BUSRAN, Haron C.
 Contained the Pater Noster (Our Father),
STEM - 23
––––––––––– SPANISH ERA (1565-1898) –––––––––––
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 The Portuguese navigator and explorer
Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish
foray to the Philippines when he made landfall on
Cebu in March 1521.
 Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in
1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi,
the first Spanish governor-general.
 Spaniards colonized the Phil. for more than three
centuries.
 Filipinos embraced the Catholic religion.
 They built houses made of stones and bricks.
 Beautiful furniture like piano and kitchen utensils.
 Carriages and boats were used as means of
travel
 Fiestas were held to honor the saints, pope and
governors.
 They had cockfights, horse races and theater as
means of recreation.
A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was
replaced by the Roman alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became
the basis of religious practices.
3. The Spanish language which became the literary
language during this time lent many of its words
to our language.
4. European legends and traditions brought here
became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and
moro-moros
5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to
Tagalog and other dialects.
6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino,
like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan.
7. Our periodicals during these times gained a
religious tone.
B. FIRST BOOKS
1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana (THE CHRISTIAN
DOCTRINE)
 First book printed in the Philippines in 1593
in xylography
 Written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr.
Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish.
Ave Maria (Hail mary), The 10
commandments of God, seven Mortal sins
and etc.
 Contains only 87 pages.
2. Nuestra Senora del Rosario
 Second book printed in the Philippines
 Written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602
and printed at the UST printing press with the
help of Juan De Vera, a Chinese mestizo.
 Contains the biographies of saints, novenas,
and questions and answers of religion.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postpimeras de hombre
 This is the first book printed in typography.
(Spanish and Tagalog)
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat
 Biblical story printed in the Philippines and
translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr.
Antonio De Borja.
 Considered as the first Tagalog novel
published in the Philippines.
5. The Pasion
 Book about life and suffering of Jesus Christ.
 4 versions in Tagalog and each version is
according to the name of the writer.
 Mariano Pilapil (1814)
 Gaspar Aquino De Belen (1704)
 Ancieto de la Merced (1856)
 Luis de Guia (1750)
6. Urbana at Felisa
 Book written by Modesto de Castro so called
Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog.
 Letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa
and has influenced greatly the behavior of
people in society.
7. Ang mga dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)
 Collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary.
 Written by Fr. Mariano Sevilla in 1865
 Popular especially during the Maytime
“Flores de Mayo” Festival
C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala: (Art and rles
of the Tagalog language) written by Fr. Blancas
de San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas
Pinpin in 1610.
2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding
the Tagalog language) written by Fr. Gaspar de
San Austin in 1703
3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala ( Tagalog
Vocabulary): The first Tagalog dictionary written
by Fr. Pedro de san Buenaventura in 1613
 4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampango
Vocabulary): The first book in Pampango written
by Fr. Diego in 1732.
5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan
Vocabulary): best language book in Visayan by
Mateo Sanchez in 1711
6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The art of the Ilocano
Language): The first Ilocano grammar book by
Francisco Lopez.
7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol
Language): The first book in the Bicol Language
written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754.
D. FOLK SONGS
 Became widespread in the Philippines.
 Its region had its national song from the lowlands
to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
 It manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipino.
They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for
and love of beauty.
 EXAMPLES:
 Leron-Leron Sinta  Tagalog
 Pamulinawen  Iloko
 Dandansoy  Bisaya
 Sarong Banggi  Bicol
 Atin Cu Pung Singsing  Kapampangan
E. RECREATIONAL PLAYS
1. Tibag
 word tibag means to excavate.
 brought by the Spaniards to remind the
people about the search of St. Helena for the
Cross on which Jesus died.
2. Lagaylay
 special occasion for the Pilarenos of
Sorsogon during Maytime to get together.
 The objective of this ritual is to praise,repect
and offering of love to the Blessed Cross by
St. Helena on the mound she had dug in.
3. The Cenaculo
 dramatic performance to commemotate the
passion and death of Jesus Christ.
 Two kinds of Cenaculo:
 Cantada - the lines are spoken in more
deliberate manner showing the rhythmic
measure
 Hablada is chanted like the Pasion
4. Panuluyan
 presented before 12:00 on Christmas eve.
 This is a presentation of the search of the
Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn
wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.
5. The Salubong (Panubong)
 Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of
the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still
presented in many Philippine towns.
6. Carillo
 form of dramatic entertainment performed on
a moonless night during a town fiesta or on
dark night after a harvest.
7. The Zarzuela
 Considered the father of the drama
 it is a musical comedy or melodrama in three
acts which dealth with man’s passions and
emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty,
avarice or issues.
8. The Sainete
 this was a short musical comedy popular
during the 18th century.
 They were exaggerated comedies shown
between acts of long plays and were mostly
performed by characters from the lower
classes.
 Themes were taken from everyday
scenarios.
F. MORO-MORO
 Presented in a special stage
 Performed during town fiestas to entertain people
and to remind them of their Christian religion.
 Story is about the fighting of Moros and the
Christians
G. KARAGATAN
 Poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature
celebrated during the death of a person.
 The story is about the princess who dropped her
ring into the middle of the sea and who offered
her hand in marriage to anyone who can retrieve
it.
H. DUPLO
 Replaced the Karagatan.
 Poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
 Roles are taken from the bible, proverbs, and
sayings.
 Usually played during wakes for the dead.
I. DUNG-AW
 Chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his
representative beside the corpse of the dead.
 Personalized and usually deal with the life,
sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and includes
apologies for his misdeeds.
J. AWIT AT CORIDO
 Corridos were usually on legends or stories from
European countries like France, Spain, Italy and
Greece.
  Awits are fabricated stories frm writers’
imagination although the setting and characters
are european
 Corrido is in octosyllabic verse, refers to
narration
 Awit is in dodecasyllabic verse, refers to chanting
 The Corrido and the awit are both reffered to as
narrative poetry.
–––– PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1872-1898) ––––
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule
 Filipino spirit reawakened when 3 priests Gomez,
Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without
sufficient evidence of guilt which occurred in
February 17.
A. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1872-1896)
 Spearheaded by Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano
Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban and Pedro Paterno
 Objectives were to seek reforms and changes
such as the following:
 To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and
Spaniards under the law
 To make the Filipinos a colony of Spain
 To restore Filipino representation in the
Spanish Cortes,
 To Filipinize the Churches
 To give the Filipinos a freedom of speech
and expression, of the press, assembly, and
for the redress of grievances
B. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOEVEMENT
 there were 3 principal leaders of the movement
 they were Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar and
Graciano Lopez Jaena
1. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y
Realonda
 Born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna
and died on December 30, 1896
 pen-name: Laong Laan and Dimasalang
 Noli Me Tangere – exposed the evils in the
Spanish-run government; tackles about the
society
 El Filibusterismo – exposed those in
government and church
 Mi Ultimo Adios – the poem he wrote after
his banishment
 Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the
Indolence of the Filipinos)—essay for the so-
called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of
reasons for such allegations
2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
 pen name: Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and
Dolores Manapat
 he established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882
where exposed the evils of the Spanish
government
 he replaced Graciano as editor of La
Solidaridad – paper which became the
vehicle thru w/c reforms in the government
could be worked out
 Pag-ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa—translated
from the Spanish “Amor Patria” of Rizal
 Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful)—answer to Fr.
Jose Rodriguez in the novel NOLI of Rizal
 Dasalan at Tocosohan (Prayers and
Jokes)—done against parish priests and he
was called “filibuster”
3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896)
 most notable hero and genius of the
Philippines
 he stood for the separation of the church and
state for free education, better government,
freedom of worship and for an independent
and free university.
 Ang Fray Botod—exposed how greedy,
ambitious, and immoral some of the friars are
 La Hija del Fraile (The Child of the Friar) &
Everything is Hambug (Everything is mere
show)—tragedy of marrying a Spaniard
 Sa Mga Filipino… 1891—improve the
conditions of the Filipinos to become free
4. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS
4.1 ANTONIO LUNA
 was a pharmacist
 Works dealt with Filipino customs,
accusations about Spanish government
 pen name: tagailog
 Noche Buena— it pictured true Filipino life
 Se Devierten— dig at a dance of the
Spaniards
 La Tertulia Filipina— depicts a Filipino
custom
4.2 MARIANO PONCE
 editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of
the movement
 pen name: Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning
 themes of his works were values of
education
 Mga Alamat ng Bulacan
 Pagpugot kay Longinos
 Sobre Filipinos
  Ang Mga Filipino sa Indo-Tsina
4.3 PADRE PATERNO
 Scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist
of the Propaganda Movement
 A MI MADRE (To My Mother) – shows the
importance of a mother especially in the
home
 Ninay
 Sampaguita y Poesias Varias
4.4 JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
 JOMAPA
 Photographic mind
 Ang Lupang Tinubuan
 Ang Aking Buhay
 Su Plano de Estudio
C. PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION (1896-1898)
 Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by
the propagandists
 The government turned deaf ears to these
petitions ; oppression continued and became
worse
 La Liga Filipina (revolt)
 People unite to prepare for independence
D. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ACTIVE REVOLUTION
 noted leaders were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini
1. ANDRES BONIFACIO
 Father of Filipino Democracy
 Father of Katipunan
 KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
 known as the great Revolutionary
 ANG DAPAT MABATID G MGA TAGALOG
 KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA
ANAK NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our
Countrymen) – outline of obligations like the
10 Commandments of God
 PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA
2. EMILIO JACINTO
 Intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio
 Brains of the Katipunan
 Kartilya ng Katipunan
 Liwanag at Dilim
 A mi Madre
 A la Patria – His Masterpiece
3. APOLINARIO MABINI
 Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the
Revolution
 Right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo
 Writings about government, society,
philosophy and politics
 El Verdacero Decalogo – his masterpiece ; to
propagate the spirit of nationalism
 El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Pilipina
 Sa Bayang Pilipino
4. JOSE PALMA
 Philippine National Anthem (set to music by
Julian Felipe)
 Joined revolution against Americans together
with Gregorio del Pilar (Youngest General)
 Melancolias
 De Mi Jardin
E. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION
 Put up during the Revolutionary period
 LA INDEPEDENCIA (Independence) – aim was
for Philippine Independence
 HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION
 LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Phil. Republic)
 LA LIBERTAD (Liberty)
––––––– THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1941) ––––––
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a
symbol of our independence.
 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first
President of the Philippine Republic but this was
short-lived.
 The Filipino-American war resulted in the defeat of
Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
 Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like
news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and
novels. Their writings clearly depicted their love of
country and their longings for independence.
The active arousal in the field of literature started to be
felt in the following newspapers:
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day): established by
Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The American censors
twice banned this and threatened Osmeña with
banishment because of his nationalistic writings.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the
Nation): established by Pascual Poblete in 1900.
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth): founded by
Rafael Palma in 1901.
There were also plays written then but after the first and
second presentations, the Americans put a stop to this
because of the consisternt theme of nationalism. Included
here were the following:
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday,
Today and Tomorrow): written by Aurelio
Tolentino depcting the suppression done by the
Americans and their plan to colonize the
Philippines.
 2. TANIKALANG GINTO: of Juan Abad
3. MALAYA: by Tomas Remigio
4. WALANG SUGAT: by Severino Reyes
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE DURING
THIS PERIOD
 During the first year of the American period, the
languages used in writing were Spanish and
Tagalog
 In 1910, a new group started to write in English.
 Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and finally,
English, were the mediums used in literature
during these times
 The writers in Spanish were wont to write on
nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
 The writers in Tagalog continued in their
lamentations on the conditions of the country and
their attempts to arouse love for one's native
tongue.
 The writers in English imitated the themes and
methods of the American.
B. LITERATURE IN SPANISH
 Those who were inspired to write in praise of him
(Jose Rizal) were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma.
Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and
Claro M. Recto.
1. CEILIO APOSTOL
 wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto and
all other heroes
 “A Rizal” (To Rizal)
2. FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
 shared the reign in the balagtasan in Spanish
with Apostol
 ‘CRISALIDAS,’ meaning a black, wooly
caterpillar
 “Invocacion A Rizal” (A Call To Rizal) on
June 19, 1901
3. JESUS BALMORI
 Also known as “Batikuling”
 Participated in a debate Remembrance and
Forgetfulness with Manuel Bernabe
 Elected as Poet Laurete in Spanish
4. MANUEL BERNABE
 A lyric poet known for the fierceness of his
nationalistic spirit
 Defended Olvido (Forgetfulness) in his
debate with Balmori
5. CLARO M. RECTO
 ‘BAJO LOS COCOTEROS’ (Under The
Coconut Trees)
 Wrote an article to Rizal titled ‘Ante El Martir!’
(Before The Martyr)
C. FILIPINO LITERATURE
 FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas
and URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castro
became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers
 Julian Cruz Balmaceda classifies three kinds of
Tagalog poets. They were:
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan)
1. LOPE K. SANTOS
 novelist, poet and author, and grammarian
who covered three periods of Tagalog
literature
 Father of the National Language Grammar
 “Apo” of the Tagalog writers
 ‘Banaag at Sikat’
2. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
 Huseng Batute
 Poet of Love
 ‘Ang Isang Punong Kahoy’ (A Tree)
3. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
 Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of
Laborers)
 “The pen is powerful, even a king can be
bent by his pen.”
 ‘Isang Dipang Langit’ (A Stretch Of Heaven),
‘Bayang Malaya’ (A Free Nation), ‘Munting
Lupa’ (A Small Plot)
 ‘Ang Panday’ (The Blacksmith)
4. IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
 A son of a popular writer during the Spanish
time known as Odalager
 Story-teller, novelist, news-paperman
C.1 THE TAGALOG DRAMA
 During the advent of the American period,
Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan started
the movement against the moro-moro
 struggled to show the people the values one can
get from the zarzuela and the simple plays.
1. SEVERINO REYES
 Together with Hermogenes Ilagan, started
the movement against the moro-moro
 Father of the Tagalog Drama
 ‘Walang Sugat’
2. AURELIO TOLENTINO
 Pride of Kapampangans
 ‘Luhang Tagalog’
 ‘Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas’
3. HERMOGENES ILAGAN
 Campana Ilagan
4. PATRICIO MARIANO
 ‘Ninay’
  ‘Anak ng Dagat’
C.2 TAGALOG SHORT STORY
 Two collections of Tagalog stories were
published during the American Period.
 MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories)
published in 1936 written by Alejandro Abadilla
and Clodualdodel Mundo and;
 50 KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG
KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories by 50 Noted
Storytellers) in 1939 written by Pedrito Reyes.
C.3 TAGALOG POETRY
 Almost all Tagalog writers during the American
Period were able to compose beautiful poems
which made it difficult to select the best.
 Even if poetry writing is as old as history, poetry
still surfaces with its sweetness, beauty and
melody.
C.4 OTHER FORMS OF LITERATURE
1. Pedro Bukaneg:
 Father of Ilocano Literature.
 From his name was derived from the word
Bukanegan which means Balagtasan (a
poetic contest) in Ilocano.
2. Claro Caluya:
 Price of Ilocano Poets.
 Known as poet and novelist.
3. Leon Pichay:
 known as the best Bukanegero
 Also a poet, novelist, short story writer,
dramatist and essayist.
C.5 LITERATURE OF KAPAMPANGAN
1. Juan Crisostomo Soto: (Father of
Kapampangan Literature). The word CRISOTAN
(meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from
his name.
2. Aurelio Tolentino: NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS.
C.6 VISAYAN LITERATURE
1. Eriberto Gumban: (Father of Visayan
Literature) He wrote a zarzuela, a moro-moro,
and a play in Visayan.
2. Magdalena Jalandoni: She wrote ANG MGA
TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
––––––– THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) ––––––
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Philippines literature in English came to a halt.
 Strict prohibitions about using English language
 Almost all of the newspapers written in English
were stopped
 Exceptions : TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE
REVIEW
 Juan Laya who used to write in English turned to
write in Filipino
 The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict
surveillance until the management of a Japanese
named “Ishiwara”
 Became advantageous on Filipino Literature
 Filipino literature was given a break = Emergence
of Filipino poetry, short story, drama
 Theme: Life in the provinces
A. FILIPINO POETRY
 Theme: Nationalism, Love, Country, Faith,
Religion, Arts, Life in the Barrios
 Emergence of 3 Types of Poems
1. Haiku – free verse poem that the Japanese
liked. 17 syllables and allegorical in meaning,
short , and covers a wide scope.
2. Tanaga – like Haiku and has measure and
rhyme
3. Karaniwang Anyo – Also called as Usual
Form
B. FILIPINO DRAMA
 Experienced a lull during the Japanese
Occupation, how :
 Movie houses showing American films were
closed
 Big movie houses became Stage play
shows
 Dramatic Philippines – organization of Filipino
playwriters, some were:
 Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PANDAY
PIRA
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote PULA, SA
PUTI
 Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA
 Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote SINO BA
KAYO? , DAHIL SA ANAK, HIGANTE NG
PATAY
C. FILIPINO SHORT STORY
 Field of short story widened during the Japanese
Period
 Many wrote stories
 Best writings were selected in 1945 with a group
of judges (5):
 Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz,
Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo, and
Teodoro Santos. Result:
a. 1st Prize: Narciso Reyes’ LUPANG
TINUBUAN
b. 2nd Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANG
TIGANG NA LUPA
c. 3rd Prize: NVM Gonzales’ LUNSOD NAYON
AT DAGAT-DAGATAN
––––––– REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970) ––––––
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
  The Americans returned in 1945.
 On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained
freedom
A. STATE OF LITERATURE
 Early days was marked a kind of “struggle of
mind and spirit”.
 Filipinos learned to express more confidently.
 Rapid increase of Newspaper.
 That proved that there are more readers in
English Than in any other vernaculars.
 Examples of works are
 THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN - works from
Ex- USAFFE
 TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION and
DEATH OF THE USAFFE – by Leon Ma.
Guerrero
 FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY – by
S.P. Lopez
B. POETRY IN ENGLISH
 For the first twenty years, many books were
published…both in Filipino and in English.
 Some notable works of the period include the
following:
 HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –poems by
Manuel Viray
 PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) –
prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos and
Florentino Valeros
 PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –by Nick
Joaquin
 In !946, there was Barangay Writers Project –
who publish works in English by Filipinos
 In 1958, the PEN Center of the Philippines
(Poets, essayists, novelists) was inaugurated.
C. NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE
 Philippines Literature in Tagalog was revived
 Themes: Japanese brutalities, poverty of life
under the Japanese government and the brave
guerilla exploits.
 Newspapers and magazine publications were re-
opened
 Tagalog poetry have rhyme and substance and
meaning
 Short stories had better characters and events
based on facts and realities
 Novels became common. The people’s love for
listening to poetic jousts increased.
 Many books were published examples are:
 Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by Alejandro
Abadilla
 Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (1886-
1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo
 Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952) collection of poems
and stories by Genoveva Edroza Matute
–––––– PERIOD OF NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980) –––––
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 It all started in September 21, 1972
 Almost all themes dealt with the development or
progress of the country, like the Green Revolution,
Family planning, proper nutrition, environment,
drug addiction, and pollution.
 They want to stop pornography or any writings that
are bad influence
 They revived old plays such as Cenaculo, Zarzuela
and Embayoka of the Muslims.
A. FILIPINO POETRY AND SONG DURING THE
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
 Themes of most poems dealt with patience,
regard for native culture, customs, and the
beauties of nature and surroundings.
 Ponciano Pineda, Bienvenido Ramos,
Aniceto Silvestre, Cir Lopez Francisco and
etc.
 Freddie Aguilar’s famous song “Anak” was
recognized by its spirit and emotion that is
embedded in the song.
 Jose Marie Chan
B. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
 The revived old plays like Cenaculo,
Zarzuela, and the Embayoka of the Muslims.
 The Mindanao State University presented
Embayoka of the Muslims at the Cultural
Center of the Philippines.
 In 1977, the Tales of Manuvu, a new style of
ballet opera was also added to these
presentations.
 Even the President’s daughter at the time
participated as a performing artist in the role
Santa Juana of Koral and Diary of Anne
Frank.
 Organizations that contributed:
 PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka
 Repertory of the Philippines: of Rebecca
Godines and Zenaida Amador
 UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes
 Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio
C. RADIO AND TELEVISIONS
 The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO
ANG PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the
forms of recreation of those without
television.
 New songs were first heard over air waves.
 However, performing artist from the radio
moved to television due to higher pay. They
were Augusto Victa, Gene Palomo, Mely
Tagasa, Lina Pusing and Ester Chavez.
  Popular Television plays were Gulong ng
Palad, Flor de Luna and Annaliza.
 Superman and Tarzan were also popular
with the youth
D. FILIPINO FILMS
 A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino
(Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held
during this time.
 New kinds of films without sex scene or
romance started to be made (vehicles of
producers to earn money), nevertheless
well-received by the public.
 Maynila sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag
 Minsa’y sa isang gamu-gamo
 Insiang
 Aguila
E. COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
 During this period of the New Society,
newspapers donned new forms. News on
economic progress, discipline, culture,
tourism and the like were favored more than
the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape
and robberies.
 LIWAYWAY had been an old-time favorite of
the Filipinos since 1920.
 Comics also proliferated everywhere and
were enjoyed by the masses.
F. PALANCA AWARDS
 SHORT STORY CATEGORY 1972-73
 First Prize –“SPOTS ON THEIR WINGS
AND OTHER STORIES”–Antonio
Enriquez
 Second Prize –“ON FRIENDS YOU PIN
SUCH HOPES”–Ines Taccad Camayo
 Third Prize –“THE LIBERATION OF
MRS. FIDELA MAGSILANG”–Jaime A.
Lim
 PLAY CATEGORY 1972-73
 First Prize –“THE HEART OF
EMPTINESS IS BLACK”–Ricardo
Demetillo
 Second Prize –“GO, RIDER!”–Azucena
Crajo Uranza
 Third Prize –“THE RICEBIRD HAS
BROWN WINGS”–Federico Licsi Espino,
Jr.
 POETRY CATEGORY1972-73
 First Prize –“CHARTS”–Cirilo F. Bautista
 Second Prize –“A TRICK OF
MIRRORS”– Rolando S. Tinio
 Third Prize –“ALAPAAP’S MOUNTAIN”–
Erwin E. Castillo
 REPUBLIC CULTURAL HERITAGE
AWARDEES (1960-1971)
 NATIONAL ARTISTS 1973
 Amado V. Hernandez
(Posthumous) (Literature)
 Jose Garcia Villa (Literature)
 Francisco Reyes Aquino (Dance)
 Carlos V. Francisco (Posthumous)
(Painting)
 Antonio J. Molina (Music)
 Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture)
 1976
 Nick Joaquin (Literature)
 Napoleon V. Abueva (Sculpture)
 Pablo Antonio (Posthumous)
(Architecture)
 Lamberto V. Avellana (Movies)
 Victorio G. Edades (Painting)
 Jovita Fuentes (Music)
G. AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE DURING
THE NEW SOCIETY
 Bilingual education which was initiated by
the Board of National Education as early as
1958 and continued up to the period of
Martial Rule in September 21, 1972,
resulted in the deterioration of English in the
different levels of education.
 The focus of education and culture was on
problems of national identity, on re-
orientation, renewed vigor and a firm
resolves to carry out plans and programs.
 The forms of literature that led during this
period were the essays, debates and
poetry. The short stories, like the novels
and plays were no different in style from
those written before the onset of activism.
BOOKS THAT WERE PUBLISHED
 I Married a Newspaperman (essay) by Maria
Luna Lopez (wife of newspaperman Salvador B.
Lopez)1976
 The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia
Melendrez Cruz, 1980
 Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature, by
Rustica D. Carpio, 1976
 Brief Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcaco
 Medium Rare and Tell the People (feature
articles and TV Program) by Julie Yap Daza
---------- Pre-Spanish--------- - poetry -structural; it has metrical scale for beauty
purposes
Phil. Literature
Alphabet was written that's formed by Malay-Polynesian
Most influential stories:
Alibata - first Filipino Alphabet
1. Illiad and odyssey - homer; percy jackson was inspired
It includes:
to this
- Folk song
2. Canterbury tales - geoffrey chaucer; Indian tales
- Legends
3 1001 nights; Arabian nights
- Folktales
4. Mahabharata & Ramayana - longest Indian epic; this
- Epic has introduced movies to the world

- Riddle 5. Divine Comedy - Dante Allighreri

- Epigrams 6. Doctrina Christiana - source of Christianity; it has 4

main gospels; first 4 contents of this include Genesis,
- Sawikain
Exodus, Numbers, and Deoteronomy
- Salawikain
7. Qur'an - source of Islam religion
- Proverb
8. Book of the dead – Egypt
- Life Lessons

Metonymy - change of name - a thing or cincept is

Panulak Manobo - how the world was created
King Manaul? tama ba? - great God who made first man
and woman; Sikalak & Sikakay
Daragaw - God of War & Sacrifice
Example of phil. epic - Aliguyon
Miracles that happeened in Biag ni Lam-Ang
- bones assembled and got resurrected
- Swam and fishes died
- born and spoke
referred to by the name of something closely associated
with thing; ex: crown - royal person
Synecdoche - class of metonymy; refers to whole of
something and vice versa; ex: wheels - vehicles
Alliteration - series of words in a row with same beginning
CONSONANT sound; ex: she shells seashells by the
seashores
Assonance - resemblance or words either between
VOWELS or b/w Consonant; ex: go slow over the road
Repetition - simple repeating of words within short space
of words; ex: let it snow x3
Oxymoron - uses self contradiction to illustrate rhetorical
point; ex: alone together

- dog bark and crow incident Paradox - Absurd and contradictory but can be true and
make sense; ex: begininng of end
- he let the houses down of the manliligaws and returns it
back to not be obvious to have no competition to the girl Onomatopeia - sound of animal or an object; ex: meow

Literature - litera means letter Hyperbole- exaggerated statements or claims not to be

taken literally; ex: tons of money
Irony - disconnection between what appears to happen
Homer - blind poet - oration
on being said and the actual truth or reality; ex: there are
roaches infesting the office of pest service

2 types of lit Allusion - makes reference to a place, personx or event;

indirect reference; ex: regular Einstein
- prose - freely written; mostly in paragraph or sentences
Apostrophe - arrangement of words addressing a non-
existent person or abstract idea; ex: twinkle star song