn., sbd. futa (c.w. from fì’u-t
this (patientive) and a subordinator)
that: ["fu.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. furia (c.w. from fì’uri
this (topical) and a subordinator)
>
that: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. tsawa (c.w. from
tsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)
 >
that: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. tsata (c.w. from
tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)
>
that: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. tsaria (c.w. from
tsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)
that: [sat^] P F pn. sat (lenited form of tsat)
that: ["fu.la] P F pn., sbd. fula (c.w. from fì’ul
this (agentive) and a subordinator)
> >
that (action): ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem.
tsakem (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-
tion)
that (as a result): ["kum.a] P F conj. kuma (de-
rived from kum result) this form precedes
the result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma
yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I
fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’
that (as a result): [a."kum] P F conj. akum (de-
rived from kum result) this form follows
the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,
nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’
> "
that (function word): [tsnI] P F sbd. tsnì (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
that (subordinate clause marker): [fwa] P F
pn., sbd. fwa (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective)
and a subordinator)
>
that (thing): ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. tsa’u (c.w. from
tsa that and ’u thing)
that answer: ["tEjN.a] P F n. teynga (contraction
of tì’eyng a)
that answer (agentive): ["tEjN.la] P F n. teyngla
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)
that answer (patientive): ["tEjN.ta] P F n. teyng-
ta (contraction of tì’eyng–it a)
that is, in other words: ["a.lu] P F conj. alu (de-
rived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used
for appositions)
that news: [fmawnta] P F n. fmawnta (contrac-
tion of fmawn–it a)
>
that one (for people only): ["tsa.po] P F pn. tsa-
po (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)
>
that person: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. tsatu (c.w. from
tsa that and tute person)
> > > >
that place, there: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F
dem., n. tsatseng (c.w. from tsa that and
tseng place)
> " kxamtrr
that time, then, at that time: [tsa."kr] P F adv.
tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and "krr time)
>
that way, like that: [tsa."fja] P F adv. tsafya (c.w.
from tsa- that and fya’o way)
57
that will do, that will suffice, OK: [t·am] P F
vin., intj. tam
that will suffice, that will do, OK: [t·am] P F
vin., intj. tam
>
that, it (as intransitive subject): [tsaw] P F
dem., pn. tsaw
>
that, it (as object): [tsat^] P F pn. tsat
>
that, it (transitive subject): [tsal] P F pn. tsal
the absence of business, free time: [tIk."PIn]
P F n. tìk’ìn (derived from ’ìn be busy)
the act of replacing, replacement: [tI."Rawn]
P F n. tìrawn (derived from rawn replace)
the art of cooking: [tI."PEm] P F n. tì’em (deri-
ved from ’em cook)
the Balance of Life: [REj."PEN] P F n. rey’eng (de-
rived from rey live)
the day after tomorrow, two days from now:
[mE.sr."aj] P F n., adv. mesrray (derived from
trr day)"
the day and night cycle of Pandora: [tr.t'on]
P F n. trrtxon (c.w. from trr day and txon
night)
the day before yesterday, two days ago:
[mE.sr."am] P F n., adv. mesrram (derived
from trr" day)
the glottal stop, stopping: [tI."ftaN] P F n. tìf-
tang (derived from ftang stop)
the People, having to do with the Na’vi:
[lE."naP.vi] P F adj. leNa’vi (derived from
Na’vi the People)
the state of being ill, sickness: [tI."sp'in] P F n.
tìspxin (derived from spxin sick)
the state of waking, awakeness: [tI."t'En] P F
n. tìtxen (derived from txen awake)
the study of the physical world, science:
[tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. tìftia kifkeyä (c.w.
from tìftia study and kifkey world)
the symbol 8 (not the value eight): [PEjt^] P F
n. ’eyt
the symbol 9 (not the value nine): [najn] P F
n. nayn
the time before dark, twilight, after sun-
set: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.
from txon’ong sunset and maw after)
the time before noon: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. sre-
kamtrr (c.w. from sre before and
mid-day)
the time immediately after noon, early af-
ternoon: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. kxamtrrmaw
"
 (c.w. from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
then (counterfactual use): [zEl] P F adv. zel
> this one person or thing: ["fI.po] P F pn. fìpo
then, at that time, that time: [tsa."kr] P F adv.
tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and "krr time)
there there, calm, be content: ["tam "tam] M
intj. tam tam
> > > >
there, that place: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F
dem., n. tsatseng (c.w. from tsa that and
tseng place)
therefore, because of that: [ta."fRal] P F adv.
tafral
these words: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. fayluta (contrac-
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)
they: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. ayfo (derived
from po he, she)
they: [fo] P F pn. fo (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)
they (singular usage) (unspecified agent),
one: [fko] P F pn. fko
they, those two: ["mE.fo] P F pn. mefo (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
thick: [nut'] P F adj. nutx
thick, viscous, gelatinous: [k'um] P F adj. kx-
um
thickness: [flI."nut'] P F n. flìnutx (c.w. from flì
thin and nutx thick)
thin: [flI] P F adj. flì nfp.
thin waterfall that pours down a sheer high
cliff, an individual tall, or off of a floating
mountain (countable): [sE."Pajl] P F n. se’ayl
thing (action), deed: [kEm] P F n. kem
thing (object, fact, abstraction): [Pu] P F n. ’u
thing (physical or tangible), object: [zum] P F
n. zum
thing disputed, point of contention, source
of argument: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. säwäte (de-
rived from wäte argue)
things: [a."ju] P F n. ayu (derived from ’u thing)
(never plural u)
think: [fp·Il] P F vtr. fpìl
third (ordinal): ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. pxeyve (deri-
ved from pxey three)
third, one third: [pan] P F n. pan
thirst: [tI."væN] P F n. tìväng (derived from
väng thirsty)
thirsty: [væN] P F adj. väng
this (action): [fI."kEm] P F pn. fìkem (derived
from kem action, deed)
58
this (thing): [fI."Pu] P F pn. fì’u (derived from
’u thing)
(derived from po he, she)
>
this place, here: [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. fìt-
seng(e) (derived from tseng place)
this way, like this: [fI."fja] P F adv. fìfya (deri-
ved from fya’o path)
thorough, detail-orientated (of a person):
[lE."no] P F adj. leno
thoroughly, in detail, expansively: [nI."no] P F
adv. nìno
thoroughness, attention to detail: [tI."no] P F
n. tìno
those two, they: ["mE.fo] P F pn. mefo (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
thought pattern, way of thinking: ["fpIl.fja]
P F n. fpìlfya (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o
path)
>
thoughtful, kind, considerate: ["tstun.wi] P F
adj. tstunwi
thread: [kIN] P F n. kìng
threat: [k'ap^] P F n. kxap
threaten: [k'ap s·i] P F vin. kxap si (derived
from kxap threat)
threatening: ["k'ap.NaP] P F adj. kxapnga’ (deri-
ved from kxap threat) nfp.
threatening cry: ["sa:] LA intj. saa
threateningly: [nI."k'ap^] P F adv. nìkxap (deri-
ved from kxap threat)
three: [p'Ej] P F num. pxey
three days ago: [p'E.sr."am] P F n., adv. pxesr-
ram (derived from trr " day)
three days from now: [p'E.sr."aj] P F n., adv.
pxesrray (derived from trr day) "
three times, thrice: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. pxelo (de-
rived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
thrice, three times: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. pxelo (de-
rived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
throat: [flEw] P F n. flew
through (via the middle of): ["k'am.læ] P F
adp. kxamlä– (derived from kxam middle)
>
throw: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. tsre’i
throw out of harmonious balance, interrupt:
[m·æ."k'u] P F vtr. mäkxu (derived from kxu
harm)
thunder: ["Pr.p'om] P F n. ’rrpxom
"
thunder and lightning: ["Rawm.p'om] P F n.
rawmpxom (derived from rawm lightning
 and ’rrpxom thunder)
Thursday: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. trrmrrve (c.w. from
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
tie down, fasten: [j·æn] P F vtr. yän
tight: [PE."k'in] P F adj. ’ekxin
tighten, constrict: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. snew
tightly, in an iron grip: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv.
nìsyep (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a
trap’
time: [kr] P F n. krr
"
time, turn, instance, one of a number of repe-
ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] P F n. alo
timid, shy: [nim] P F adj. nim
> >
tiny bite: ["tsjEj.tsjIp^] P F n. tsyeytsyìp (derived
from tsyey snack, light meal)
> from txon night)
tip, helpful hint: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. srungtsyìp
(derived from srung help)
tired: [NEjn] P F adj. ngeyn
> nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)
to (with kxìm): ["tson.ta] P F conj. tsonta (deri-
ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi-
rement) (contraction of tsonit a)
to continue to perform an action, to persist in
a state: [v·aR] P F vim. var
to direct a weapon or other object at a tar-
get, aim, to intend; aim: [k·an] P F vtrm.,
vtr. kan
to intend; aim, aim, to direct a weapon or ot-
her object at a target: [k·an] P F vtrm., vtr.
kan
to persist in a state, to continue to perform an
action: [v·aR] P F vim. var
to respect: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. leioae si (deri-
ved from leioae respect)
to smell (intentionally): [sj·am] P F vtr. syam
to spin (something), spin: [k·Im] P F vtr. kìm
Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ball
to such an extent, so: [fI."t'an] P F adv. fìtxan
(derived from txan great, much)
to such an extent, so: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. nìftxan
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
to the left: [nI."ftæR] P F adv. nìftär (derived
from ftär left)
to the others: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. aylaru (contrac-
tion of ay+lahe–ru)
to the right: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. nìskien (deri-
ved from skien right)
to wake, to waken, wake up: [tI."t'En s·i] P F
vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
59
to waken, to wake, wake up: [tI."t'En s·i] P F
vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
to, towards (direction): [nE] P F adp. ne–
today: [fI."tr] P F adv. fìtrr (derived from trr
"
day)
toe: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. venzek (c.w. from venu
foot and zekwä finger)
together: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. ’awsiteng (c.w.
from ’aw one and teng same, equal)
tomorrow: [tr."aj] P F adv. trray (derived from
trr day and" hay next)
tomorrow night: [t'o."naj] P F adv. txonay (de-
rived from txon night and hay next)
tongue: [ft'I] P F n. ftxì
tonight: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. fìtxon (derived
too, also, additionally: [kop^] P F adv. kop
too, also, as well, likewise: [nI."tEN] P F adv.
too, excessively: [nI."hawN] P F adv. nìhawng
(derived from hawng overabundance)
tool, utensil: ["sæ.Po] P F n. sä’o
tooth: [sREP] P F n. sre’
top: ["fæ.pa] P F n. fäpa
torn apart, divided, strife-ridden: [kE."Paw]
P F adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
toruk rider: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk mak-
to (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
ride)
totality, whole: [wot'] P F n. wotx
totem, amulet: ["lo.Pa] P F n. lo’a
touch: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. ’ampi
touch (intentionally): ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] P F vin.
tìng zekwä (derived from tìng give and
zekwä finger)
touch, feel, texture: [ziR] P F n. zir
towards (direction), to: [nE] P F adp. ne–
>
trace (of animal or person), track: [tsmIm] P F
n. tsmìm
track, follow: [s·ut'] P F vtr. sutx
>
track, trace (of animal or person): [tsmIm] P F
n. tsmìm
>
train, exercise: ["tsk'E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. tskxe-
keng si (derived from tskxekeng training)
>
training, exercise: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. tskxekeng
trait, feature, attribute, characteristic, point,
aspect, facet, property: [sjon] P F n. syon
trample, crush: [sR·uP] P F vtr. sru’
transfer from one to another (rarely used wit-
hout prefix): [sR·In] P F vtr. srìn
translation, interpretation: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n.
tìralpeng (derived from ral meaning and
peng tell)
transportation tool or device: [sæ."mu.NE] P F
n. sämunge (derived from munge take,
bring) Note: In compounds, the ä and e
drop, yielding –smung
trap: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. syep
trap: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. säsyep (derived from
syep trap)
trash, garbage, rubbish: [sNEl] P F n. sngel
travel: [s·op^] P F vin. sop
traveller: ["sop.ju] P F n. sopyu (derived from
sop travel)
treachery: [ka."vuk^] P F n. kavuk
treasure; something rare and of great value:
>
[tsjEjm] P F n. tsyeym
treat (emotionally), display an attitude to-
wards: [z·Et^] P F vtr. zet
tree: ["ut.Ral] P F n. utral
tremble, shake, shiver: [r·I."k'·i] P F vin. rìkxi
tremblingly, shakily: [nI.RI."k'i] P F adv. nìrìkxi
(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)
trick, sleight of hand, clever/special metho-
> set: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.
dology: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. ingyentsyìp (de-
rived from ingyen feeling of mystery)
troubling, worrisome: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj.
sngunga’ (derived from sngum worry)
true: [Naj] P F adj. ngay
truly: [nI."Naj] P F adv. nìngay (derived from
ngay true)
trunk (of a tree): ["ta.NEk^] P F n. tangek
trust for protection, depend on, rely on:
[m·oN] P F vtr. mong
U
ugly, unsightly: [naR."væP] P F adj. narvä’ (de-
rived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the
senses)
ultimate, last, terminal: [toR] P F adj. tor (deri-
ved from toruk last shadow)
um, er: [I:] P F intj. ìì
umami, savory, rich: [fwaN] P F adj. fwang
unambiguously, especially, pointedly:
[nI."p'i] P F adv. nìpxi (derived from pxi
sharp)
60
trust-inspiring, trustworthy: [mal] P F adj. mal
trustingly, without hesitation: [nI."mal] P F
adv. nìmal (derived from mal trustworthy)
trustworthiness: [tI."mal] P F n. tìmal (derived
from mal trustworthy)
trustworthy, trust-inspiring: [mal] P F adj. mal
truth: [tI."Naj] P F n. tìngay (derived from ngay
true)
try, attempt: [fm·i] P F vtrm. fmi (with the
subjunctive)
try, taste, sample, evaluate, check out, test-
drive: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. may’
Tuesday: [tr."p'Ej.vE] P F n. trrpxeyve (c.w. from
" pxeyve third)
trr day and
tunnel: [RoN] P F n. rong
turn, rotate on an axis: [m·In] P F vin. mìn Mìn
ne ftärpa Turn to the left
turn, time, instance, one of a number of repe-
ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] P F n. alo
turner: ["mIn.ju] P F n. mìnyu (derived from
mìn turn)
twice: ["mE.lo] P F adv. melo (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)
twilight, the time before dark, after sun-
from txon’ong sunset and maw after)
two: ["mu.nE] P F num. mune
two days ago, the day before yesterday:
[mE.sr."am] P F n., adv. mesrram (derived
" day)
from trr
two days from now, the day after tomorrow:
[mE.sr."aj] P F n., adv. mesrray (derived from
"
trr day)
type, kind: [fnEl] P F n. fnel
>
unawareness, lack of notice: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n.
tìktseri (derived from tseri note, notice)
unblocked, free, unobstructed, clear:
[kaw."k'an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)
uncomfortable: [kEl."ho.an] P F adj. kelhoan
(derived from hoan comfort)
>
uncountable, infinite: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj.
ketsuktiam (derived from ketsuk– not able to
do and tiam count)
uncover (literally and metaphorically), reve-
al, bring forth: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. kulat
under, below: ["æ.o] P F adp. äo–
>
understand: [tsl·am] P F vtr. tslam
understand, see, see into, know (spiritual
sense): ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. kame
>
understanding, intelligence: [tI."tslam] P F n.
tìtslam (derived from tslam understand)
unexpected or startling, noise. sound that
is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate:
["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from
hawng overabundance and pam sound)
unexpected, be curious, odd, strange: [h·Ek^]
P F vin. hek
unfair, improper, wrong, unjustified:
[kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
unfairness, injustice: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] P F n. tìke-
mwiä (derived from kemwiä improper, un-
fair, wrong, unjustified)
unfamiliar, strange, unknown: [st'oN] P F adj.
stxong
unfold, blossom: [P·oN] P F v. ’ong
unfolding, blooming: [tI."PoN] P F n. tì’ong
(derived from ’ong bloom)
> >
unforgettable: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. ketsukt-
swa’ (derived from ketsuk– not able to do
and tswa’ forget)
unfortunately, sadly: [nI.kE."ft'o] P F adv. nì-
keftxo (derived from keftxo unhappy)
unhappy, upset, ’How sad!’: [kE."ft'o] P F adj.,
intj. keftxo
unhealthful (mentally): [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] P F
adj. kefpomronga’ (c.w. from ke not and fp-
omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp.
unhealthful (physically): [kE.fpom."tok'.NaP]
P F adj. kefpomtokxnga’ (c.w. from ke not and
fpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp.
unhealthy (mentally): [kEl.fpom."Ron] P F adj.
kelfpomron (c.w. from ke not and lefpomron
healthy (mentally)) ofp.
unhealthy (physically): [kEl.fpom."tok'] P F
adj. kelfpomtokx (c.w. from ke not and fpom-
tokx health) ofp.
unhurried: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] P F adj. letxiluke (c.w.
from txi hurry and luke without)
unhurriedly, leisurely: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv.
nìtxiluke (c.w. from txi hurry and luke wit-
hout)
61
unintentionally, accidentally: [nIt."kan.lu.ke]
P F adv. nìtkanluke (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-
sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
unique, original, not derived from another
>
source: [lE."tsim] P F adj. letsim (derived
from tsim source)
unjustified, improper, unfair, wrong:
[kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
unknown: [kaw."no.mum] P F adj. kawnomum
(c.w. from ke not and omum know)
unknown, strange, unfamiliar: [st'oN] P F adj.
stxong
unless in independent clause) (ii), hope
(with tsnì for thing hoped: [sIl."p·Ej] P F
vin. sìlpey (c.w. from sìltsan good and pey
wait)
unmodified, wild, natural (something in its
original, untampered-with natural state):
[jr] P F adj. yrr
"
unnecessarily: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. nìkelkin
(derived from kelkin unnecessary)
unnecessary: [kEl."kin] P F adj. kelkin
unnecessary, noise. sound that is excessi-
ve, inappropriate, unexpected or startling:
["hawm.pam] P F n. hawmpam (derived from
hawng overabundance and pam sound)
unobstructed, free, unblocked, clear:
[kaw."k'an] P F adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)
unpleasant to the senses, noisome: [væP] P F
adj. vä’
unquote: [sIk^] P F adv. sìk
unsightly, ugly: [naR."væP] P F adj. narvä’ (de-
rived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the
senses)
untampered-with natural state), wild, natu-
ral (something in its original, unmodified:
[jr] P F adj. yrr
"
until: [vaj."kr] P F conj. vaykrr (c.w. from vay–
up to and "krr time)
until the end: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. tì’i’avay
(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
>
until then, in the meantime: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F
adv. tsakrrvay (c.w. from tsakrr then" and vay
up to)
unusual: [kEl."tr.tr] P F adj. keltrrtrr (derived
from ke not and " " letrrtrr ordinary)
up (direction): [nE."fæ] P F adv. nefä
up among: [fkip^] P F adp. fkip–
up to: [vaj] P F adp. vay–
up to but not after, by, before: ["li.sRE] P F adp.
lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
upright, erect: [p'im] P F adj. pxim
upset, unhappy, ’How sad!’: [kE."ft'o] P F adj.,
intj. keftxo
>
upside, advantage, benefit, gain: ["tsan.kum]
P F n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
better and kum result)
urgh, exclamation upon exertion: [sa."u] LA
intj. sau
us (exclusive), we: [aj."o.E] P F pn. ayoe (deri-
ved from oe I)
us (inclusive), we: [aj."wEN] P F pn. ayoeng (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)
us two (dual inclusive), we two, you and I:
["wEN] P F pn. oeng (derived from oe I)
valid: [ka."Naj] P F adj. kangay (cognate with
ngay true)
validate, confirm: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. kangay si
(derived from kangay valid)
>
valley: [tsoN] P F n. tsong
vanish, disappear, recede from view: [P·Ip]
P F vin. ’ìp
variegated, colorful, multicolored: ["p'aj.o.pin]
P F adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and
’opin color)
vast, broad, expansive: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. hoet
vegetable (food): [fk'En] P F n. fkxen
vegetable or animal), in season (of foods:
[kI."maR] P F adj. kìmar
verb: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. kemlì’u (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word)
version: [sREj] P F n. srey
vertical surface, wall: ["k'Em.jo] P F n. kxemyo
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
vertically: [nI."k'Em] P F adv. nìkxem (derived
from kxem be vertical)
very cold: ["t'a.wEw] P F adj. txawew (derived
from txan much and wew cold)
very hot: ["t'a.som] P F adj. txasom (derived
from txan much and som hot)
very old, ancient: ["t'an.lal] P F adj. txanlal
(c.w. from txan much and lal old)
62
us two (exclusive), we two: ["mo.E] P F pn. moe
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
usable without much expenditure of effort,
convenient: [nik^] P F adj. nik
use: [s·aR] P F vtr. sar
used for drinking intoxicating beverages),
kava bowl (constructed from seed pods,
hand-sized: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. swoasey (c.w.
from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits"
and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from
naturally occurring resources)
used in full names: [tE] JC part. te
useful: [lE."saR] P F adj. lesar (derived from sar
use)
useless, in vain: [kEl."saR] P F adj. kelsar (c.w.
from ke not and lesar useful)
utensil, tool: ["sæ.Po] P F n. sä’o
very short time, second: ["hI.kr] P F n. hìkrr
(c.w. from hì’i little, small and" krr time)
very, much (abstract): [nI."t'an] P F adv. nìtxan
(derived from txan much)
vessel, container, carrier: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. sä-
hena (derived from hena carry)
via, by, following, according to: ["I.læ] or
[I."læ] P F adp. ìlä+
vibrating tongue (Na’vi idiom), day time
smoking pleasure: [pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng
" " "pleasurab-
n. prrkxentrrkrr (c.w. from prrte’
le, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time)
victory, a win: [tI.jo"RaP] P F n. tìyora’ (derived
from yora’ win)
video, movie, film: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. rel
arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
>
village: [tsRaj] P F n. tsray
violet, purple, magenta: ["Pom.pin] P F n. ’om-
pin (derived from ’om purple)
violet, purple, magenta: [Pom] P F adj. ’om
viperwolf cry, howl: ["Nu.waj] P F n. nguway
(derived from way song)
viscous liquid, gel: ["k'um.paJ] P F n. kxum-
pay (derived from kxum viscous, gelatinous,
thick)
viscous, gelatinous, thick: [k'um] P F adj. kx-
um
vision (spiritual): [æ."i.E] P F n. äie
> >
vision, (sense of) sight: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n.
tse’atswo (derived from tse’a see)
visit: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. frrfen
"
visitor, guest: ["fr.tu] P F n. frrtu
>"
visual art: ["REl.tsE.o ] P F n. reltseo (c.w. from rel
image and tseo art)
vivid, bright: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. txanatan
(c.w. from txan much and atan light)
’watch it!’, angry snarl: [o."Isss] LA intj. oìsss
a wall or bank of powerful waterfalls no-
ted for its deafening roar and deadly for-
ce (countable, but only rarely): [k'oR] P F n.
kxor
a win, victory: [tI.jo"RaP] P F n. tìyora’ (derived
from yora’ win)
wait for, wait: [p·Ej] P F vin. pey
wait, wait for: [p·Ej] P F vin. pey
wake up, to wake, to waken: [tI."t'En s·i] P F
vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
walk: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. tìran
wall, vertical surface: ["k'Em.jo] P F n. kxemyo
(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
want: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. new
want to know, be curious: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F
svin. newomum (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
>
war: [tsam] P F n. tsam
war cry: [I."lEj] LA intj. ìley
>
war party: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. tsampongu (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party)
warm: [saN] P F adj. sang
warn: [p·EN."hr] P F vin. penghrr (c.w. from
peng tell and " hrrap danger)
warn: [p·l."hr] P F vin. pllhrr (c.w. from plltxe
" "hrrap danger)
speak and
warning: [sæ.pEN."hr] P F n. säpenghrr (derived
from penghrr warn) "
warning: [sæ.pl."hr] P F n. säpllhrr (derived
" "
from pllhrr warn)
>
warpaint: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. tsamopin (c.w.
from tsam war and ’opin color)
>
warrior: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. tsamsiyu (derived
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)
wash: [j·uR] P F vtr. yur
waste: [P·al] P F vtr. ’al
63
voice: ["mok.Ri] P F n. mokri
volcano: [t'Ep."Ram] P F n. txepram (c.w. from
txep fire and ram mountain)
vomit up, vomit: [·u·"EP] P F vtr., vin. ue’
vomit, vomit up: [·u·"EP] P F vtr., vin. ue’
vulgar, coarse, socially unacceptable:
[ræp."tum] P F adj. räptum
wasteful: [lE."Pal] P F adj. le’al (derived from
’al waste) nfp.
wastefully: [nI."Pal] P F adv. nì’al (derived
from ’al waste)
wastefulness: [tI.".Pal] P F n. tì’al (derived
from ’al waste)
watch out, be careful: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. nari si
(derived from nari eye)
water carrier: ["paJ.smuN] P F n. paysmung (c.w.
from pay water and smung transportation
device)
water container: ["paj.sE.na] P F n. paysena
(c.w. from pay water and sähena container)
water that is aeriated while flowing among
the rocks of a very gradually sloping
stream (countable): [Ru."RuR] P F n. rurur
water’s edge, shoreline: [paj."t'Ew] P F n.
paytxew (c.w. from pay water and txew ed-
ge)
water, liquid: [paj] P F n. pay
watery: [lE."paj] P F adj. lepay (derived from
pay water)
wave (of water): [wE."op'] P F n. weopx
wave-like: [lE.wE."op'] P F adj. leweopx (deri-
ved from weopx wave (of water))
way of living, culture: ["REj.fja] P F n. reyfya
(c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way)
way of thinking, thought pattern: ["fpIl.fja]
P F n. fpìlfya (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o
path)
way, path, manner: ["fja.Po] P F n. fya’o
we: [aw."Na] P F pn. awnga (derived from ayo-
eng we)
we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I:
["wEN] P F pn. oeng (derived from oe I)
we two, us two (exclusive): ["mo.E] P F pn. moe
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
we, us (exclusive): [aj."o.E] P F pn. ayoe (deri-
ved from oe I)
we, us (inclusive): [aj."wEN] P F pn. ayoeng (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)
weak: [mEjp^] P F adj. meyp
weakling: ["mEjp.tu] P F n. meyptu (derived
from meyp weak)
weakly, loosely: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. nìmeyp
(derived from meyp weak)
weakness: [tI."mEjp] P F n. tìmeyp (derived
from meyp weak)
> variant of slosneppe
weapon of war: ["tsam.sæ.Po] P F n. tsamsä’o
(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool)
weather: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. yafkeyk (derived
from fkeytok exist)
weave: [t·æ."ft'·u] P F vtr. täftxu
weaver: [tæ."ft'u.ju] P F n. täftxuyu (derived
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
web, net: [hæn] P F n. hän
> (c.w. from
Wednesday: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. trrtsìve (c.w. from
" when: [pE."hr] P F inter. pehrr variant of krrpe
trr day and tsìve fourth)
week: ["kin.tr] P F n. kintrr (derived from kinä
seven and "trr day)
weekend: ["mun.tr] P F n. muntrr (derived
from mune two "and trr day)
> tsengpe
weep, cry: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. tsngawvìk
weight (physical) : [sJo."kup^] P F n. syokup
(derived from syo light and ku’up heavy)
weird, spooky: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. snewsye
(c.w. from snew tighten, constrict and syeha
breath)
>
well: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. nìltsan (derived from
sìltsan good)
well: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. ramunong
>
well (conversation starter): [tsE] P F part. tse
>
well done, good (of its kind): [sIl."tsan] P F
adj. sìltsan
well-being, peace, happiness: [fpom] P F n.
fpom
what (action): ["kEm.pE] P F inter. kempe vari-
ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed)
what (action): [pE."hEm] P F inter. pehem vari-
ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed)
what (thing): ["Pu.pE] P F inter. ’upe (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
what (thing): [pE."u] P F inter. peu variant of
’upe
64
what (word, utterance): ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter.
lì’upe variant of pelì’u
what (word, utterance): [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter.
pelì’u variant of lì’upe
what temperature?: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter.
pesomwew (derived from somwew tempera-
ture)
what temperature? (more common):
[som."wEw.pE] P F inter. somwewpe (derived
from somwew temperature)
what width, how wide?: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F in-
ter. peslosnep (derived from snep narrow)
what width, how wide?: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter.
slosneppe (derived from snep narrow) vari-
ant of peslosnep
whatever, no matter, no matter what:
>
[kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. from
ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)
when: ["kr.pE] P F inter. krrpe variant of pehrr
" krr time)
(c.w. from" krr time)
when, at the time that: ["kr.a] P F conj. krra (de-
rived from krr time) "
where: [pE."sEN] P F inter. peseng variant of
>
where: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. tsengpe variant of
peseng
>
where, place where: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. tsenga
(derived from tseng place)
whether, or: [ft'Ej] P F conj. ftxey
which kind: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. fnepe variant of
pefnel
which kind: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. pefnel variant
of fnepe
while, same time as: [tEN."kr] P F conj. tengkrr
(c.w. from teng same, equal" and krr time)
>
whisper: ["ts·I.sy·I] P F vin. tsìsyì
>
whisper: [sæ."tsI.syI] P F n. sätsìsyì (derived
from tsìsyì whisper)
whistle: ["fw·E.fw·i] P F vin. fwefwi
white: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. teyrpin (derived from
teyr white)
white: [tEjR] P F adj. teyr
whitewater rapids (countable, but only ra-
> >
rely): ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. tseltsul
who: [pE."su] P F inter. pesu variant of tupe
who: ["tu.pE] P F inter. tupe variant of pesu
whole, totality: [wot'] P F n. wotx
why: ["lum.pE] P F inter. lumpe variant of pelun
why: [pE."lun] P F inter. pelun variant of lumpe
wide: ["slo.a] P F adj. sloa
widely, pervasively: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. nìhoet
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
width: [slo."snEp^] P F n. slosnep (derived from
snep narrow)
wife, female spouse: [mun."t'a.tE] P F n. mun-
txate (derived from muntxatu spouse)
wild, natural (something in its original, un-
modified, untampered-with natural state):
[jr] P F adj. yrr
" without hesitation, trustingly: [nI."mal] P F
win: [j·o."R·aP] P F vtr. yora’
wind: [hu."fwE] P F n. hufwe
wind instrument: ["sjE.Po.t'aN] P F n.
sye’otxang (c.w. from syeha breath and ’otx-
ang musical instrument)
wind instrument, horn: [pawk^] P F n. pawk
> [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. from
wing: [tsjal] P F n. tsyal
winner: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. yora’tu (derived from
yora’ win)
wisdom: [ha."fjon] P F n. hafyon
> ved from yrr natural) "
wisdom (seldom used): [tI."t'antslusam] P F
n. tìtxantslusam (derived from txantslusam
wise)
> baby and" kelku home)
wise: ["t'an.tslu.sam] P F adj. txantslusam (c.w.
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
wise: [la."fjon] P F adj. lafyon (derived from ha-
fyon wisdom) ofp.
wise: [ha."fjo.NaP] P F adj. hafyonga’ (derived
from hafyon wisdom) nfp.
wish: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. rangal
wish (contrary to fact, with perfective or im-
perfective subjunctive): [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv.
nìrangal (derived from rangal wish)
with (accompaniment): [hu] P F adp. hu–
with all heart, passionately: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F
adv. nìftxavang (derived from ftxavang pas-
sionate)
with grief, grievingly: [na."fpawN] P F adv. naf-
pawng (derived from afpawng grief )
with originality, originally, in an original
>
way: [nI."tsim] P F adv. nìtsim (derived from
tsim source)
with perfective or imperfective subjunctive),
wish (contrary to fact: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv.
nìrangal (derived from rangal wish)
65
with pleasure, pleasurably, gladly:
[nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. nìprrte’ (derived from
prrte’" pleasurable)
with pride, proudly: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. nìnrra
(derived from nrra pride)"
with, by means of: [fa] P F adp. fa–
without: ["lu.kE] P F adp. luke–
without a doubt: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv.
am’aluke (derived from am’ake sure, confi-
dent)
without clothing, naked: [luk."pEn] P F adj.
lukpen (c.w. from luke without and pen clot-
hing (plural))
adv. nìmal (derived from mal trustworthy)
without limit, endless, boundless:
["t'Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-
ew limit, border and luke without)
without stopping, continuously, incessantly:
luke without and ftang stop)
without tampering with or changing the na-
ture, naturally: [nI."jr] P F adv. nìyrr (deri-
>
without warning, suddenly: [tsIk] P F adv. tsìk
womb: ["pr.ku] P F n. prrku (c.w. from prrnen
wonderful, terrific, fantastic: [ko."sman] P F
adj. kosman
wonderfully: [nIk."sman] P F adv. nìksman (de-
rived from kosman wonderful)
wood: [RIn] P F n. rìn
wooden, of wood: [lE."rIn] P F adj. lerìn (deri-
ved from rìn wood)
word: ["lI.Pu] P F n. lì’u
word-play, pun: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. lì’uvan (c.w.
from lì’u word and uvan game)
words of a poem or lyrics of a song: [waj.æ aj-
lI.Pu] P F ph. wayä aylì’u (derived from way
sing (ceremonial register))
work: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. tìkangkem (derived
from kem action, deed)
work: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] P F vin. tìkangkem si (de-
rived from tìkangkem work)
work correctly or as nature intended, be well,
be intact, be as it should be: [z·o] P F svin.
zo
world (physical, solid): [ki."fkEj] P F n. kifkey
worm: [NawN] P F n. ngawng
worrisome matter, source of worry:
>
["sNum.tsim] P F n. sngumtsim (c.w. from
sngum worry and tsim source)
worrisome, troubling: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj.
sngunga’ (derived from sngum worry)
worry: [sNum] P F n. sngum
worry: [sNum s·i] P F vin. sngum si (derived
from sngum worry)
worryingly, fretfully: [nI."sNum] P F adv.
nìsngum (derived from sngum worry)
worsen, get worse: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. fe’ul (c.w.
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)
worsening (in the general or abstract sense):
[tI."fE.Pul] P F n. tìfe’ul (derived from fe’ul
worsen)
worsening (specific instance): [sæ."fE.Pul] P F
n. säfe’ul (derived from fe’ul worsen)
worst: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. ’e’al
worthy: [p'an] P F adj. pxan
(yearly) anniversary: [zI.sIt."sal.tr] P F n. zìsìt-
saltrr (c.w. from zìsìt year, salew" go and trr
day)
year: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. zìsìt
yearn for: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. ’anla
yearning: [sæ."Pan.la] P F n. sä’anla (derived
from ’anla yearn for)
yellow: [Rim] P F adj. rim
yellow: ["Rim.pin] P F n. rimpin (derived from
rim yellow)
yes: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. srane
yes (colloquial): [sRan] P F part., intj. sran
yes and no, more or less, somewhat, kind
of: [sRan."kE.hE] P F part., intj. srankehe (c.w.
from srane yes and kehe no)
yesterday: [tr."am] P F adv. trram (derived
from trr day" and ham previous)
zero: [kEw] P F num. kew
66
wound: [sk'iR] P F n. skxir
wound: ["sk'iR "s·i] P F vin. skxir si (derived
from skxir wound)
wounded: [lE."sk'iR] P F adj. leskxir (derived
from skxir wound)
wow, expression of surprise and pleasure:
["tEw.ti] P F intj. tewti
write: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. pamrel si (derived
from pamrel writing)
writer: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. pamrelsiyu (deri-
ved from pamrel writing)
writing: [pam."REl] P F n. pamrel (c.w. from pam
sound and rel image)
wrong, improper, unfair, unjustified:
[kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke
not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
wrong, incorrect, not right: [kE."jawR] P F adj.
keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
yet, still, as before: [mi] P F adv. mi
you: [Na] P F pn. nga
you (honorific form): [NE."Na] PF pn. ngenga
(derived from nga you)
you (pl.), you all: [aj."Na] PF pn. aynga (deri-
ved from nga you)
you all, you (pl.): [aj."Na] PF pn. aynga (deri-
ved from nga you)
you and I, we two, us two (dual inclusive):
["wEN] P F pn. oeng (derived from oe I)
>
you little, little you: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. ngatsyìp
(derived from nga you)
young: ["PE.wan] P F adj. ’ewan
young of an animal, bird, fish, insect: ["li.ni]
P F n. lini