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Chapter 1
Stress
The bolts used for the connections of this steel framework are subjected
to stress. In this chapter we will discuss how engineers design these
connections and their fasteners.
Fx 0 N
Fy 0 V
M o 0 M o
Shear stress zx , zy
z – the orientation of the area
x, y – the direction lines for the
shear stresses
x-y plane cut z-x plane cut y-z plane
P Equilibrium
A If consider vertical equilibrium of the element,
then applying the equation of force equilibrium
: average normal stress at any point on the
cross-sectional area
P : internal resultant normal force, which is applied
through the centroid of the cross-sectional area.
Fz 0
P is determined using the method of sections and
the equations of equilibrium (A) (A) 0
A : cross-sectional area of the bar
The internal load P must pass through the
centroid of the cross-section.
ydA 0 Uniaxial stress
(M R ) x M x 0 ; 0 ydF y dA ydA
A A A
Equilibrium Equilibrium
xy yx
+
yz zy
zx xz
M z 0 (center point)
xy 1 1
( xy dx )( dy )(1)( dx ) ( xy )( dy )(1)( dx )
x 2 2 Six independent stress components in a general stress state
yx 1 1
( yx
y
dy )(dx )(1)( dy ) ( yx )(dx )(1)( dy ) 0
2 2
( x , y , z , xy , yz , zx )
Neglect higher order terms xy yx
EXAMPLE 1.9
Equilibrium Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm-diameter pin at A and the
30-mm-diameter pin at B that support the beam in Figure.
Pure shear
Fy 0 zy (xy ) zy
(xy ) 0
zy zy
yz yz zy zy
Complementary property
fail fail
F.S. F.S.
allow allow
Load Factors Design Criteria
D : load factor of dead load
R DD LL S S L : load factor of live load Pn i Ri
S : load factor of snow load
1.2 D 1.6 L 0.5S Pn : nominal strength
The load factors for the combined loading reflect the probability
that R will occur for all the events stated. The resistance factor reduces the nominal strength of the
member and requires it to be equal to or greater than the applied
Resistance Factors load or combination of loads calculated using the load factors .