PREFACE

The Air Safety Procedures Manual has been prepared for use and guidance
of officers of Air Safety Directorate in the performance of their duties.
All matters pertaining to Air Safety Officer’s duties, responsibilities and
procedures have been covered to the extent possible. Officers are expected
to use good judgment while dealing with the matters where specific
guidance has not been given. While exercising their delegated powers,
officers should follow the S.O. Nos. 726 (E) and 727(E). Changes in
aviation technology, legislation and developments within the industry may
necessitate changes to requirements and the relevant procedures followed by
DGCA.

The manual will be updated from time to time commensurate with

changes in regulations and / or based on suggestions received.

(A. K. Sharan)
Joint Director General

25th Oct’2012

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Subject Page No.

Chapter-1
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.2 Updation of Manual 2
1.3 Requirement 2
Chapter-2
2.1 Training Administration 3
2.2 Training Programme 3
2.2.1 Phase I : Initial training 3
2.2.2 Phase 2 :On The Job Training 6
2.2.3 Phase 3: Basic course in incident/accident 6
investigation, SSP/SMS and regulatory audit
2.2.4 Phase 4: Advanced courses 6
2.3 Recurrent/ Refresher Training 6
2.4 Additional Training 7
Chapter-3
3.1 Detailed Syllabus for Initial Training Course- 8
B (ITCB)

3.2 Detailed Syllabus for initial Training Course- 28

C (ITCC)
3.3 Detailed Syllabus for Initial Training Course- 29
C (ITCE)
Chapter-4
4.1 On The Job Training 30
4.2 Detailed Syllabus for Basic Accident 30
Investigation Course
4.3 Advanced Course 37
Chapter-5
5.1 Recurrent Training 38
5.2 Specialty Courses 38
5.3 Type Training 39
5.4 Qualification Requirement of Instructor 40
5.5 Conduct of training 40

2
 RECORD OF REVISIONS
NO. Dated Subject Effected Signatures
Pages
1 25.10.2012 On The Job Training 6
2 25.10.2012 Phase 3: Basic course 6
in incident/accident
investigation,
SSP/SMS and
regulatory audit
3 25.10.2012 Phase 4: Advanced 6
courses
4 25.10.2012 Additional Training 7
5 25.10.2012 Air Regulations(Air 8
Law)
6 25.10.2012 Specialty Courses 39

3
 DISTRIBUTION LIST
Controlled Copy Distributed to
Number
1 Jt. Director General Air Safety
2 Director Air Safety (Hqrs.)
3 Director Training
4 Director Air Safety (Delhi Region)
5 Director Air Safety (Western Region.)
6 RCAS (Hyderabad)
7 RCAS (Chennai)
8 RCAS (Calcutta)

4
 TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE OFFICERS OF
AIR SAFETY DIRECTORATE

CHAPTER-1

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Air Safety Directorate of Director General of Civil Aviation

coordinates for Accident/Incident Prevention activities,
implementation of State Safety Programme and investigates
incidents/serious incidents. These functions are discharged in
coordination with the Regional Offices. Aircraft accident investigation
is a specialized task, which should only be undertaken by the qualified
investigators. For effective and meaningful discharge of these
functions, training of officers in procedures of accident investigation
and accident prevention is essential. Officers are inducted at various
levels depending upon their industry experience and basic
qualifications therefore training requirements may vary for different
officers. Aircraft accident investigators require different levels of
experience, knowledge and training for the particular role to which
they are assigned. The training imparted has to be in consonance with
their responsibilities as an accident investigator, investigator-in-
charge, group leader, accredited representative, adviser or
expert/specialist.

This Training Manual Lays down the training policy for the officers
of the Air Safety Directorate during the different phases of the
development of the accident investigator viz. Initial and Recurrent
training, On Job training, Training in accident investigation
techniques & procedures, specialized and type training in the field of
aircraft manufacture and maintenance. The purpose of this manual is
to ensure that the officers are in tune with the changes in technology,
techniques, procedures, rules, regulations etc., by laying down the
procedures and curricula for training in order to enhance the level of
knowledge, standardize the training programme for efficient and
effective use of manpower and resources.

5
1.2 UPDATION OF MANUAL

This manual will be updated on ongoing basis to include topics so that

knowledge of officers is continuously updated to keep abreast with the
latest development in the field of aviation and investigation. All
amendments to the Manual will be approved by Director Air Safety,
Hqrs. Each holder of the manual is responsible for insertion of
amendments and revisions in their copies.

6
 CHAPTER-2

2.1 TRAINING ADMINISTRATION

The training programme will be co-coordinated by Director of Air

Safety, Hqrs. and prepare an annual training plan detailing and
prioritizing the type of training to be provided during the period. All
records pertaining to training of officers shall be maintained by
Director of Air Safety, Hqrs. The head of offices of the Regional
Offices will monitor and ensure that their officers undergo the entire
training programme mentioned hereinafter and relieve the officers for
training courses whenever they are detailed for the training.

Regional offices may organize training on some topics at their end

using the resources available in their respective regions. Help from
various organizations such as oil companies, NDT firms,
manufacturers etc. may be sought for specialized training. Such
training courses must be coordinated with the Hqrs to enable
participation of officers from other field offices and Hqrs.

Course completion certificate shall be given to officers completing the

training courses successfully. Regional / Sub-regional offices shall
maintain a separate file for each individual officers containing details
of training undergone by the concerned officer. A copy of the
certificate may also be filed in the service book of the officer. Heads
of office should forward copies of such certificates and the training
details to Hqrs. immediately after completion of training course for
updating centralized training records.

2.2 TRAINING PROGRAMME

Training course has been divided into different phases as detailed
below:

2.2.1 Phase I: Initial training

Initial training is provided to newly recruited officers of Air

safety Directorate, at the level of ASO/SASO. The course is
spread over a period of two years. Phase-I has been divided in
to five sub phases to ensure effective absorption of the
knowledge and assessment at various stages.

7
2.2.1.1Initial Training Course—A (ITCA)

Officers will undergo this course immediately on joining, the

services with this Air Safety directorate.
This course will be of Two week duration and will include
 DGCA Organization Structure.
 Responsibilities and Functions of DGCA
 Responsibilities and functions of each Directorate
 Air Safety Procedure Manual
 Air Safety Circulars
 Aircraft Rules and Regulations
 CAR, AIP, AIC, Circular, Notices, Directives,
Policies, Orders
 Introduction to International Regulations
(ICAO/FAA/EASA etc)
 ICAO Annexe13
 Coordination Procedures with the regional offices and
other Directorates
 Human Factor Training
 Interaction with the Operators
 Brief functions of associated agencies in Civil
Aviation
 Record keeping, handling files etc.
 Administrative matters

2.2.1.2Initial Training Course-B (ITCB)

Following topics will be covered during this course. The course

content has been divided into modules and duration is
indicated. When this course is available at the time of
induction of officer, then ITCA may be clubbed with it. The
brief of the Course Contents is as follows:
 Air Regulations
 General Engineering
 Basic Airframe & Systems
 Basic Engines
 Electrical systems
 Instruments
 Radio Navigation and Communication
 Computer application

8
  Dangerous goods
 Airport Fire Fighting facilities
 Aviation fuel quality control

Detail of the Modules is presented in Chapter-3.

2.2.1.3 Initial Training Course-C (ITCC)

During this course officers undergo practical training in the

Aviation Industry. This module is of eight weeks duration.
Officer will undergo this training module only after successful
completion of ITCB. At the end of this course officer is
required to make a presentation of his experience and
knowledge to a committee consisting of JDG (Air Safety),
Director Air Safety (Hqrs) and Director Air safety (Delhi
region)/ Director Air Safety (WR). For officers joining at
SASO/ADAS or higher levels with sufficient industry
experience, this course in whole or in part may be waived at the
discretion of DAS (Hqrs.) The details of this course is presented
in Chapter-3

2.2.1.4 Initial Training Course-D (ITCD)

During this course officer is attached to the CVR and DFDR lab
in the DGCA for a period of one week. The course content of
this Module is:
System and Procedures for the CVR and DFDR decoding.
Details of the Software & hardware available and their use.
Practical training in the decoding of CVR and DFDR.

2.2.1.5 Initial Training Course-E (ITCE)

This is introductory level course in the field of accident/incident

investigation and Notification. This course may also be
attended by the officers in sister Directorates with field offices
and aviation personnel who may be appointed as advisers or
expert/specialist. The course has been divided in three modules.

 Administrative Arrangements

9
  Initial response Procedure
 Investigation Procedures.

Details of Module is presented in Chapter-3

2.2.2 Phase 2: ON THE JOB TRAINING

After the Phase-I of the initial training is completed officer is

provided on job training in the field of Accident Investigation and
Accident Prevention. Chapter-4 deals in details on the subject.
Officers should successfully undergo three OJTs before the
completion of this phase. OJT will be conducted by the Investigation-
In-charge with at least 10 years of accident investigation experience
and who have been accident-in-charge in at least five accidents. At the
end of each OJT, appraisal report of the officer under training shall be
made by the Officer conducting OJT to the DAS (Hqrs.)

2.2.3 Phase 3: BASIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION COURSE

After Phase-1 and Phase-2 of the training is completed, officer

undergoes this course.

2.2.4 Phase 4: ADVANCED ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION COURSE

After five years of experience, officers are required to undergo

advanced courses on incident/accident investigation, SSP/SMS and
regulatory audit. The advanced training course provides the
opportunity to update the knowledge of the basic techniques and
increase knowledge in special areas relevant to area of work.

2.3 RECURRENT/ REFRESHER TRAINING

All Officers shall undergo a periodic recurrent training at Delhi or any

other regional office at least once in a year. The head of office shall
also complement the periodical recurrent training by way of
meetings/Seminars/In-house lectures/work- shops every month to
disseminate the necessary information to all Air safety officers to
update their skills and knowledge. Details and course content of
recurrent/refresher training is presented in Chapter-5

10
2.4 ADDITIONAL TRAINING

An Investigator is required to investigate accidents involving a variety

of types of aircraft. It is not practical to train investigator on each type
of aircraft. Nevertheless, investigators should have a basic knowledge
of most of major air transport aircraft types. After successful
completion of the Phase-2 i.e. “OJT”, officers should undergo Type
Training course. Further, for investigation of accident understanding
and familiarity with the aircraft controls is desired. Therefore,
investigator will undergo aircraft simulator training and actual flying
training of minimum ten hours.

It shall be the endeavor of each Head of Field office that officers have
been trained on all types of aircraft operating in his region. Whenever
a new type of aircraft is inducted into operations in his region, he shall
ensure that the officers entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing
regulatory control have been trained on the type of aircraft. Details
about Additional Trainings and Other specialized trainings is given in
Chapter-5

11
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR INTITIAL TRAINING COURSE- B

(ITCB)

MODULE 1

AIR REGULATIONS (AIR LAW) – ONE WEEK

Aircraft Act, and the Aircraft Rules, 1937 and Aircraft rules 2012. Civil
Aviation Requirements, Aeronautical Information Circular,
Airworthiness Advisory circulars and AME Notices issued by DGCA.
ICAO Annexes, ICAO Documents, FARs, JARs BCARs, FAA ACs,
TSOs, NOTAMs, AIP, AICs.
Privileges and responsibilities of the various categories of AME License
and approved persons
Mandatory documents like Certificate of Registration, Certificate of
Airworthiness, Flight Manual, and Export Certificate of Airworthiness.
Various documents/certificates issued to establish airworthiness of
Aircraft parts.
Various logbooks required to be maintained for Aircraft, Method of
maintaining the logbook. Procedure for making entries in logbooks;
Journey logbook, Technical logbook etc.
Use of schedules, its certification, preservation. Stores: bonded and
Quarantine stores, storage of various aeronautical products including
rubber goods, various fluids.
Various terms such as Certificate of Flight Release, Certificate of
Maintenance, Approved Certificates.
Conditions under which Aircraft is required to be test flown; Certificate
to be issued by AME for test flight. Circumstances under which C of A
is suspended.
Ferry Flight, MEL, CDL.
Minimum equipments, instruments required for various types of
operation.
Modification, concessions, Airworthiness Directive, Service Bulletins.
Approval of Organizations in various categories, Documents required to
be carried on board. Issue of Type Approval. Registration markings.

12
MODULE 2

AIRCRAFT GENERAL ENGG. AND MAINTENANCE

PRACTICES – 1 Week

Procedure of jacking, leveling and mooring of aircraft.

Maintenance and handling of equipment used in the maintenance of
aircraft.
Safety and fire precautions to be observed during maintenance,
refueling and defueling of aircraft.
Colour coding, symbols or other markings to identify fluid systems
pipelines, rubber parts and other aircraft systems of aircraft.
Various Aircraft manuals, ATA system of classification, inspection
schedules time limit.

Workshop Practices

Material, parts and use of hand tools, simple machine tools and
precision measuring instruments.
Identification, terminology, correct use and inspection of aircraft
bolts, nuts, rivets, screws and locking devices of British and American
systems.
The interpretation of engineering drawings including symbols.
Various types of gears and bearings, their use and common defects.
Various forms and threads used in British and American systems.
Various types of threads, drills, tapes, reamers.
Hardness testing machines and various types of hardness numbers.
Various types of Aircraft cables and swaging procedures used.

Aircraft Metallurgy

Commonly used ferrous, nonferrous and composite materials, their

identification, properties, heat treatment processes, testing and their
application in aircraft industry.
Various types of corrosion, its cause and protection.
The hot oil and chalk, dye-penetrant and fluorescent and magnetic
particle techniques and the subsequent inspection of the parts.
The X-ray, Ultrasonic and eddy current inspections.
Arc welding gas welding, brazing and soldering.

13
 Avionics subjects Electrical, Instrument and Radio

Electrical terminology and components used in AC/DC circuitry,

Ohm’s law, Kirchoff’s law and their application, Principle of
Electromagnetic Induction and their application. Various methods of
voltage regulation. Principle of operation of electrical test equipment.
Batteries and their maintenance.
Principle of operation of aircraft and engine instruments.
Various types of diodes/triodes/transistors and their function.
Conversion from decimal to binary system and vice-versa. Symbols
used in logic gates.
Elementary computers, their applications.
Identify the bands of frequency spectrum their use and propagation
characteristics.]

Aircraft and Engine

The functions of the major aircraft components and types of

propulsion systems used in aircraft industry.
The terms lift, drag, angle of attack, stall.
Principle of four-stroke cycle and Brayton’s cycle as applied to piston
engines and jet engines.

MODULE – 3 (1 week)

Airframe

Effect of various alloying elements used in steel, properties and their

use.
Heat treatment of steel and aluminum
Surface hardening processes used on aircraft metals.
Welding techniques such as gas welding, arc welding, electric
welding etc.
Identification and physical characteristics of commonly used
composite materials, plastic sealants and rubbers and their inspection
and repair.
Metal/fabric materials used in aircraft structure; the types of defects
associated with them; inspection for deterioration, and methods of
rectification and reprotection; procedures for testing the soundness of
these materials. Doping process.

14
Various methods used for removal of corrosion from common aircraft
metals and methods employed to prevent corrosion.
Types of wood and glue and their characteristics, general defects,
tests, inspection and repair.
Cables, chains and sprockets.
Use of hardness testing machines, various types of hardness no. and
surfaces finishes.

Aerodynamics

The characteristics of the subsonic airflow and the various terms used
therein.
The characteristics of the aerofoils.
Forces acting on the Aircraft during all phases of flight, Aircraft
Stability and Control.
The effect of altitude, weight, changes of engine power on
performance of the aircraft.
The characteristics of the subsonic, transonic airflow and the various
terms used therein.
Characteristics of the aerofoil used for subsonic and transonic flights.
Forces acting on the Aircraft during all phases of flight.

Aircraft stability and Control.

The effect of altitude, weight, changes of engine power on

performance of the aircraft.
Various types of high lift and drag devices, their operation, vortex
generators, boundary layer fences etc.
Sweepback wing: High incidence tail plane; aerodynamic loading;
superstall; load factors; aquaplaning; fly by wire concept.

Aircraft Structures

General understanding of the various types of structures used in

Aircraft construction, Station Nos.
Such terms as damage tolerance, aging ‘aircraft, SSID.
Fail-safe and safe-life concept.
Various types of methods used on tubular structure, semi-monocoque
fuselage, method of attachment of wing to the fuselage; permanent
and semi-permanent joints, their inspection and repair.

15
Aircraft Systems

Function, maintenance and inspection of the following:

Structure and structural components constructed from metal, glass

fiber, glass reinforced plastic, vinyl, Perspex.
Furnishing materials, points, surface finishes and associated materials.
Elementary flying controls; hydraulics; pneumatics; landing gear;
brakes; nose wheel steering; ice and rain protection; fire detection and
protection, warning and extinguishing; oxygen; air-conditioning and
pressurization systems; wheels; tyres; brakes; antiskid. Function,
maintenance and inspection of the following:
Structure and structural components constructed from metal, glass
fiber, glass reinforced plastic, vinyl, Perspex.
Furnishing materials, paints, surface finishes and associated materials.
Elementary flight controls including power operated / assisted fight
controls; hydraulics; pneumatics, landing gear; brakes; nose wheel
steering; wheels; tyres; antiskid; ice and rain protection; fire detection
and protection, warning and extinguishing; oxygen; air-conditioning
and pressurization systems; life saving equipment including inflatable
slides, dinghies and rafts.
Windows, doors and emergency exists.

Aircraft Instruments and Equipments

The procedures of replacement and insitu operational tests of all

instruments (except the engine related instruments) and equipments
(except where the use of special test instrument / equipment is
required.
Construction of various types of Direct Reading Compass, various
related terms used in electricity / magnetism, and compass swing
precautions and procedures.

Inspection of Aircraft.

Minor defects their reporting, investigation and methods of

rectification and repair of minor defects, rigging of aircraft, periodical
inspection necessary to check the serviceability of the Aircraft,
preparation of a brief report with the help of sketches if necessary in

16
case of damage to the Aircraft. Symmetry check, balancing of control
surfaces; duplicate inspection.
Various inspections such as heavy landing, lightening strike,
overweight landing, abnormal flight loads etc.; Familiarity of the
structural manuals, various types of repairs given by the manufacturer
therein; incorporation of alternate/equivalent materials; raising up of
modifications, repair schemes to the aircraft during overhaul.
Terms related to aircraft weighing, preparation / precautions for
weighting, preparation of weight schedule, calculation of center of
gravity.
Minor defects and various methods of rectification and repair of minor
defects, rigging of aircraft, periodical inspection necessary to check
the serviceability of the Aircraft, inspection of the Aircraft after heavy
landing, lightening strike and abnormal flight loads, preparation of a
brief report with the help of sketches if necessary in case of damage to
the Aircraft of terms related to aircraft weighting,
preparation/precaution and method of weighting the aircraft.
Duplicate inspection of control systems.

Airframe (helicopters)

The various terms used in helicopter construction and the functioning

of each component part of the Helicopter.
Aerodynamics and theory of flight of the helicopter and theory of
flight controls.
Preparation of a brief report, illustrated by sketches if necessary
describing the replacements required in the event of damage, defect or
wear.
The inspection and checks for alignment after assembly of the
helicopter structural components.
The correction of faults experienced in flight with particular reference
to rigging and control settings and the inspection during and after the
adjustment of flying controls.
General maintenance (including equipment) and minor repairs.
The assembly of helicopter structure, with reference to the assembly
and functioning of the rotors including transmission.
Function, maintenance and inspection of helicopter structure and
structural components, doors and windows; flying control systems and
servo units; transmission systems including main rotor head and
balancing and tracking of main and tail rotor blades; gear boxes;

17
 freewheel units; main rotor brakes, shafts and couplings, electric,
hydraulic, pneumatic and fuel systems; landing gear (including shock
struts and retracting devices) wheels, tyres, brakes, ice and rain
protection systems; fire warning and extinguishing systems etc.

Inspection and checks required after heavy landings, lightening strikes

and abnormal flight loads.
Periodic inspections necessary to check the serviceability of life
saving and safety equipment.
Principles of operation, function, testing and calibration to determine
serviceability of pressure, gyroscopic, simple a.c. and D.C. operated
instruments, pitot systems and automatic pilots.
Precautions taken during airframe maintenance, jacking, towing,
braking, ground deicing, supplying ground power refueling and de-
fuelling etc.
Procedure and precautions necessary to avoid deterioration of
airframe and associated equipment when the helicopter is out of use
for extended periods.

Module 4

ENGINES – 1 WEEK

Piston Engines (Un supercharged and supercharged)

Piston Engine Theory and construction

Thermodynamic laws related to internal combustion engines. Heat
engines
The Otto cycle and the relationship between volume, temperature and
pressure.
Terms used in the theory of piston engines and calculations of
parameters from the given data.
Various efficiencies involved in internal combustion engines.
Differences between two stroke and four stroke engines.
The function, construction, classification and material of the various
parts and accessories of the engine including the induction, exhaust,
cooling systems and engine mounting.
A general understanding of the propeller terms.

18
Purpose and functioning of all parts of a constant speed, variable pitch
and feathering propeller and their associated control system
components.
Various factors affecting the engine performance.
Engine fire detection and protection systems.
Engine Fuel and oil System
The principle of operation and constructional features of carburetors.
The constructional features and function of components of engine fuel
system.
Types, characteristics of aviation fuel, common sources of
contamination and methods to prevent such contamination. Method
of checking for contamination.
Types, characteristics of lubricants used in piston engine oil system.
Contamination of oil and its identification.
Various components of oil system.
Ignition and starting System.
Principle of operation, constructional features and function of
magnetos and ignition system components, Magneto timing
procedure.
Principle of operation, constructional features and function of various
types of engine starters.

Engine Instruments

Principle of operation of the engine instruments, the replacement and

in-situ operational tests thereof.
Supercharged System
Principle of operation, constructional features and function of various
types of supercharged and its related components/parts.
Engine Maintenance

Trouble shooting of minor defects and methods of their rectification;

rigging of engine controls; periodical inspections necessary to check
the serviceability of the engine; inspection after propeller strike.
Engine starting; ground run-up; adjustment and checking of the
performance of the engine and its components including systems; Top
overhaul procedure and engine on-condition maintenance.
NDT techniques as applicable to engine parts.
Engine preservation and de-preservation procedures.

19
Turbine Engines and Variable Pitch Propellers

 Gas Turbine Engine Theory and construction

 Thermodynamics laws related to gas turbine engines.
 Otto Cycle and Brayton’s Cycle and the relationship between
volume, temperature and pressure.
 Terms used in the theory of gas turbine engines and calculations of
parameters from the given data.
 Advantages and disadvantages of various types of gas turbine
engines.
 Function, construction, classification and material of the various
parts and accessories of the engine including the induction,
exhaust, cooling systems, thrust augmentation and engine
mounting, anti-icing of engine.
 Various factors affecting the engine performance.
 Condition monitoring and performance monitoring of gas turbine
engines.
 The engine fire detection and protection systems.
 Engine Fuel and Oil system
 Principle of operation and constructional features of fuel control
units.
 Constructional features, function of the components of engine fuel
control system/metering system.
 Types,. Characteristics of aviation fuel, common sources of
contamination and methods to prevent such contamination.
Method to check contamination with precautions.
 Types characteristics of lubricants used in gas turbine engine
lubrication system. Identification of contaminants with
interference drawn.
 Function of various components of lubrication system.
 Ignition and starting system
 Principle of operation, constructional features and function of
ignition system components. Types of ignition; flame propagation.
 Constructional features and function of various types of engine
starters.
 Engine Instruments
 Principle of operation of the engine instruments, and replacement
and in-situ operational tests thereof.
 Power Augmentation System

20
  Principle of operation and function of various types of power
augmentation devices.

Propeller

 A general understanding of the propeller terms.

 Function of all parts of a constant speed, variable pitch and feathering
propeller and their associated control system components.

Thrust Reversers

Constructional features and function of various types of thrust

reversers and their related components.

Auxiliary power unit.

Purpose, constructional features of compressors, combustion

chambers and turbine arrangement; speed and load control; limiting
factors; fire protection and indication; its operational features.

Bleed Control System

Terms related to bleeding of air from the engine; compressor surge;

compressor line; compressor stall; Bleed loads and condition under
which bleed is tapped.

Air Oil system

The air oil system used on a typical gas turbine engine.

Engine Maintenance

 Trouble shooting of minor defects and methods of their

rectification; rigging of engine controls and field adjustments of
fuel control unit; periodical inspections necessary to check the
serviceability of the engine; special inspection schedules; duplicate
inspection of engine controls.
 Engine starting; ground run-up; trimming; and checking of the
performance of the engine and its components including systems.
 Engine preservation and de-preservation procedures.

21
General Requirements

 The layout of the overhaul workshop including Engine test-bed.

 Use of workshop inspection aids, including NDT equipments;
factors and limitations effecting the choice of equipment and
methods of inspection used.
 Care, use and checking for accuracy of special tools used in
overhaul of the engine.

Metallurgy

 Effect of various alloying elements in steel; Properties and use of

Alloyed Steel.
 Heat treatment of steel and Aluminum.
 Surface hardening processes used on engine parts.
 Workshop processes, welding and protective treatments.
 Materials used in engine construction; Procedures for testing the
soundness of these materials.
 Methods of assessment and removal of corrosion including
treatment and re-protection.

Inspection and Repair

Preparation of inspection reports prior to repair/overhaul.

Preparing the engine for complete overhaul/inspection; procedure of
dismantling the engine.
Repair, reconditioning, adjustment and assembly of major
components; inspection before during and after the repair /
reconditioning of the components.
Repair, inspection and testing of oil heat exchanger units, fuel and oil
systems and engine control systems.
Procedure for final inspection of the engine after overhaul / major
repair.
Various methods of engine testing (dynamometer etc.); the procedure
of testing the engine after complete overhaul and monitoring its
performance with the help of graphs / curves.

22
MODULE 5

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Electrical Theory

 Ohms law, Kirchoff’s laws and Electromagnetic Induction; their

applicability in the aircraft industry.
 Alternating Current and Calculation of Instantaneous value, RMS
value, frequency and amplitude from the given data; star and delta
connections and calculation of power in three phase system.
 Series and parallel resonance of AC circuits and their use;
calculation of resonant frequency of a circuit from a given
information; effect of change in the frequency on the impedance,
current and phase angle.
 Composition, performance (stability and tolerance) and limitations
of the fixed resistors (carbon composition, carbon film, wire
wound and metallic film) and description of various types of
variable resistors (wiere wound, carbon film, thermistors and
voltage dependent resistors and varistors).
 The resistor colour codes, value and tolerance, and the system of
preferred values and wattage ratings.
 The construction, principles of operation, application and colour
coding of various types of capacitors.
 Circuit Controlling and Current Protection Devices.
 Aircraft Batteries
 Construction and principle of operation of lead acid and Nickel
Cadmium batteries, composition of electrolytes and plates.
 Effect of temperature of capacity, specific gravity, electrolyte
receptivity, charger and discharger rates; effect of specific gravity
on freezing temperature and resistivity of electrolytes.
 Methods of charging of batteries; precautions and procedures and
during charging mixing and neutralization of electrolytes;
importance of ventilation of battery compartments.
 Inspection to determine conditions and serviceability of batteries;
common battery defects and their rectification.

23
 Generators and Motors

 Construction, principle of operation and characteristics of DC and

AC Generators and Motors.
 Construction, principles of operation of voltage regulators and
paralleling of generators.
 Functional tests, adjustments and trouble shooting of generators
and motors.
 Speed control and reversing the direction of motors.
 Servomechanisms and amplifiers
 Construction and principles of autotransformers, single and three
phase transformers
 Construction and principles of operation of saturable reactors and
magnetic amplifiers; bias; phase sensitive half wave and inputs and
outputs, polarity sensitive inputs and outputs, push pull outputs and
effects of stage gains and cascading on time response.
 Construction, principle and operation of servo-motors and rate
generators; system response to displacement (position) and rate
(velocity) command signals; purpose of pull-up and rate feedback
signals; causes of hunting and methods of damping;
troubleshooting of servomechanism.
 Test Equipment: Construction, principle of operation, use and
precautions to be observed for aircraft test equipments.
 Bonding and Screening: Purpose of bonding and shielding and
difference between the two, precaution, methods employed;
minimum acceptable standards for insulation and bonding; and
testing.
 Aircraft wiring system; procedure of laying of electrical cables and
precautions to be taken thereof.

Electronics: Basic principles of thermionic, properties of semiconductor

materials.

 Symbols, operation and anode characteristics of vacuum and gas-

filled tubes; their construction and application.
 Construction symbols, doping process, operation, application and
characteristics of PNP and NPN transistors; comparison with
vacuum tubes.
 Use and theory of oscillators and multivibrators.

24
  Symbols, truth tables and equivalent circuits for logic gates.
 Terms, operation and application of flip-flop logic.
 The terms used, basic operation, interfacing of the major
components of a Computer.
 Operation, use and types of Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
Devices.
 Types and operation of displays (LED, Liquid crystal etc.)
 CRTs and its application; functions performed and overall
operation of a microprocessor.
 Handling of microelectronic circuit devices (Electrostatic Sensitive
Devices (ESD).
 Aircraft system
 Principle of operation, inspection and trouble shooting of aircraft
gallery equipment, aircraft lights, and electrical components and
indicating circuits for Landing Gear, Flap System and Air-
conditioning system etc.
 Operation and inspection of Aircraft Fire and Smoke Detection and
Protection system.

Power Distribution

Electrical power distribution systems, the operation and construction of

static inverters, rotary inverters and transformer rectifier units.

25
MODULE 6 (1 Week)

AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS.

Terminology and Conversion

General Instrument terminology; conversions of measuring units from

one system to another.

General Concepts
Atmosphere, fundamentals of electricity.
Principle of operation and characteristics of DC and AC Generators
and Motors; and speed control and reversing the direction of motors.
Principle of operation of transformers and amplifiers.
Construction, principle of operation of servomotors and rate
generators and system response to displacement (position) and rate
(velocity) command signals; purpose of pull-up and feedback signals;
causes of hunting and methods of damping; troubleshooting of servo-
mechanisms.
Basic principle of thermionic and properties of semi-conductor
materials.
Symbols, truth tables and equivalent circuits for logic gates.
The terms used, basic operation and interfacing of major components
of computer.
Types and operation of displays (LED, Liquid Crystal etc.)
CRTs and its application.
Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor.
Handling of microelectronic circuit devices (Electrostatic Sensitive
Devices (ESD)
General understanding of the terms relating to Theory of Flight:
Longitudinal Axis, Lateral Axis and Vertical Axes Yawing, Rolling,
Pitching, Azimuth Heading, Course, Side-slip, skidding, Coordinated
turn, Stability, angle of attack, chord, stall, lift, drag, thrust. General
purpose and action of primary control surfaces, trim tabs and wing
flaps.
Principle of operation, construction and characteristics of pressure
sensitive and temperature sensitive elements.
Principle of operation, constructional features and characteristics of
Gyroscopes.
Aircraft Instruments and systems.

26
Principle of operation and construction; of procedures of replacement,
field maintenance, functional testing and trouble shooting of:
Altimeters, Airspeed Indicators, Vertical Speed Indicators, pitot
heads, pitot static lines, static selectors and moisture traps;
Air Driven Gyros, Artificial Horizons and Turn and Bank Indicators;
Venturi tubes, vacuum pumps, relief valves, regulators, check valves
and filters;
Turn and Bank indicators operated by direct gauges;
Capillary tubes type pressure and temperature gauges;
Position Indicators operated by Direct Current;
Fluid Quantity Indicators operated by direct current and Capacitors;
Wheat stone bridge; ratio meter and thermocouple type temperature
Indicators;
Three Phase engine rpm indicators and synchroscopes;
Centrifugal governor type and magnetic drag-cup type engine rpm
indicators;
Direct reading and remote reading compasses;
AC operated gyro instruments;
AC synchro instruments.

Autopilot System

Function and operation of components in a typical Autopilot system;

responses of the system in flight and during functional checks on
ground.

Oxygen system

Function, layout and features of components of typical oxygen

system; and of the replacement procedures and safety precautions to
be observed.

Inertial Navigation System.

Principle of operation and function of the components of Inertial

Navigation system.

Satellite Communication
Elementary principle of satellite Communication and its application to
aircraft.

27
MODULE 7

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS – RADIO BASICS (Maintenance)

Application and identification of electrical cables used in Aircraft

radio installation crimping and soldering techniques, bonding
continuity and insulation test.
Alternating Current and calculation of Instantaneous value, RMS
value, frequency and amplitude from the given data; star and delta
connections and calculation of power in three-phase system.
Series and parallel resonance of AC circuits and their use; calculation
of resonant frequency of a circuit from a given information; effect of
change in the frequency on the impedance, current and phase angle.
Composition, performance (stability and tolerance) and limitations of
the fixed resistors (carbon composition, carbon film, wire wound and
metallic film) and description of various types of variable resistors
(wire wound, carbon film, thermistors and voltage dependent resistors
and varistors).
Construction and functioning of small AC and DC motors and
generators.
Series and parallel circuits, filters, impedance matching circuits,
resonance, series and parallel resonant circuits, Q factor, Bandwidth.
AC and DC measuring instruments
Thermionics emission; constructional features, application, limitations
and functioning of thermionic valves.
Materials, application and properties of semi-conductors.
Construction symbols, doping process, operation, application and
characteristics of PNP and NPN transistors; comparison with vacuum
tubes.
Construction, symbols, operation and anode characteristics of vacuum
and gas-filled tubes; their construction and application.
Construction and principles of autotransformers, single and three
phase transformers
Construction and principles of operation of saturable reactors and
magnetic amplifiers; bias; phase sensitive half wave and inputs and
outputs, polarity sensitive inputs and outputs, push-pull outputs and
effects of stage gains and cascading on time response.
Use and theory of oscillators and multivibrators.
Symbols, truth tables and equivalent circuits for logic gates.
Terms, operation and application of Flip Flop logic.

28
Terms used, basic operation, interfacing of the major components of a
computer.
Operation, use and types of medium Scale Integration (MSI) Devices.
Types and operation of displays (LED, Liquid Crystal etc.)
CRTs and its application in aviation.
Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor.

Handling of microelectronic circuit devices (Electrostatic Sensitive

Devices (ESD)
Electrical power distribution systems, the operation and construction
of static inverters, rotary inverters and transformer rectifier units.
Modulation and demodulation, amplitude, frequency and phase
modulation, AM and FM receivers, transmitter, superhetrodynce
principle; balanced modulator.
Radio frequency transmission lines, coaxial cables, current and
voltage distribution, impedance of lines, standing waves, standing
wave ratio, matching, tuning stubs, wave guides, attenuation in wave-
guides, resonant cavities.
Interference caused by electrical and ignition system to radio
apparatus, methods of minimizing or suppressing such interference,
bonding and screening.
Identification, use, propagation characteristics and identification of
the band spectrum.
Terms connected with, construction and identification for various
types of antennas; the voltage and current distribution along antenna
of various length; characteristics of ground planes.
Very high frequency (VHF) and high frequency (HF) airborne
communications; frequency bands allocation; the methods of
propagation and the ranges expected, both day and night; calculation
of approximate ranges of communication (line of sight) with given
data.
Performance levels expected and specifications of typical airborne HF
and VHF communication systems; the principle of operation,
installation practices and procedures, functioning of the operating
controls and indications and maintenance of typical HF and VHF
communication transceivers.
Theory of operation, performance level and specifications of an Audio
Integration System.
Working principles and testing of Lead Acid and Nickel Cadmium
batteries.

29
Method, purpose, chemical combination, flux used, tinning for Soldering.
Bonding and Screening.
Terms used, principle, operation, characteristics, installation and
maintenance

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) Systems.

Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni Directional range System
Instrument Landing systems
Weather Radar systems.
Microwave Devices.
Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder system.
Very Low Frequency (VLF) Navigation Systems (WH).
Omega Navigation system.
Radio altimeter systems
Cockpit Voice Recorder
Distance Measuring Equipment
Doppler Navigation system.
Microwave Landing System
Ground Proximity Working System.
Emergency Locator Transmitters
Principle of Satellite communication and its application to aircraft.
Installation and Compensation of Direct Reading Compass.

General Principles of magnetism, magnetic materials and permanent

magnets, polarity and strength of bar magnets, the earth as a magnet; the
magnetic meridian and its relationship to the geographic meridian.

General principles of construction for typical Aircraft direct reading

compasses, including the magnet system, damping liquid, verge ring and
markings, lubber line, grid wires, shock absorbing suspension and corrector
box the inspection necessary for the detection of common defects that may
arise in use.

Procedure and points to be observed during installation of the compass in

aircraft.

Precautions to be observed in the choice of site for, and the preparation of a

“Swinging base” checking the base by means of a landing compass.

30
Compensation of compasses in the aircraft, including the observation of
deviations, the calculations and adjustments necessary for corrections for co-
efficient A, B and C, the procedure to be followed after then corrections are
made and the preparation of deviation cards and graphs.

Use of landing compass for checking the compasses in Aircraft.

Installation and Compensation of Remote Reading Compass.

General principles of construction of remote-reading aircraft compasses, the

principles of operation and functioning of the particular type for which the
application is made and the inspection of the components parts necessary,
prior to installation in the aircraft.

Installation and the correct positioning of the remote reading compass in the
aircraft, including the component and accessories; points to be observed and
the procedure adopted before adjustments are made. The methods and
procedure adopted for the compensation of the remote-reading compass in
the aircraft, the adjustments to be made to the master compass, the master
indicator, the repcater units in order to ensure correct function.

Module 8
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
The aim of the course is to enable the officers to be self reliant in the
usage of computers. The course will be conducted in association with the
NIC. The course shall be conducted by the respective regional offices for
their officers. At least the following topics will be covered.
Computer fundamental, hardware and software concepts.
Terminologies used in computers related application
DOS and Windows environments.
Office 2000 or equivalent word processing package, graphs, data base
management system.
Usage of Internet.

Module 9
DANGEROUS GOODS

Module 10
AIRPORT FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES

31
 Module 11
AVIATION FUEL QUALITY CONTROL

3.2 DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR INITIAL TRAINING COURSE-C

(ITCC)

During this course officer receive practical training and experience of

working in the aviation industry. Officer will be imparted knowledge about
Setup, Functions, System & Working Procedures.

The course Content and duration is as below

3.2.1Air Craft Maintenance Organization- 6 weeks

 Quality Control
 Technical Services
 Stores
 Line Maintenance
 Major Maintenance
 Power plant Division
 Shops

3.2.2 Operations- 1weeks

 Flight dispatch
 Rostering
 Operation Office
 Flight Safety
 Ground Services (Preparation of load and trim Sheet, Ramp
Supervision)

3.2.3 Airport Services-1 week

 Apron Control
 Fire and Rescue Services
 ATS Units
 Communication Division

32
3.3 DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR INITIAL TRAINING COURSE-E
(ITCE)

 ADMINSTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
o Liaison Arrangements with local and national authorities
o Aircraft accident investigation manuals and procedures
o Definition and accident Classification
o Equipment and tools
o Transport arrangements
o Ethics and conduct
o Expenditure Control

 INITIAL RESPONSE PROCEDURES

o On-Call Procedures
o Notification of other national authorities and
organizations
o Securing of records, recordings and samples
o Site jurisdiction and security
o Investigator safety
o Recovery of human remains
o Requests for Autopsies
o Family Assistance

 INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
o Authority and responsibility
o Size and Scope of investigation
o Investigation management
o Use of specialists
o Parties to the investigation, accredited representatives,
advisers and observers; and release of information to the
news media

33
 CHAPTER-4

4.1 ON THE JOB TRAINING

4.1.1 Accident Investigation

During the on-the-job training, the new investigator will practice the
procedures and tasks covered in the initial training, and he will gain
familiarity with investigation techniques. This training will also familiarize
him with the investigation tasks at the accident site, the collection of the
information, the analysis of the information and the development of the final
report.

4.1.2 Accident Prevention

During the on-the-job training, the officer will gain knowledge about
conduct and procedures of Ramp inspection and Surveillance Inspection of
the Operations Activities, Maintenance organization and Airport Services.

4.2 DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR BASIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

COURSE

Module-1- One Week

Introduction
History of aircraft accident investigation
Development of the international agreements on the conduct of
investigations and the standards and recommended practices adopted by
ICAO Contracting States in the field of aircraft accident investigation.
A review of ICAO Annex 13 -Aircraft Accident and Incident
Investigation to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; ICAO
Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation (Doc 6920) and Manual of
Aircraft Accident an Incident Investigation (Doc 9756)
General guidance on the investigation of accidents in which unlawful
interference, has occurred and those which involve both civil and military
aircraft or facilities.

Accident Notification Procedures

Accident notification systems and the appropriate responses expected
from each State and organization that is notified.
Way in which the notification of the occurrence of at accident initiates
the process of an investigation.

34
Provision of support for the accident investigation authority in the State
of Occurrence from the State of Registry, the State of the Operator, the
State of Design, the State of Manufacture and any other States that are
involved by virtue of the number of their nationals involved in the
accident, or by virtue of their proximity to an accident site and providing
a permanent base for the investigation.
Requirements of Annex 13 in relation to this phase of an investigation.

Investigation Management.
 Investigator's role, the skills he will need to acquire and the accident
investigation process.
 Value of assessing the availability of resources, such as funding,
personnel, equipment and buildings, as well as planning for a major
accident beforehand.
 An appreciation of the realities of the limits imposed by the resources
available and making the optimum use of those resources.
 Guidelines for determining the appropriate size and scope of an
investigation,
 The differences between the management of large and small
investigations
 Type of circumstances in which assistance from specialists will be
beneficial to the success of the investigation.
 The value of memoranda of understanding with departments and
organizations that might be involved in an investigation
 Progress meetings.

Investigators' Equipment.
 The equipment to be used during investigations and factors
determining the use of particular equipment.
 Use of aids such as global positioning systems, satellite telephones,
data links back to base and the basic items such as compasses and
inclinometers.
 Means of recording in extreme wet or cold conditions
 Instruction on the proper method of taking samples of aircraft fluids
and the appropriate containers

35
 Accident Site Safety.
 Safety of personnel at an aircraft accident
 The need to take appropriate measures for protection on the site
against exposure to the elements, any hazardous cargo or
dangerous materials released from the aircraft, injury or infection
 Medical risks and hazards from the aircraft wreckage and needs of
inoculations against such risks as hepatitis, malaria and tetanus
 Demonstration of Protective equipment against airborne and blood
borne pathogens
 Utilities such as gas mains, electricity transmission lines and main
transport routes.
 A plan for aid and rescue in the event of an accident involving
personnel at the site

MODULE-2-One Week
Protection of Evidence.
Measures to protect the wreckage from fires, meteorological hazards and
souveniring. Recording of transient evidence,
Secure of light objects and recording ground scars and other site
markings that may become obliterated
Determining from the rescue personnel the nature of damage and
movement which they may have caused

Initial Action at the Accident Site.

Considerations to be taken into account at the accident site.
Methods of apportioning time effectively, prioritizing the information to
be gathered, plotting of the position of surface marks, identifying and
plotting the position of items of wreckage
The preparation for removal of any exhibits to a secure site.

Information Gathering Techniques.

Methods of gathering and reviewing relevant documentation and
procedures,
Interview techniques used for different types of witnesses
The transcription of air traffic services and other recordings, the review
of aerodrome facilities, emergency services responses
Meteorological data.

36
 Communication and Recording Media.
The various media available for communicating to and from an accident
site and recording the evidence at the accident site.
Recording the information available as accurately and rapidly as
practicable using digital video cameras and cameras, standard film
photography.
Use of laptop and hand held computers with connections via satellite
telephones to sources of information of immediate use at the site.

Witness interviews.
Preparation for interviews, information to be gleaned from body
language, the relative positioning of the interviewer and interviewee.
Preparation of the questions to be asked; use of open questions.
Art of listening and general conduct of the interview
Use of recorders such as video cameras and tape recorders
Value of written statements and signed transcripts
The precautions to be taken when interviewing the injured or persons in
ill health, the young, the aged, hostile witnesses and
Use of experts in the field of inquiry

Recorders
Different form of recorders which may be useful to the investigation viz.
flight recorders, security cameras on the aerodrome perimeter fence,
maintenance recorders in the aircraft etc.
The value of each form of recorder, the methods of interpretation and
downloading the information, and the sources of readout.
Value of manufacturer's expertise in recovering information from
damaged recorders such as global positioning receivers, solid-state flight
recorders and inertial navigation unit components
Means of locating the flight recorders and recovering them from
locations that are difficult to reach.
Air traffic control recorders, particularly those that record radar returns
MODULE-3-One Week
Examination of Relevant Maintenance Documents
 Determining the maintenance history of the aircraft.
 Importance of establishing whether the maintenance, inspection
procedures and servicing that is recorded as having been completed
has in fact been carried out

37
  Determining the adequacy of the maintenance procedures specified
Fires and Explosions.
 Examination of evidence available to distinguish an in-flight fire or
explosion from post-accident fires.
 Means to determining the ignition source and the fuel supply of a
fire.
 Examination of effectiveness of fire fighting measures available on
board the aircraft.
 Means of preventing post-accident fires during an investigation.

Survivability
 Assessment of the occupants' chances of surviving an accident and the
means of doing so.
 Formulae for impact force calculations and the various forms of
attenuating impact forces
 The limits of human tolerance to heat and impact forces
 Effects of toxic by products of the accident environment.
 The efficiency of the rescue and fire fighting services, standard pre-
flight passenger briefing spiels, restraint systems, seat anchorages and
aids to egress from the aircraft
 The review of the factors that affect the occupants' chance~ of
surviving the accident
 The means of determining the after effects of a fire on th€ occupants
and the fire's impediment to passenger evacuation and availability of
such items as smoke hoods and smoke goggles.
 Methods used for protecting the aircraft occupants from the impact
forces and post-impact effects such as thermal stress and water
immersion

Aircraft Structures.
 Metallurgy,
 An introduction to fiber reinforced plastics and timber structures;
Stress analysis and the strength of these materials; various modes of
failure and the symptoms of such failures for these materials.
 Methods of failure analysis
 Reconstruction of areas of interest in the airframe, and the evidence of
the various modes of failure.
 The various types of flight controls and landing gear structures .

38
  Advanced equipment for the study of failure mechanisms; Preparation
of samples for examination by such equipment and the methods for
comparative testing of similar materials.
 Means of wreckage trajectory analysis.
 Examples of the various failure modes in materials used in aircraft
construction during

Systems:
 Aircraft systems including Fly-by wire system, Hydraulic,
Pneumatic, Electrical, Pressurization, Flight control, Instruments,
Navigation, Autopilot and Instrument systems
 Resources available to assist the investigator in the event of an
accident involving a complex system and on common causes of
system failure that might be experienced.
 Examination of past maintenance records and on-board recorders.
 Software failures in airborne computers and the Adequacy of the
protection against catastrophic events ensuing from such failures

MODULE-4- One Week

Aerodynamics
I. Performance
II. In-flight structural failure caused by overload, flutter, divergence,
aileron reversal and other aero elastic phenomenon
III. A review of basic aerodynamics and the means of detecting failure
from aerodynamic factors
IV. Over-speed, engine-out performance, icing and stability.
Power plants.
Basic principles of reciprocating and turbine engines
The analysis of damage to propellers and helicopter rotors
General overview of methods of evaluating damage to determine if
further investigation of the particular propeller or engine is warranted.
Examination of propellers and turbine for indication of an absence of
engine power at the time of impact.
Examples of failures and accident damage

39
Rotary wing aircraft.
A general introduction to the principles of flight for helicopters and their
control systems

MODULE 5 –One Week

Management.
 Methods of conducting a review of the management and supervisory
aspects of an aircraft operation require such as management's
acceptance of inadequate flight crew qualifications, deficient guidance
material, maintenance shortcuts, improper crew rostering, failure to
provide proper training in aircraft type, crew resource management
and unreasonable pressure to complete schedules on time.
 An examination of the means of supervision including a review of
orders, regulations, manuals and independent audits, as well as the
performance of supervisors, instructors and company management.

Human Factors. .
 Study of human limitations, communications, fatigue, decision-
making processes, flight crew health and the information available
from post-mortem examinations
 Examination of the handling of the aircraft such as operations and
training; Man-machine relationship and the actions or lack of actions
in the events leading to the accident; Study of flight crew members
reaction, analysis and attempt to cope with the complexities of the
flight; the extent and adequacy of the training relevant to the accident
flight.
 A brief review of The ICAO Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine (Doc
8,984) and the ICAO Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683)

Determination of the flight crew's suitability for the flight.

 Familiarity with the flight crew documentation and requirements.
Methods of analyzing the information gathered.
 Procedures for analyzing the evidence and facts determined during the
investigation.

Report Writing.
 Format for writing reports
 Formulation of appropriate safety recommendations.

40
News Media and Public Relations.
DGCA policy guidelines
The ICAO Circular on Guidance on Assistance to Aircraft Accident
Victims and their Families (Circ 285)

MODULE 6- One Week

 Case studies including midair collisions, In-flight fires, in-flight
breakups and weather related accidents.
 Test on Analysis and conclusion of an accident.
 Visit to school of aviation Medicines.
 Visit to National Aeronautical Laboratories.
 Presentation by the Participant.

4.3 ADVANCED COURSE
Most topics covered in the basic course will apply to advanced courses, but
the
Instructors will vary the depth to which they treat these topics to suit the
purpose of the course and the experience level of the students. In addition to
the review of the topics in the basic course, advanced course will cover the
following topics.

 Organization of a major accident investigation.

 Provision of family assistance to those involved in an accident
 Relations with the media,
 Method for cataloguing a large number of fragments of wreckage,
managing a large accident site for security, safety and protection of
the personnel,
 Preparation of briefings and answers to formal questions from
members of government Methods of undertaking investigations that
involve both civil and military aircraft and liaison with the law
enforcement authorities in accidents involving unlawful interference
 Techniques to investigate accident damaged systems involving new
technologies such as glass cockpit; fly-by-wire, global positioning
systems, enhanced ground proximity warning systems,
 Reconstruction of evidence recorded in damaged solid state recorders,
 Use of virtual video presentations in large structural reconstructions of
wreckage,
 Use of computer simulations and programmes for flight simulators to
recreate aspects of aircraft’s flight path, which are of interest to the
investigation.

41
 CHAPTER-5

5.1 RECURRENT TRAINING

During the periodic recurrent training. in general the following topics

will be discussed
 Recent developments regarding change in Rules, Civil Aviation
requirements, AIC.
 Changes in the Airworthiness Instruction, Air safety and Operation
Circulars,
 Technical advancement in the various fields of civil aviation.
 OJT for various new instruments/equipments, which are to be
installed on the aircraft.
 Safety related aspects.
 ATC facilities, Communication/Naviation/Metrology
 Any new ICAO Requirements, FAR Changes, JAR Changes, etc.
 Issues relevant to standardization of procedures at various field
offices.
 Approval of Flight Safety manual,
 Contents of Operations manual with regard to the responsibilities of
DGCA officers.
 Good maintenance Practice
 Discussion on recent accidents occurring in the world during the
period.
 Discussion on any new techniques in the field if accident
investigation.
 Discussion on the accident Prevention activities
 Discussion on the major finding of the recent safety audit and any new
techniques for audit
 Discussion on recent serious Incidents and other incidents involving
Human factor element and significant violation of Regulation.
5.2 SPECIALTY COURSES
Specialty courses will be introduced for an investigator at any stage after a
basic course to augment the skills and knowledge acquired by the inspector
in order to meet the needs of a particular area of accident investigation that
is relevant to his assigned duties. Few of the Specialty courses that may be
undertaken are listed below:

 Helicopter accident investigation,

42
  Gas turbine engine accident investigation,
 Accident survivability,
 Fires and explosions,
 Human factor investigation
 Cognitive Interviewing
 Family assistance and media relations,
 Description of the systems involving new technologies (such as glass
cockpit, fly-by- wire, GPS, EFIS and EGPWS). Investigation aspects
and the investigation techniques of such complex systems. Extensive
information can be obtained from memory chips and other solid state
electronic circuits used in new technology systems.
 Advanced Accident Site Photography
 Conducting Effective Technical Presentation
 Performance course
 Safety Audit and Oversight Programme
 NDT
 Aircraft Design Concepts
 Baroscopic Training
 Welding and issue of C.O.C.
 Modifications and Structural repairs.
 Cabin Safety
 Human Performance and Limitations and maintenance lapses
 ETOPS approvals
 Engine condition and trend Monitoring
 Reliability Concepts and Statistical Analysis of Defects
 Digital Devices and Microprocessors
 ATC incident investigation
 Training in BWHM(Bird/Wildlife Hazard management)

5.3 TYPE TRAINING

All officers shall undergo at least the following type training courses at the
airlines facilities or at manufacturer’s facilities in their respective streams of
specialization:

Mechanical Stream: Two air frames courses and two engine course of a
large transport aircraft.
Avionics Stream: At least two sub-streams (electrical instrument and radio)
covering at least two large transport aircraft.

43
All officers undergoing training on the above type aircraft shall take
examinations along with industry engineers and shall qualify the
examinations with the required pass percentage of marks.

5.4 QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENT OF INSTRUCTOR

Investigators used for imparting instructions should have undergone
advanced Accident investigation course and specialized courses or should
possess 10 years of investigation experience and should have undergone
Basic Accident Investigation Course and Specialized courses.

5.5 CONDUCT OF TRAINING

The training courses outlined above may be carried out at the following
Organization/Training facilities

Training Course Suggested Organization

SNO

1 ITCA& ITCE DGCA (Air safety Directorate)

2 ITCB DGCA (Training Directorate)
3 ITCC IAL, AI, AAI in conjunction with
their training departments
4 ITCD DGCA (R&D Directorate)
5 BASIC ACCIDENT School of Aviation safety, IAF
INVESTIGATION COUSE DGCA Training Directorate &
DGCA (Air safety Directorate)
with the support of EU/COSCAP
6 ADDITIONAL Manufacturers for system related
TRAINING/SPECIALTY courses, EU, NTSB, IGRUA for
COURSES flying and Simulator trainings,
HAL, IAL, AI

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