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    Problems of strength of materials

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    Problems of strength of materials

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    11 views73 pages

    Mechanicsofsolid 7to15 Problems

    Uploaded by

    SivaramakrishnaNalluri
    Problems of strength of materials

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 73
    Strain Simple Strain Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to the original length where & is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ¢ is dimensionless. Stress-Strain Diagram Suppose that @ metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. AS the axial load Is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress « and the strain : can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress o along the y-axis and the strain « along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials, The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon structural steel Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture lice structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these two classes. ltrs Sanath aN ¥ Unubinae Sgt Ka Rape Sheng )\ r= vt Vee tin P= Poses Lin eo Sane PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE' LAW) From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain, curve is a straight line, This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or Rater Hooks cxeors=ke ‘The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then a ELASTIC LIMIT ‘The elastic tim limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed. ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES ‘The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range, The region from P to R is called the plastic range. YIELD POINT Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or ylelding without any increase in load. ULTIMATE STRENGTH ‘The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain Giagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength, RAPTURE STRENGTH Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength. MODULUS OF RESILIENCE Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m*. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit € (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion. MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m”, This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break. WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a materiel under a given loading, The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable tress 's taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of safety. AXIAL DEFORMATION In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and 's glven by since «= P/ Aand ce JL then P/A=E8/L. Solving for , To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit, If however, the cross- sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying integration If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and applying oe wy >= ° i For a rod of unit mass p suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own weight is ext _ ML DE” AE where p is in kg/m?, Lis the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rad in kg, A is the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm? and g = 9.81 m/s". ST ‘NESS, k Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It has the unit of N/mm. Pye SOLVED PROBLEMS IN AXIAL DEFORMATION Problem 206 A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm? and a length of 150 m is, suspended vertically from one end, It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m? and E 100 x 10° MIN/m?, find the total elongation of the rod. Solution 206 Lat 8 = total elongation, 6) = elongation due to ts own weight 5:= elongation dite to appised load 5-48, W 3 y= 34053825 7500) = 655 nun 300 2000000) g wind Total elongation: p2ds3 40-5433 Problem 207 A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 Ib, Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 x 10° psi. Solution 207, ‘Based on maximum allowable stress 20.000 = 220 ta a=0088in me ‘Based on maximum allowable deformation: pez jt aE seo ng - 20180532) J, Fat @ai0) 4=00805in Use the bigger diameter, d= 00998 in Problem 208 A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heated and shrunk onto a steel wheel 1500.5 mm in diemeter. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, what torque is required to twist the tire relative to the wheel? Neglect the deformation of the wheel. Use E = 200 GPa, Solution 208 00200009) + 10m 775393033 Foor 7 (300)50) = 203 53838) PS OGR00 Pa > ena pee Tota cma oe 1 Ko Nps contac area bebseen tie ant shee wk N= 05859 « (1500.5) N-@9242N Friction resistance, f= wN'=030389 21492) /= 100594.45 N= 100.50 eN Torque ~ fx } (iameter of whee!) Torque = 100.50 x 0.75025 Torque 75.44 Nam Problem 209 ‘An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in’ carries the axial loads applied at the positions shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 x 10° psi. Assume the bar Is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling, Faure P-209 and P-210 oe, Solution 209, — coi <_[ sor caook < (sha - ahs + see P P=816l000N =S451N Use the smallest value of P, P= 128 KN Problem 212 ‘The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at 8. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in. Solution 212 Free badly and defcrmation diagrams: Pa P-0.4[80(050)] Po skaps Rased on movement at C Pa($x12) 50286107) P= 4553.39 1b ~ 4.59 haps ‘Use the smaller value, P= 4.83 kips Problem 213 ‘The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown In Fig. P-213, Is horizontal before the load P is applied, Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 KN. Can” A= 200m! FE ot tot ee A Solution 243 Free body diagoam For aluminum: [=O] ary -2560) Py=20831N FE], - 20868)1000% 4E, * ~S00,70000) 81-1782 560) 27 KN a= 2.t7¢ap1000" 300200000) 321.94 an ‘Movement diagram Bre 178+ y=173-+009 137 mun Problem 214 ‘The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. P+214 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members, Figure P-214 i: ‘lurninum Lean 500 mmé Solution 214 [2] LAE}. a 5e-2 [ (2000) ] FBD and movement diagram of bar AB 500(70000), B= shy Pu= gp OP) bs Pap Movement of D: Bo= ba + So so~ P2120) ap, 300(200000) So~ aby Pos 8D and movement a diagram of bar CD 6P..= 3? Py=4P By ratio and proportion: Sz _ 8p 36 Be $85 Seo sites Pot 5= stig (bP) P= 76 363.64 N= 764 kN Problem 215 A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached, as shown in Fig. P-215, to ‘two rads whose lower ends are on the same level. Determine the ratio of the areas of the rods so that the slab will remain level. Figure P-215 Alucsinur 1010" Laake 9 x 10 si Lace Gata Solution 215 6P.=2W Py~ LW [EM,- 0] 6Pa-4W Pox BW 4wlexi2) _ 3Wwx12) A, 29x10") -Ag(10x10°) Bg _ FW(4x12)(29«10°) an S612) 10x10") Aa/Aq— 3.867, Problem 216 [As shown in Fig. P-216, two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid supports, are 6000 Ib. If each rod has @ pinned together at B to carry a vertical load crosssectional area of 0,60 in? and E = 10 x 10° psi, compute the elongation of each rod and the horizontal and vertical displacements of point B. Assume « = 30° and 0 = 30°, Solution 216 Pie ofa 20 0-20" P= cob Pe Movement of & Pap cos 30° Pas Pac [EFr=0] Paz sin 30° + Frc sin 30° = 6000 Pap (0.5) + Paz (0.5) = 6000 Pap = 6000 Ib tension Pec Pac eos 30° 6000 Ib compression PL AE 60001012) 0.64010) _ 6000(612) D.6(10 x10") 0.12 in. lengthening Bre = 0.072 in. chostening DB =8.9= 0.12in BE ~ Ope 0.072 in. Ge = BB’ = displacement of B B’ = final position of B after elongation Triangle BDB’ 042, 3 012 cos cos ‘Triangle BEB’: cos (120° - 8) _ 0.072 cos (120°-B) n= or 02 0.072 cosB cos (120°-8) cos 120° cas B cos B 0.5 + sin 120° tan B-0.6 tan B= 1.1/sin 120%; = 51.79° in 120° sin B § = 90 ~ (30° + B) = 90° - (30° + 51.70") g-s21 oz cos SLIP de = 0.94in ‘Triangle BEB: VF = Gp sin 9 = 0.194 sin 8.21° 8,7 0.0277 in .0023 ft-> norzortl dsplacemert of 8 On= IF = 5p cos 6= 0.194 cos 8.21 192 in .016 ft > verucal displacement of 5 Problem 217 Solve Prob. 216 if rod AB is of steel, with E = 29 x 10° psi. Assume a = 45° and @ = 30°; all other data remain unchanged. Solution 217 By Sine Law 4 Pap 6000 fee] sin 60° sin 75° 8 ag = 5879.45 Ib (Tenscn) Ory as _ 5000 vin 5° ain 75 ooo Pac= 439230 Ib (Comeresson) poh AE 79.45(10.12 Bap = 2304800%12) _ 9.9371 in, enatrerna) (0.6(29« 10°) 1302.30(6% 0.5(10%10°) .0527 in. (shortening) DB = daz = 0.0371 in BE = yr = 0.0527 in 52 ~ BB’ ~ displacement of B BY ~ final position of B after deformation Triangle BDB’: 0.0371 cos B= Teinngle BEB cos (105° - p) 0.0527 os (105°—) cos 105° cos P~ sirt 105° sin cos 0.2588 + 0.9559 tan B= 1.4205 1.4205 + 0.2588 0.9699 7386 = 1.4205 tan tan B B= 504? 0.0371 os 60. 5p = 0.0744 in [45° + B) 90 = (45° + 60.1") - 90° pale ‘Triangle BEB’ Sn= FB! = Sp in § = 0.0744 sin 15.1° y= 0.0194 in i= 0.00162 ft > horizontal dnlacemert of & &= BE= 8g cos, G07 0.07189 in 5 0.00598 ft > vertca displacement of 8 0.0744 cos 15.1° Problem 218 A uniform slender rod of length L and cross sectional area A is rotating in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis through one end, If the unit mass of the rod is p, and it is rotating at a constant angular velocity of « rad/sec, show that the total elongation of the rod is pa®L'/3E. Solution 218 PL “AE from the frigure: apx AE Where: eruifual force of diferertial mass iMate = (9h dow 3E 8- owL?/SE okt Problem 219 Around bar of length L, which tapers uniformly from a diameter D at one end to a smaller diameter d at the other, is suspended vertically from the large end. If w is the weight per unit volume, fing the elongation of the rod caused by its own weight. Use this result to determine the elongation of a cone suspended from its base. Solution 219, rameter, D a Section along the ‘oxic of the bar diameter, For the ferential strip shown = 05 weight caied by the strp Weight of segment y Lewy A= ares ofthe ap For weight of segment y (Frstum of cone): P-wVy From section along the axis D-a Volume for frustum of cone v= doh (2+ +R) ni[} (+a? + dE t6+ HEH] Vyr deay [lat dy? + + (e+ A] = krwlato +++ addy shaw fe + 2ud+ P+ P+ ads Ely bmw he +3ud+34ly nos mol (O-d* 340-4) Be) OAD" 2 OWD 5g |y ao rath Area of the strip: Antara 4 y+d} 4w DE! (Dd? 2 2a(D-d) Ee (D-d)?y? +3La(D-d)y +3024? wl ®- Fl Doe aye YY VID = dy+ ET = gee 8 Ona? =31a1D-Aya314d | “y 3E| (D=d)°y"+2Ld(D-djy+d? let 3-0-4) baud = 2] ey? +3aby +30" V+ abys _w0 [ay +3@y)*0+ Seay? +0 ]- | y BaE | (y= “Te quantty (a) + {ay + 3ay)bt + bi the expansion of (ay +B) = w | (ay+t)-0* 2 Gy |. _wfayeo? 3aE| (ay +b)? (ays ay b)—B*(ay+by7] ay = flay +b)-D¥ay+b)7 Lay 2 flyby eet)! Suz, 2a ma yey? I 3a |? aso? | (aL +b)? + 2b* 307 (el =b)] g~

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