Professional Documents
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20 SEPTEMBER 1989FOR
ASME Y14.4M-1989
15 SEPTEMBJ3li 1989
mer activities:
Army GL, CE
PICTORIALDRAWING
ASME YI4.4M11989
[REVISION OF ASA Y14.4-1957(R1987)]
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a
new edition. There will be no addenda or written interpretations of the re-
quirements of this Standard issued to this edition,
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Consensus Committee that approved the code or standard
was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an
opportunityto participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review
and comment which provides an opportunity foradditional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or
activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentionedin this document, and doesnot undertake to insure anyone
utilizing a standard againstliability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume
any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own
responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to
be interpretedas government or industry endorsement of thiscode or standard.
ASME accepts responsibilityfor onlythose interpretations issued in accordance with governing
ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuanceof interpretations by individual vol-
unteers.
Copyright O 1989 by
THEAMERICANSOCIETY OF MECHANICALENGINEERS
All Rights Resewed
Printed in U.S.A.
Since the first national standard for engineering drawings, Standards for Cross-Sec-
tions, was publishedby ASME in 1914,the field of engineering documentation has stead-
ily becomeincreasinglyversatileandsophisticated.PictorialDrawing,considereda
frivolous waste of time by many engineering people in those early days, emerged and
proved itself a strong and viable technical communication medium during World War II,
and it has further reinforced its position inthat area since that.time. Ultimately, the first
Pictorial Drawing standard was published in 1957.
Recognizing that engineering documentation is a dynamic process, this revision en-
deavors to set forth coherent and useful standards of practice, based on the progress
achieved in this interesting profession, ,It is hoped and assumed that user groups will
recognize and accept the importance of standardization and realistic uniformity in pic-
torial documentation practices, while at the same time thoughtfully and consistently
augmenting and supplementing these basics to satisfy the distinctive needs and applica-
tions at the many and varied individualuser levels.
Following approval by the Y14 Committee and ASME, this Standard was approved as
an American National Standard by ANSI on July 19, 1989.
OFFICERS
P. E. McKim, Chairman
E. L. Kardas, Vice Chairman
L. Burns, Vice Chairman
M. Merker, Secretary
COMMllTEE PERSONNEL
A. R. Anderson C. G. Lance
D. E. Bowerman A. R. Machell, Jr.
P. D. Calvin R. P. Mueller
R. A. Chadderdon E. Niemec
F. A. Christiana D. L. Ragon
M. E. Curtis, Jr. A. D. Signor
H. L. Dubocq D. Wheeler
R. J. Dybas R. P. Tremblay, Alternate
L. W. Foster G. H. Whitrnire
H. R. Kansman K. E. Wiegandt
J. J. Knopp
CONTENTS
General ............................................................................ 1
1.1 Scope ....................................................................... 1
1.2 HistoryandUses .......................................................... 1
1.3 ApplicableDocuments .................................................... 1
1.4 Units ....................................................................... 1
Types of Pictorial Drawings .................................................... 1
2.1 Introduction ............................................................... 1
2.2 Axonometric Projection ................................................... 1
2.3 Oblique Projection ........................................................ 2
2.4 Perspective Projection ..................................................... 3
Detail Representation on Pictorial Drawings ................................. 4
3.1 Depiction .................................................................. 4
3.2 Line Conventions and Lettering .......................................... 4
3.3 Sectional Views ............................................................ 4
3.4 Fillets and Rounds ........................................................ 4
3.5 Intersections ............................................................... 4
3.6 Thread Representation .................................................... 4
3.7 Dimensioning and Tolerancing ........................................... 4
3.8 Symbols .................................................................... 4
3.9 Shading .................................................................... 4
3.10 Phantom Drawings ........................................................ 4
3.11 Exploded Pictorial Assembly Drawings................................... 5
3.12 Photographic Drawings .................................................... 5
Figures
1 Kinds of Projection ............................................................... 6
2 IsometricProjection .............................................................. 6
3 DimetricProjection ............................................................... 7
4 TrimetricProjection .............................................................. 7
5 Choice of Axonometric View ..................................................... 7
6 ObliqueProjection ................................................................ 8
7 ‘Qpe of Objects Drawn in Oblique and Effect of
Foreshortening ................................................................. 8
8 One-PointPerspective ............................................................ 9
9 Two-PointPerspective ............................................................ 9
10 Three-Point Perspective .......................................................... 9
11 Location of Point of Sight in Perspective ........................................ 9
12 Use of Hidden Lines in Pictorial ................................................. 10
vii
Viü
ASME Y14.4M-1989
PICTORIAL DRAWING
GENERAL
1 American Narional Standards
1.1 Scope ANSIYl4.2M-l979(R1987), Line Conventions
and Lettering
This Standard establishes definitionsfor and illus- ANSIY14.3-1957(R1987),Multi and Sectional
trates the uses of various kindsof three-dimensional View Drawings
view pictorial mechanical drawings,It also addresses ANSIY14.5M-l982(R1988),Dimensioning and
the kinds of pictorial views commonly usedon engi- Tolerancing
neering drawings. Methods of constructing the dif-
ferent kinds of pictorialdrawings are beyond the
scope of this Standard. Methods are described in de- 1.4Units
tail in engineering drawing textbooks. The International System of Units (SI) isfeatured
in this Standard. It should be understood that U.S.
1.2 History and Uses customary units could equally havebeen used with-
out prejudice to the principles established.
Pictorial drawing is the oldest form of recorded
communication known to man and has evolved over
the years to its current form. Pictorial drawings are 2 TYPES OF PICTORIALDRAWINGS
used instead of or, as a .supplement to, multiview
orthographicdrawings.They are useful in design, 2.1 Introduction
construction or production,erection or assembly, There are threebasic types of pictorial drawings:
service or repair, and sales, They are used for the axonometric, oblique, and perspective. These three
following purposes: differ in the fundamental scheme of projection, that
(@)"'to explain complicated engineering designs to is, the spacial relationship between the object, the
those.who have difficulty understanding conventional point of sight, the plane of projection, and the pro-
multiview drawings; jectors, or lines of sight, which create the pictorial
(6) to help the designer to work out problems such view on the plane. Figure 1 shows the projection of
as clearances and inferences; each typeof pictorial view: axonometric in sketch (a),
(cl to train new employees; oblique in sketch (b), and perspective in sketch (c).
(d) to speed up and clarify the assembling ofparts These examples are third angle projections in that
or the ordering of new parts; the plane of projection is placed betweenthe object
(e) to transmit infoimationfrom one person to an- and the observer. The views are three-dimensional
other, as from shop to shop or from salesperson to since allthree piinciple dimensions - width, height,
purchaser; and depth -- appear in a single view. Figure 1 also
cf) as an aid in deveioping the power of visualiz- shows a front view in each case for comparison, and
ation. bringi out the fact the axonometric projection is a
special caseof orthographic projection.
1.3 Applicable Documents
2.2 Axonometric Projection
1.3.1 References in Text. When the following
AmericanNational Standards referred to inthis An axonometric projection is one in whichthe pro-
Standard are superseded by a revision approved by jectors are perpendicular to the plane of projection
the American National Standards Institute, Inc., the and parallel to each other. The principle surfacesand
revision shall apply. edges of a cube or other rectangular object are all
1
inclined to the plane of projection. The angIes be- projection; The axes makethree different angles with
tween the principle edges,or axes, of the object shall each other on the drawing (see Fig. 4). A trimetric
not be 90 degrees on the drawing. The relationship viewmay be constructed by using three different
between the three angles shall be suchthat the mu- scales along or parallel to the three axes. Linear di-
tualperpendicularity of the axes on the objectis mensions, not along or parallel to an axis, and an-
maintained. See Figs.2 through 5. The view direction gular dimensions are not to scale and are not used.
should be onethat gives the most information about HeightismeasuredverticallyinFig. 4. Widthis
the object unless other considerations, such as nat- measured at 15 deg. with the horizontal. Depth is
ural position or relation to other objects, take prec- measured at 30 deg. with the horizontal. These two
edence. It should be noted. that an axonometric unequal angles shall each be greater than O deg. and
projection canbe obtained by constructing a second- their sum shall be less than 90 deg. Other positions
ary auxiliary view in which the desired line of sight of the axes may be used provided the proper angles
appears as a point, or by revolvingthe object into the between the axes-aremaintained.
desired position and drawing a front view or other 2.2.4 Choice of Axonometric Axes. Axes should
principle view. Axonometric is divided into isometric, be chosen and axonometric views constructed so as
dimetric, and trimetric projections. to provide as true a decription of the object as pos-
2.2.1 Isometric Projection. An isometric projec- sible. The appearance of distortion on a large flat
tion is an axonometric projection in whichthe three surface may be decreased by increasing the angle
axes of the object make equal angles withthe plane which that surface makes with the plane of projec-
of projection. Taken two at a time, the three axes tion. The true outline of a more important surface
make three equal angles of 120 deg. on the drawing may be shown more clearly by decreasing the angle
(see Fig. 2). Linear dimensions along or parallel to which that. suface makes with the plane. Figure 5,
any one of the three axes are measured full size or sketch (b) is preferable to Fig. 5, sketch (a) for the
to scale. Linear dimensions, not alongor parallel to following reasons.
an axis, and angular dimensionsare not to scale and (u) The horizontal surface is less distorted. .
are not used. Height is measured vertically in Fig.
2. (b) The vertical surface is shown in better detail.
Width and depthare measured at 30 deg. angles with The-choice of axes may be simplified by the use of
the horizontal. Other positions of the axes may be commercially available axonometric drawing systems.
used provided the proper angles between the axes
are maintained. 2.3 Oblique Projection
2.2.2 Dimetric Projection. A dimetric projection An oblique projection isone in which parallelpro-
is an axonometric projection in which two axes the of jectors, or lines of sight, make an angle other than
object make equal right angles with the plane of pro- 90 deg. withthe plane of projection. A common prac-
jection andthe third axis makes a different angle with tice is to position a principle surface of the object
the plane of projection. Two of the angles between parallel to the plane of projection so that it and sur-
axes are equal; the third angle is unequal (see Fig. faces parallelto it show true shape. mo of the prin-
3). A dimetric view maybe constructed by using one ciple edges, or axes, of the object are parallel to the
scale along or parallel to the two equally inclined plane of projection and make a90 deg. angleon the
axes and a different scale along or parallel to the drawing. The receding axis may extend in any direc-
third axis. Linear dimensions, not along or parallel tion on the drawing not parallelto or at right angles
to and axis, and angular dimensionsare not to scale with either one of the first two. See Figs. 6 and 7.
and are not used. Height is measured vertically in Oblique is dividedinto cavalier, cabinet,and general
Fig. 3. Width and depth are measured at 15 deg. oblique projections. 'They differonly in the compar-
angles with the horizontal. These two equal angles' ative scales of the two frontal axes and the receding
shall be greater than O deg. and less than45 deg., but axis.
not equal to30 deg. Other positions of the axes may
be used providedthe proper angles betweenthe axes 2.3.1 Cavalier Projection.A cavalier projectionis
are maintained. an oblique projectionon which the projectors make
45 deg.with the plane of projection. See Fig. 6,
2.2.3 Trimetric Projection.A trimetric projection sketch (a) and Fig. 7,sketch (a). A cavalier drawing
is an axonometric projection in which allthree axes is constructedby measuring dimensions along or par-
of the object make unequal angles with the plane of allel to any one of the three axes full size or to the
2
,-
-_
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers
. .
same scale, Other linear dimensions parallel to the distance fromthe plane of projection. Any set of par-
plane of projection are also measuredfull size or to allel edges or lines on the object converge, when ex-
scale. An angular dimension in a surface parallel to tended, to a single vanishing point on the drawing.
the plane is measuredfull size. Other linear and an- Perspective is dividedinto one-point, two-point, and
gular dimensions are not to scale and are not used. three-point projections.
Height and width are measured vertically and hori-
zontally in Fig. 6, sketch (a). Depth is measured at 2.4.1 One-Point Perspective Projection.A one-
30 deg. withthe horizontal. The depth angle shallbe point perspective projection isone in which the ob-
greater than O deg. and less than 90 deg. Other po- ject is positioned with two of the principle axes of
sitions of the axes may be used provided the proper the object parallel to the plane of projection. The
angles between the axes are maintained. third axis is perpendicular to the plane. Width and
height are shown horizontaily and vertically in Fig.
2,3.2 Cabinet Projection.A cabinet projection is 8.Horizontal edgesor lines whichare parallel to the
an oblique projection in which the projectors make depth axis converge, when extended, to onevanishing
an angle withthe plane of projection, which reduces point on the drawing horizon.
distance along.or parallel to the receding axis to one-
half of that for cavalier projection.See Fig. 6, sketch 2.4.2 Two-Point Perspective Projection. A two-
(b), A cabinet drawing is constructed by using a scale .point perspective projection isone in which the ob-
for the receding axis which is one-half the scale for ject is positioned with
one of the principle axes (usu-
the other two &es. Other dimensions are measured ally the vertical axis) parallel tothe plane of
in the samemannerason the cavalierdrawing. projection. The other two axes are inclined to the
Width and heightare measured horizontallyand ver- plane. Height is shown verticallyFig.in9, Horizontal
tically in Fig; 6, sketch (b). Depth is measured at 30 edges or lines which are parallel to the depth axis
deg. with the horizontal. The depth angle shall be converge, when extended,to one vanishing point on
greater than O deg. and less than 90 deg. Other po- the drawing horizon. Horizontal edges or lines which
sitions of the axes may be used provided the proper are parallel to the width axis converge,whenex-
angles between the axes are maintained. tended, to a second vanishing point on the drawing
horizon.
2.3.3 Genera¡ObliqueProjection. A general
oblique projection isone which is not a cavalierand 2.4.3Three-PointPerspectiveProjection; A
not a cabinet projection. The scale for the receding three-point perspective is one in which the object is
axis is not equalto one-half of the scale for the other positioned with all three of the principle axes in-
two axes. See Fig. 7, sketch (b). clined to the plane of projection. See Fig. 10. Each
set of edges or lines parallel to an axis converges,
2.3.4 Choice of Form of ObliqueProjection.
when extended, to one of three vanishing points on
The appearance of distortion in an oblique view may
the drawing.
be decreased by reducing the scale on the receding
axis. Oblique drawingsare commonly usedfor objects 2.4.4 Location of Plane of Projection and Point
which have a series of circles, curves, or irregular of Sight, A common practice is to locate the plane
outlines in the same or parallel plane surfaces. The of projection to pass throughthe front face of a rec-
object is positioned withthese planes parallelto the tangular object in a one-point perspective, the front
plane of projection s o that the circles and outlines edge of the 0bject.ha two-point perspective,’and the
project intrue shape. Cylindricaland conical objects front corner of the object in a three-point perspec-
should usuallybe drawn withtheir major axis (center tive. Dimensions within the plane of projection may
line) on the receding axis to reduce distortion and then be measured full sizeor to scale. The point of
facilitate documentation.See Fig. 7. sight shouldbe located so that thecone of projectors,
which has its apexat the point of sight and includes
the whole object, has an angle at theapex not greater
than 30 deg. See Fig. 11. A larger angle adds to dis-
2.4PerspectiveProjection tortion in the perspective view, Best results are ob-
A perspective projection isone in which the pro- tained if the point of sightis located centrally in
front
jectors are not parallel and converge from pointson of the object and is high enough to show the top
the object to. the point of sight located at a finite surfaces of the object.
3
Oblique to plane
Parallel to each other
(Oblique)
Converge to point
\
Perpendicularto of sight
plane
Parallel to each 7
(Perspective)
Perpendicular to
plane
Parallel to each
other
Perpendicularto
plane
Parallel to each
other
t Perpendicular to
plane
Parallel to each
other
(Orthographic) (Orthographic) (Orthographic)
(Foreshortened)
Projection
Isometric(b)
Projection
(a) Isometric
Drawn 30 deg.
(a) Distortion in Horizontal Face (b) Shows More Detail in Vertical Part
Full scale on
these two axes
Half scale on
Variable axis this
Full scale -
O des. 90deg.
Variable
-
O deg. 90 deg.
drawn 30 deg.
To To
vanishing To vanishing
/ "'7
vanishing point
To
vanishing
point \ ,/ vanishing
TO
point
To
vanishing
point
11
FIG. 17 INTERSECTIONS
FIG. 19 UNIDIRECTIONALDIMENSIONING
14
O
i
Parts List
1 Plate
2 M6 x 1 stud
3 Insulator
4 Washer
6 M6 X 1 nutandlockwasher
6 M5 stud
7 Insulator
8 M5 nut
andlockwasher
16
, .
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers
/- y.
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