LECTURE NOTES ON APPLIED ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS

INTRODUCTIONS TO FILTERS
A filter is a circuit that passes certain frequencies and rejects all others. The passband is the
range of frequencies allowed through the filter. The critical frequency defines the end (or ends)
of the passband and is normally specified at the point where the response drops -3dB (70.7%)
from the passband response.

 Filters are essential building blocks in many systems, particularly in communication and
instrumentation systems. A filter passes one band of frequencies while rejecting another.
Typically implemented in one of three technologies: passive RLC filters, active RC filters
and switched capacitor filters.
 Filters are essential building blocks in many systems, particularly in communication and
instrumentation systems. A filter passes one band of frequencies while rejecting another.
Typically implemented in one of three technologies: passive RLC filters, active RC filters
and switched capacitor filters.
 Active RC filters utilize op-amps together with resistors and capacitors and are fabricated
using discrete, thick film and thin-film technologies. The performance of these filters is
limited by the performance of the op-amps (e.g., frequency response, bandwidth, noise,
offsets, etc.).
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FILTERS
 Low Pass Filter Responses
 High Pass Filter Responses
 Band Pass Filter Responses
 Band Stop Filter Responses
Low Pass Filter Responses
High Pass Filter Responses

Band Pass Filter Responses

Band Stop Filter Responses
 Ideal filters could not be realized using electrical circuits, therefore the actual response of
the filter is not a brick wall response as shown above but increases or decreases with a roll-off
factor. Realistic transmission characteristics for a low pass filter are shown below.
Filters may be classified as either Digital or analog or Passive and Active Filters
ACTIVE ANALOG FILTERS
 PASSIVE FILTERS

Frequency-selective or filter circuits pass to the output only those input signals that are in
a desired range of frequencies (called pass band). The amplitude of signals outside this range
of frequencies (called stop band) is reduced (ideally reduced to zero). Typically in these
circuits, the input and output currents are kept to a small value and as such, the current
transfer function is not an important parameter. The main parameter is the voltage transfer

function in the frequency domain,

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SOLUTIONS TO TUTORIALS