I. GENERALRULES... °°°°°°°°°°°°°°° °.° .°° °°°°.° °°. °.

° °°°°°°°°° °°°°°°°°° 561

A NaIIles... 561
B. Dates... .. 562
C. Pages, Articles, Chapter.s, Sections, Paragraphs Footnotes... .. 563
D. Signals (" (" 564
E. General Short Forms... .. 567
F. Internal Cross-References... ... 568

II. PiuMARY SOURCES: CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATIITORY... °°°°°°° 569

A. Constitutions... ... ... ... ... ... .. 569
B. Statutes and Ordinances .., ". .. 569
C Executive Issuances and Administrative Regulations... 571
D. Rules of Court , ,. ,., , ,.. , , , 572
E. Treaties , , ,. 572
F. Constitution and Statute Short Forms , ,.. 573

III. PiuMARY SOURCES: JUOICIAL DECISIONS ,., ,.. °.° °°. .°° °°° °°. °°°° 574
A Philippine Supreme Court Cases , , , . 574
B. Other Decisions , " ". .. 578
C. Case Short Forms , ,.. ,. (" , ., ,.. 580

IV. SECONDARY SOURCES ... ,.°..°°.°.... ,...°. " ,., ..... , ,°. ,°°°.°°°.° ,. ..° 580
A Books, PaIIlphlets, and Other Nonperiodicals,., .., 580
B, Journals and Consecutively-Paginated Periodicals , ,.. 582
C. Magazines and Ordinary Periodicals., .. , ,.. 583
D. Newspapers and Daily Publications ,. 583
E. Documents and Letters (" , ,. .. 584

,ApPENDIX A: COMMONLY-USED ABBREVIATIONS ... ,., ,., ..°°. , ,.. °°°. 586
,ApPENDIX :7 COUNTRY AND REGION ABBREVIATIONS ...° ,°. ,.°. , .,. 587
 PHILIPPINE LAw JOURNAL

?41 85??81 .8-/7 .;;7"

Scholars must learn to both use and interpret footnotes with

consistency, brevity, wit, and flair. These are placed at the end of the
appropriate phrase, clause, sentence, or paragraph to support the
proposition with the appropriate source. Footnote references are commonly
placed after the punctuation mark at a phrase or clause(s end.

Footnotes must be brief yet allow a reader to identify and locate the
cited source. The citation forms vary to allow a reader to identify the
source(s nature. These forms may be reduced to a handful of general forms,
each representing a category of legal materials. These forms are generally:

1* Constitutions, codified statutes, and the Rules of Court

2* Ordinary statutes and treaties
3*Judicial decisions
4* Books and nonperiodical publications
5*Journals and other periodicals
6* Other documents
7* Internet sources

° This title pokes fun at both the Harvard >fo]Ziie and the state of the author(s
social life after he began work on Volume 79. He hopes this compilation honors
Professors Antonio Santos and Myrna Feliciano, his Legal Bibliography and Legal
Method teachers, respectively. During the author(s first, freshman year attempt at legal
writing, Professor Santos lent him his personal copy of the >fo]Ziie and helped him
decipher a centuries-old King(s Bench citation in a 19th century American case.§
Professor Feliciano graded the product and later sent the polished draft to the
PHILIPPINELAWJOURNALwithout the author(s knowledge, nudging him onto a
scholastic path that has since led to this page.
?cn] YmOscar Franklin Tan, Foreword, Pc!GMbom%IYg]hn( MYlnFFF6?cnYncihYh\ nb]Icnnf]
>fY[e >iie( 79 PHIL. L.J. 541, )page cited* )2004*.
°°Chair, PHILIPPINELAWJOURNAL;Member, Student Editorial Board )2004*.
Fourth Year, U.B., University of the Philippines )2005 expected*. B.S. Management
Engineering / A.B. Economics Honors, ?og IYo\]( Ateneo de Manila University
)2001*. First Freshman Awardee,Justice Irene K Cortes Prize for Best Paper in
Constitutional Law )2002*. Awardee, Professor Araceli T. Baviera Prize for Best Paper
in Civil Law )2003*. First Awardee, Professor Bienvenido C. Ambion Prize for Best
Paper in Private International Law )2004*.
 This internal guide for the PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL hopes to
reconcile the Mbcfcjjch] JYhoYf l!_I]aYf ?cnYncihmwith the >fo]Ziie(D but at the
same time simplify the latter(s overly complex and detailed rules.

1. In general, cite an author(s name as the source lists it, but omit middle
initials unless an author is popularly known by these.

BrYgjf]
Oscar Franklin Tan

Kin
Oscar Franklin B. Tan

>on
Vicente V. Mendoza
Jose B.L. Reyes

BrYgjf]
Mark Dennis Joven $ William Varias

Kin
Mark Dennis Joven and William Varias

3. When there are more than two authors, unless one needs to identify all of
them, cite the name of the first author and add "et al." and note the period
in "et al." This is not preceded by a comma.

BrYgjf]
Victorino Mamalateo et al.

Kin
Victorino Mamalateo, et al.
Victorino Mamalateo, Mark Dennis Joven $ William Varias

B MYRNA FELICIANO, PHILIPPINE MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATIONS 13-17 )1999*;

THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION )Columbia Law Review Ass(n et al.
eds., 17ti, ed. 2000*.
4. For juridical persons, businesses, government agencies, and organizations,
use the full name, but apply the abbreviations below in both body and
footnote text. Never abbreviate the first word of a name, however.

<mmi[cYncih Ass(n Fh[iljilYn]\ rne.

>linb]lm Bros. Icgcn]\ Ltd.
?igjY%!v ?i* KogZ]l No.
?iljilYncih Corp.

BrYgjf]
Manila Electric ?i*

Kin
Manila Electric Company

5. Further, use the abbreviations in Appendix A in footnote text only, unless

the full name is difficult to infer from the abbreviations:

BrYgjf]
Dept. of Transp. and Comm(n

6. 5Qcase of a long name, or if you wish to use a more familiar name, add a
parenthetical ")hereinafter "<name>"*" after the name,2 then use the
shortened name for succeeding footnotes and mojlY references. Introduce
Mbcfcjjch] JYhoYf abbreviations for government agencies3 this way, to avoid
confusing foreign readers. When using words in ALL CAPS of four letters
or more, reduce the font size by one point for that word only.

BrYgjf]
Dept. ofTransp. and Comm(n )hereinafter "<HMT"'

1. Use a more conversational <month> <day>, <year> format, but

abbreviate names of months to the first three letters only.

BrYgjf]
Jan. 25,2004

2 This expands the use of "hereinafter" compared to the >fo]Ziie prescriptions.

Many Philippine legal citations tend to be longer and material is less organized or
catalogued. Using short names for repeatedly-used sources in an article may well be
more convenient for a reader.
0 FELICIANO, mojlY note 1, at 13-17,
2. Dates are usually placed at the end of a citation in parentheses and often
shortened to the year only. In general, they are not enclosed in parentheses
when necessary to identifY a source, as in letters, emails, unofficial or
unpublished decisions, and treaties. Refer to the specific forms provided.

1. When citing multiple page, section, paragraph or footnote references -

but not article, chapter, and similar references - use commas to separate
each page reference. When citing consecutive ones, use a dash and omit all
but the last two digits unless this would be confusing.

BrYgjf]
1134,1135,1139-42
CIVIL CODE, art. 2176-2180

Kin
1134,1135,1139-1142
CIVIL CODE, art. 2176-80

2. In general, when necessary to avoid confusion or to indicate a page

number, the reference is preceded by a comma and then the word "at."
Refer to the specific forms provided. Note that "at" precedes only page
references, never section, paragraph, or footnote references.

BrYgjf]
No. A-13-24, at 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, SJ, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REpUBLIC
OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY, at xxxvii )2003*.

Kin
No. A-13-24, 2
No. A-13-24, p. 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, SJ, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REpUBLIC
OFTHE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY, xxxvii )2003*.

3. For articles, chapters or titles, precede the references with "art.", "ch." or
"tit." respectively. Use the designations in the source.

BrYgjf]
art. VIII

Kin
Art. VIII or Article VIII
4. For sections, precede the references with the section &"]%%'
symbol
followed by a space. Use parentheses to refer to specific subsections, if
necessary, following the designations in the source. Note that the section
symbol is never preceded by "at," unlike page references.

BrYgjf]
art. VIII, ~ 1)a*

5. When referring to multiple subsections in the same section, use a dash but
enclose each subsection reference in parentheses.

BrYgjf]
~ 1)4*-)6*

Kin
~ 1)4-6*

6. When referring to multiple sections otherwise, use two section symbols,

then commas. Use dashes for consecutive sections.

BrYgjf]
~~ 1,3,6-8

7. When dashes would be confusing because the source designates

subsections using dashes, use the connector "to" instead.

BrYgjf]
~~ 1-2 to 1-5

8. Apply the same rules for paragraphs, using the paragraph )"((* symbol.
The section symbol is likewise never preceded by "at," unlike page
references.

BrYgjf]
mJ 4-6
9. Paragraph references are commonly used for Internet sources and
documents with numbered paragraphs such as International Court of Justice
decisions. When helpful, add a section or paragraph reference to make a
page reference or references more specific.

BrYgjf]
at 10, } 4-6
10. For footnotes, use a page reference and add "n." followed by the
footnote number without a space. Do not precede "n." with a !=omma.Note
footnotes within the article itself are not cited using "n."

BrYgjf]
at 543 n.42

Kin
at 543, n.42

""! When referring to both the text on a page and a footnote tl>nthat page,
place an ampersand between the page and the footnote reference.

BrYgjf]
at 543 $ n.42

Kin
at 543, 543 n.42

12. When referring to both the text on a page and an endnote on that page,
use an ampersand and cite the page the endnote is found on.

BrYgjf]
at 277 $ 1094 n.131

13. When referring to multiple footnotes, use the rules for sections and
paragraphs. However, for multiple nonconsecutive footnotes, substitute an
ampersand for the last comma, to avoid confusion when citing footnotes on
different pages.

BrYgjf]
at 61 nn.42-43, 45 $ 48, 62 n.50

Kin
at 61 nn.42-43, 45, 48, 62 n.50

14. When referring to specific material, add a descriptive abbreviation such

as "fig." or "tbl." after the page or other reference. If this appears confusing,
use a parenthetical remark.

BrYgjf]
at 2 fig.3

15. Do not use section and paragraph symbols outside an actual citation,
unless abbreviating a lengthy reference, similar to how one would cite the
United States Code. Note that the words "article," "section" and the like are
not capitalized in body text.

BrYgjf]
"Art. VIII, ~1 provides .... However, examining section 5.... "

1. A source cited in a footnote but not preceded by a signal mmt identify the
source of a quotation or cited authority, or directly supports the proposition
in the text. The latter is a strong signal.

2. A source preceded by "P]]" supports a proposition less directly, but

clearly does so, either by inference or by drawing a parallel. It may also
present sources that contain a broader discussion than what is stated in the
proposition. This is a moderate signal.

/* "P]]( ]*a*("presents an example or examples that support the proposition.

"P]]( a]h]lYffU(" presents a general reference for the proposition.

1* "P]] Yfmi" indicates a source that indirectly supports the proposition,

discusses material that in turn supports the proposition, or precedes
additional SUppOrtiflgmaferial. This is a weak signal.

6. Limit use of signals to these simple, readily understood ones. Avoid use,
for example, of !CB)! which has been criticized as vague. Limit the use of
parenthetical explanations of more tangential sources.

7. Use semicolons and periods in "citation sentences" as one would an

ordinary sentence. Semicolons connect related sources in such a sentence.

BrYgjf]
P]] Rachel Barkow, Jil] Pojl]g] QbYh ?ioln; QB] CYR i_ nb] Mifcnc[Yf
No]mncih Ai[nhh] Yh\ nb] Ocm]i_Xo\c[cYf Pojl]gYls( 102 ;HENF, L. REv.
237 )2002*; Mark Tushnet, IYq Yh\ Mlo\]h[] ch nb]IYq i_Xomnc[cYZcfcns6
Qb] QlYhm_ilgYncih Yh\ AcmYjj]YlYh[] i_ nb] Mifcnc[YfNo]mncih Ai[nlch]( 4,
N.CL. REv. 1203 )2002*. P]] YfmiRobert Post, Cil]qil\( CYmbcihchanb]
I]aYf ?ihmncnoncih6?ofnol]( ?iolnm( Yh\ IYq( 117 HARv. L. REv. 4, 7
)2003*; Ronald Dworkin, EYl\ ?Ym]m(88 HARV.L. REv. 1057,1061
)1975*.
8. To connect sources in the same "citation sentence" with descriptive
phrases such as "[cncha%("[cn]\ -!%)"koincha%("koin]\ -!%)"l]p]lmcha"( "l]p]lm]\
-!%)"jYlncYffUl]p]lmcha%(%%jYlncYffU
l]p]lm]\ -!%)"Yg]h\cha%( "Yg]h\]\ -!%)
"l]j]Yfch*&( "l]j]Yf]\ -!%)and the like, place a comma after the first source,
followed by the descriptive phrase and the second source. Use periods to
avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in the same
footnote.

BrYgjf]
Ayer Productions v. Capulong, G.R. No 82380, 160 SCRA 861, Apr.
29, 1988; Lopez v. Court of Appeals, 34 SCRA 116, 126-27, G.R. No.
26549,Jul. 31, 1970, [cnchaCurtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130
)1967*. Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, 403 U.S. 29,44-45 )1971*,
ip]llof]\ 627 Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323,346 )1974*.

9. Finally, one may connect sources with "?igjYl] ***( qcnb" and "?igjYl] ***(
qcnb***( Yh\%*

BrYgjf]
?igjYl] Jeb Rubenfeld, Qb] Ocabnni MlcpYls( 102 HARV.L. REv. 737
&-545'( qcnb IRENECORTES,THE CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS
OF PRIVACY)1970*.

?igjYl] Lemuel Lopez, Qb] Ocabnni MlcpYls ch Fhkoclc]mch <c\ i_

I]acmfYncih( 78 PHIL. LJ 163 )2003*, [cnchaAyer Productions v.
Capulong, G.R. No 82380, 160 SCRA 861, Apr. 29,1988; qcnb Borjal
v. Court of Appeals, 301 SCRA 1, G.R. No. 126466,Jan. 14,1999,
[cnchaAyer, 160 SCRA 861; Rosenbloom.Y. Metromedia, 403 U.S. 29
)1971*. The first cites only half the jurisprudence cited in the second.

1. Use "c\*" when referring to the immediately preceding source in the same
footnote, or to the immediately preceding source in the immediately
preceding footnote if the footnote cites only one source. Use "c\*" by itself
to refer to the same specific point referred to in the preceding citation. Use
"at" to refer to another page and a comma to refer to another article,
section, or paragraph. Note that "c\*" may be used to refer to decisions, but
not to Constitutions and statutes.

BrYgjc*]
. J ames Bradley Thayer, Qb] Llcach Yh\ P[ij] i_ nb]<g]h%[Yh Ai[nlch] i_

?ihmncnoncihYfIYfp( 7 HARV.L. REv. 129, 135 )1893*.

.F\* at 136.
 .7A)
/ F\* at 138.

2. Use "<abbreviated name>, mojlY(" to refer to a previous source cited in

the same footnote, and "<abbreviated name>, mojlY note <number>," to
refer to a source cited in a previous footnote, or to a source in the
immediately preceding footnote if it cites more than one source. Note that
"mojlY" is never used to refer to Constitutions, statutes, or decisions.

BrYgjf]
. James Bradley Thayer, Qb] Lhach Yh\ P[ij] i_ nb]<g]lc[Yh AiYh%h] i_

?ihmncnoncihYfIYq( 7 HARV. L. K=[, 129, 135 )1893*; Edwin Meese,

Qb] IYq i_ nb] ?ihmncnoncih(61 TuL. L. K=[, 979,981 )1987*. Thayer
further argues that judicial review is best employed narrowly. Thayer,
mojlY( at 136-37.
2Thayer, mojlY note 1, at 140.
3 Meese, mojlY note 1, at 983.

1. To refer to preceding pages, use "P]] mojlY pp. <page numbers>". This is
the only instance "p." is used to indicate page numbers.

BrYgjf]
P]] mojlYjj* -,)-/*

BrYgjf]
P]] mojlY notes 12-15 and accompanying text.
P]] mojlY text accompanying notes 20-21.

BrYgjf]
P]] muFdGlY
Part 1.A.
1. Use "CONST." in Small Caps. Cite specific articles using "art." with no
comma in between "CONST." and "art."

BrYgjf]
CONST. art. VIII, ~1

Kin
CONST., art. VIII, ~1

2. For a Constitution no longer in force, add the year in parenthesis to

"CONST." Cite specific articles by adding a comma then citing normally.

BrYgjf]
CONST. )1935*, art. VIII, ~1

3. For a foreign Constitution, precede "CONST." with the proper country or

state abbreviation.

BrYgjf]
U.S. CONST. art. III, ~1

1, For an amendment, use "amend." instead of "art." This is generally used

for references to the United States Constitution.

BrYgjf]
U.S. CONST. amend. I

1. If referring to a code, use the appropriate abbreviation in Small Caps.4 5Q

case of new codes, use Appendix A. Because Philippine codification is not
as organized as the United States Code, you may opt to add a comment
indicating the actual law the first time the Code is cited.

BrYgjf]
TAX CODE, ~ 42)A*)4*. The National Intemal Revenue Code is Rep.
Act No. 8424 )1997*.
 <ah%[ofnolYfIYh\ O]Wilif?i\] 9?K9KB9G ;H<=

?Zcf\ Yh\ UionZ T]f_Yl] ?i\] ;ABE< $ RHNMA

P=E>9K= ;H<=

?cpcf ?i\] ;BOBE ;H<=

?i[ihon Fh\omnls ?i\] ;H;HGNM BG<NL,

;H<=

?i\] i_ ?igg]l[] ;HF, ;H<=

?iij]lYncp] ?i\] ;HHI=K9MBO= ;H<=

?iljilYn] ?i\] ;HKI, ;H<=

CYgc_s ?i\] >9F,;H<=

Ccl] ?i\] >BK= ;H<=

Cil]mnls ?i\] >HK=LMKR ;H<=

FhmolYh[]?i\] BGL, ;H<=

Fhn]ff][noYfMlij]l!G ?i\] BGM=EE, IKHI,

;H<=

IYZil ?i\] E9:, ;H<=

IYh\ QlYhmjilnYncih Yh\ QlY__c[?i\] MK9GLI, $ MK9>>B;

;H<=

Ii[Yf Dip]lhg]hn ?i\] EH;9E ?HO%M ;H<=

Jomfcg ?i\] i_ M]lmihYfIYqm FNLEBF ;H<=

KYncihYf >ocf\cha ?i\] :E<?, ;H<=

KYncihYf ?i\] i_ JYle]ncha i_ FBED ;H<=

>l]Ymngcfe PoZmncnon]m Yh\ Pojjf]g]hnm
KYncihYf Fhn]lhYfO]p]ho] ?i\] M9Q ;H<=

LghcZom Bf]Ycih ?i\] =E=;M, ;H<=

LghcZom Fhp]mng]hnm?i\] BGO=LMF=GML ;H<=

MZcfcjjch] Bhpclihg]hn ?i\] =GOBKHG, ;H<=

O]pcm]\<\gchcmnlYncp] ?i\] K=[, 9<F, ;H<=

O]pcm]\M]hYf ?i\] K=[, I=G, ;H<=

PYhcnYncih?i\] L9GBM9MBHG ;H<=

P][oncnc]mO]aofYncih ?i\] L=T, K=?, ;H<=

PnYn]<o\cncha ?i\] 9N<BM ;H<=

QYhG!Yh\ ?omnigm ?i\] M9KB>> ;H<=

TYn]l ?i\] P9M=K ;H<=

2. Otherwise, use <law form> <reference> )year of effectivity*.5 Because

Philippine codification is not as organized as the United States Code, you
may opt to add a comment indicating the law(s short name the first time it is
cited. Because of the same lack of codification, it is permissible to use these
short forms in the text of articles.

BrYgjf]
Rep. Act. No. 8792, ~ 28 )2000*.This is the E-Commerce Act of
2000.

MoZfc[IYqm &-5,,)-5/0' Act No.

?iggihq]Yfnb <[nm )1935-1945* Com. AetNo.
Ml]mc\]hncYfA][l]]m &-53.)-542' Pres. Dec. No.
>YnYmMYgZYhmY&-540)-542' Batas BIg.
Br][oncp] Ll\]l &-542)-543' Exec. Order No.
O]joZfc[ <[n Rep. Act No.
8Rhcn: Ll\chYh[] <Unit> Ordinance
No.

3. To cite a Senate or House Bill, use the form <reference>, <congress>,6

<session> )year*.For section references, place these after the session
number. You may indicate the author or the short name with a comment.

BrYgjf]
S. No. 437, 12th Cong., 2nd Sess., ~ 3 )2003*.This is the proposed
University of the Philippines Charter of 2003.

P]hYn] >cf_ S. No.

Eiom] >cf_ H.No.
P]hYn] ?ih[oll]hn O]mifoncih S. Con. Res.
Eiom] ?ih[oll]hn O]mifoncih H. Con. Res.
P]hYn] ?iggcnn]] O]jiln H.Rpt.
Eiom] ?iggcnn]] O]jiln H.Rpt.
O]mifoncih i_ Zinb Eiom]m(mcnncha
nia]nb]l R.B.H.
Zon pincham]jYlYn]fU

4. Refer to the Mbcfcjjch] JYhoYf for other citation forms for Philippine
legislative materials(? Refer to the >fo]Ziie for the more complex citation of
American federal and state statutes.

2f\* at 16-17.
3 f\* at 17.
1. Cite executive issuances and administrative regulations as one would a
regular statute. Again, cite the issuing agency(s name in full instead of using
the Mbcfcjjch] JYhoYf abbreviations, unless one introduces these using
"hereinafter." Finally, omit the date if evident from the regulation(s serial
number.

BrYgjf]
Sec. and Exchange Comm(n )hereinafter "SEC"* Memo. Circ. No.2
)2002*.
Rev. Regs. 19-93, ~ 4.

Br][oncp] Ll\]l Exec. Order No.

8<a]hls: <\gchcmnlYncp] Ll\]l <Agency> Adm.
Order No.
Mli[fYgYncih Proc. No.
D]h]lY! Ll\]l Gen. Order No.
I]nn]l i_ Fhmnlo[ncih Letter of Inst. No.
I]nn]l i_ Fgjf]g]hnYncih Letter of Imp!. No.
I]nn]l i_ <onbplcls Letter of Auth. No.

1. Although not a statute, the Rules of Court are cited in the same way a
codified law is, except one uses "Rule" instead of "art." Use RULESOF
COURT,Rule <number>.

BrYgjf]
RULESOF COURT,Rule 111, ~ 1)a*.

2. To refer to rules no longer in force, add the year after "RULESOF

COURT".

BrYgjf]
RULESOF COURT)1940*, Rule 41, ~ 3.

1. For conventions and multilateral treaties, use the form <name>, <date of
signing>, <cited article>, <reporter citation or document>. One may add
the date of entry if(to force or ratification in a comment after the citation.
 BrYgjf]
1 United Nations Framr:work Convention on Climate Change,Jul. 9,
1992, preamble, 31 I.L.M. 849.
/ Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization,

Apc. 15,1994, YfGYcIYZI]Yn

http:// www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legaLe/04-wto.doc.

2. ForCbilateral-d:eaties,add the two countries( abbreviations and connect

these with a dash, using the form <name>, <date of signing>, <country-
country>, <cited article>, <reporter citation or document> - N..6tethat "RP"
or "Republic of the Philippines" is not the commonly-used abbreviation.

BrYgjf]
Convention with Respect to Income, Oct. 1, 1976, Phil.-U.S., art. 8,
~1-2, YpYcfYZI]Ynhttp://www.irs.gov !pub/irs-trty /philip.pdf.

1. Do not use c\* or mojlY as short forms for constitutions or statutes. For
consecutive footnotes, you may use the section or article reference alone
after the first, without the reference to the statute, adapting the short form
for the United States Code. Note that because United States law is primarily
cited using codified versions, Philippine statute citations are relatively
shorter.

BrYgjf]
. Rep. Act. No. 8792, ~ 28 )2000*.This is the E-Commerce Act of

2000.
2 ~~ 23-24.
0 ~ 28.

2. For nonconsecutive (footnotes referring to a statute after the first

reference, it is permissible to use section or article references alone if the,
reference is on the same page or within roughly five footnotes of the tull
citation. However, if this short form appears confusing, especially because
of section references to other sources, use the statute or bill reference with
the section or article reference, and omit the other data.
 BrYgjf]
1 S. No. 437, 121h Cong., 2nd Sess., ~ 3 )2003*.This is the proposed
University of the Philippines Charter of 2003.
2 ~~ 3-4.
0 ~ 5.

4 Christine Avendano, EimnYa] R(ncp]lmc!s6 Pg* PYhncYai bif\m _Yn] idRM

?bYln]l( Phil. Daily Inquierer, Nov. 4, 2004, YpYcfYZf]Yn
http:// news .inq7.ne t/ nation/ index. php?index = 1's tory_id = 17034.
5 ~ 6.
3 CONST.art. II, ~ 13.

4 S. No. 437, ~~ 8-10.

3. One may opt to use a short name, indicated by a parenthetical

")hereinafter "<name>((*(( before the section reference in the first fill statute
reference. Use the same short forms, but use the indicated short name in
place of the statute or bill reference.

BrYgjf]
1 S. No. 437, 121h Cong., 2nd Sess. )hereinafter "Proposed UP
Charter"*, ~ 3 )2003*.
/ ~~ 3-4.

3 ~ 5.
4 Christine Avendano, EimnYa] Rhcp]lmc!s6P]h* PYhncYai bif\m _Yn] idRM

?bYln]l( Phil. Daily Inquierer, Nov. 4,2004, YpYcfYZf]Yn

http:// news.inq 7.net/ flation/index.php?index=1'story _id =17034.
5 ~ 3,
6 CONST.art. II, ~ 13.
4 Proposed UP Charter, ~~ 8-10.

1. Use the form <last name of first party> v. <last name of first opposing
party>, <docket number>, <reporter volume> <reporter abbreviation>
<first page of decision in reporter>, <specific page number in reporter>,
<full date of decision>.

BrYgjf]
United States v. Arceo, No. 1491,3 Phil. 381,384, Mar. 5, 1904.
Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685,239 SCRA 143, 170, Jul. 23, 1998.
3. When there are multiple co-parties, use only the first on each side. Do not
use "et al." When a decision resolves more than one case, use the names in
only the first.

BrYgjf]
United States v. Arceo, No. 1491,3 Phil. 381,384, Mar. 5, 1904.
Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685,239 SCRA 143, 170, Jul. 23, 1998.

4. For natural persons, use last names only and omit titles, prefixes, and
suffixes in party names. However, when the name is entirely in Mandarin or
another Oriental language where names begin with the last name, use the
whole name.

BrYgjf]
United States v. Chu Chang, No. 2307,6 Phil. 74, Apr. 9, 1906.

5. For juridical persons, spell out abbreviations unless they form part of the
actual name(."Do not omit suffixes that indicate a corporation such as "Inc."
and "Corp."8 Do not omit first names or middle initials when a person(s
name is used as part of a juridical person(s name.

BrYgjf]
Agan v. Philippine International Air Terminals Co., Inc., G.R. No.
155001,402 SeRA 612, 664, May 5, 2003.

Kin
Agan v. PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001,402 SCRA 612, 664, May 5,
2003.

6. For local government units, indicate the type of unit using prefixes such
as "Province of(, "City of(, or "Municipality of(. When particular
government offices are named, use the complete name.

7. For cases that begin with procedural terms, use the prefix "In re" and the
last name of the person concerned or the subject of the decision ..

BrYgjf]
In re Sotto, No. 14576,38 Phil. 532, Sep. 6, 1918.

Kin
In the matter of Vicente Sotto, No. 14576,38 Phil. 532, Sep. 6, 1918.
8. Old Philippine Supreme Court cases are commonly reported in the
Mbcfcjjch] O]jilnm )"Phil."*, and more recent ones are found in the Pojl]g]
?ioln O]jilnm <hhinYn]\ )"SCRA"*. In case an author uses a less commonly-
used reporter, it is recommended that one replace the reference or add the
reference to the commonly-used reporter. If the decision is found nowhere
else, one may also refer to the Official Gazette )"O.G."*.

Kin O][igg]h\]\
Republic v. Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Inc., G.R. No.
147062,423 Phil. 735, Dec. 14,2001.

9. The Mbcfcjjch] JYhoYf convention is to use the G.R. number and full date
only for cases reported in unofficial reporters, namely the SCRA. Thus,
official reporters, namely the Mbcfcjjch] O]jilnm( are generally cited using the
reporter and year only. Because, however, Philippine electronic sources are
not organized using reporter citations, the easiest way to find a case using
these is to enter the G.R. nL!mber and then check the date in case more than
one decision was rendered. Thus, for the benefit of increasingly computer-
savvy students, use the full, expanded citation even for Mbcfcjjch] O]jilnm
references. The page referellce to the physical reporter must be included
because there is no other way to refer to specific portions of Philippine
electronic materials.

M]lgcmmcZf]
United States v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381,384 )1904*.

O][iggg\]\
United States v. Arceo, No. 1491,3 Phil. 381,384, Mar. 5, 1904.

10. Omit the "L-" from docket numbers, and use only the number of the
first case, in case of multiple cases covered in one decision.

BrYgjf]
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710,356 SCRA 108, 155-56, Mar.
2,2001.

Kin
Estrada v. Desi
 BrYgjf]
United States v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381,381 )1904*.

12. The convention is to footnote the first instance of a case name with a
general citation to the case, then footnote succeeding points with specific
references. Note that case names are italicized in text, but not in citations.

BrYgjf]
In Rhcn]\ PnYn]mp*<l[]i(! the Court stated ....

!3 Phil. 381 )1904*.

. W\*at 384.

13. When the reporter citation is unavailable, omit it and rely on the docket
number and full date. This is used for very recent and still unpublished
decisions.

BrYgjf]
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, Nov. 10,
2003.

14. When referring to a case available only on an electronic database such as

WestLaw, as opposed to electronic copies not catalogued using a particular
system, such as the Philippine Lex Libris or PhiIJuris compilations,
substitute the database reference for the reporter citation. Page numbers are
indicated using star pagination, however, and use "at" to indicate these
pages.

BrYgjf]
Rarnbus, Inc. v. Infineon Technologies AG, 2004 WL 383590, at +17
)E.D.va. 2004*.

15. When referring to copies of decisions initially released by the Court

instead of copies printed in reporters, use "at" after the date to refer to
specific pages. Add a description of the source the first time it is cited. Note
that because of the limited availability of such copies, such page citations will
rarely be useful.

BrYgjf]
Lopez v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163556, Jun. 8, 2004, at
12. This article refers to the copy of this resolution specially released
by the Court in booklet form.

165. When referring to a separate opinion, add "£name>, J., 8\]m[lcjncihx"

or "£name>, C.J., 8\]m[lcjncihx" to the end of the citation. Cite the first
page of the decision and not the first page of the separate opinion as the
first page. This notation may also be used to emphasize the jih]hn] in a
majority decision.

BrYgj_*]
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, Nov. 10,
2003 )puno,]., [ih[og%ha Yh\ \cmm]hnchcG
Phil. Comm(l $ Indus. Bank v. Philnabank Employees( Ass(n, G.R.
No. 29630,105 SCRA 314, 319,Jul. 2, 1981 )Fernando, ?)<)')

1. Cite other Philippine cases and administrative decisions using the same
form and rules. Reproduce the full docket number and notation used. For
trial courts, indicate the branch and area before the docket number. Except
for the commonly-used abbreviations below,9 spell out the deciding body(s
name.

BrYgjf]
. Philippine Refining ?i* v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, SX
A
Case No. 2872, Jan. 15,1986, at 1.
2 Philippine American Life Insurance ?i*( Inc. v. Court of Tax
Appeals, CA-G.R. SP No. 31283, Apr. 25, 1995, at 2.
3 People v. Villanueva, RTC-Branch 50, Malolos, Crim. Case No.

1051-M-200, Mar. 11,2003.

4 Gutierrez v. MAX Manufacturing Corp., Nat(l Lab. ReI. Comm(n

)hereinafter "NLRC"* Case No. 04-0015-04, Nov. 5, 2004.

?ioln i_ <jj]Yfm DA
PYh\caYhZksYh Sandiganbayan
?ioln i_Q Yr <jj]Yfm CTA
O]acihYf QlcYf ?ioln RTC
Jog"[cjYf QlcYf ?ioln MTC
J]nlijifcnYh QlcYf ?ioln MeTC
Johc[tjYf ?cl[ocn QlcYf ?ioln MCTC
PbYlc%YbAcmnlcY?ioln Shari(ah Dist. Ct.
PbYh"Yb ?cl[ocn ?ioln Shari(ah Cire. Ct.

2. Because even electronic copies of American and other foreign decisions

follow reporter citations, simply use the form <last name of first party> v.
<last name of first opposing party>, <reporter volume> <reporter
abbreviation> <first page of decision in reporter>, <specific page number
in reporter>, <year of decision>. There is no need to specify the docket
number unless the case is recent and has not yet been published.

BrYgjf]
Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 )1962*.

BrYgjf]
Blumenthal v. Drudge, 186 F.R.D. 236 )D.nc 1999*.
In re Santa Fe International Corp., 272 F.3d 705,708 )5th Cir. 2001*.

4. Refer to the >fo]Ziie for other forms such as those specifying old
American reporters. Consider these optional, however, and avoid using
multiple reporters and lengthening the citation by noting, for example, how
certiorari was denied. Such detail is of lesser use to non-American readers.

BrYgjf]
Marbury v. Madison,S U.S. )1 Cranch* 137,176 )1803*.
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. )4 Wheat.* 316,407 )1819* )Marshall,
;C,',

5. When a reporter citation form already uses the year as the volume
number, omit the year from the citation. If the full date is necessary, merely
omit the year.

BrYgjf]
Bellinger v. Bellinger, 2003 UKHL 21, } 46. Here, the House of
Lords ....

6. For international decisions and arbitrations, omit prefixes such as "Case

Concerning." Add a parenthetical "£country abbreviation> v. <country
abbreviation«" after the case name, unless the decision is an advisory
opinion. Note that the full date is specified in these citations.

BrYgjf]
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua )Nicar. v.
U.S.*, Merits, 1986 I.C.j. 14,142,149 Oun. 27*.
Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear
Weapons, 35 I.L.M. 809 OuJ. 8, 1996*.
,) "f\*" may be used with cases, but not "mojlY*" ?ihmc\]lcha nb] f]hanb 0/
Mbcfcjjch] [Ym][cnYncihm(cn [Yhhin Z] ]gjbYmc9;G-\]hioab nbYn cahilcha nbcmgf] f]Y\m ni
]gZYllYmmcha_s alin]mko] _ilgYnm* ni Qbcmcmnb] b]cabn 0/ ]\cnilcYf gYfjlY[nc[]*

2. In case of nonconsecutive but repetitive references to a case, one may use

the short form <abbreviated case name>, <reporter volume> <reporter
abbreviation> at <specific page reference>, omitting other information that
would be repeated. The abbreviated case name is commonly the first party
name, unless the second identifies the case clearly, such as when the first
party name is a government reference such as "People" or "Republic." Use
this short form only when the subsequent reference is on the same page or
roughly within five footnotes of the full citation.

BrYgjf]
Military and Paramilitary Activities, 1986 I.C]. at 138.
Arceo, 3 Phil. at 384.

3. When a case is referred to throughout an article or the name is

exceptionally long, one may also use to use a parenthetical ")hereinafter
"<name>((*(( and use this in place of the full reference in succeeding
footnotes.

BrYgjf]
Pimentel v. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass the Votes Cast
for President and Vice-President in the May 10,2004 Elections
)hereinafter "Pimentel"*, G.R No. 163783,Jun. 22,2004.

1. Books, pamphlets, formal reports, and other nonperiodical materials of

substantial length are distinguished from other sources and formatted in
SMALL CAPs. Use the form <volume number> <AUTIIOR> <TITLE> <page
number> )year published*.

10 P]]( ]a*( Oscar Franklin Tan, Qb] Mbcfcjjch] MYlns)IcmnBrj]lcg]hn6 <g]h\cha <

QlYa]0GidC_Yq]\ JYnb]gYnc[m Yh\ Mifc[s(79 PHIL. L.J. 736, 761 )2004*.

 BrYgjf]
ANTONIO NACHURA, OUTLINE REVIWER IN POLITICAL LAW 442-43
)2002*.
II ARTURO TOLENTINO, CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 30 )1992*.
AYN RAND, ATLAS SHRUGGED 382 )1957*.

3. If an author is credited with the work but wrote it on behalf of an

institution, specify this institution after the author(s name; otherwise, specify
the institution as the author. If a work is part of a series, include the series
number as part of the title.

4. If a source has multiple editions, specify the edition by adding the

notation "ed." in parentheses with the year, using no comma.

BrYgjf]
JOAQUIN BERNAS, S.j., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE
PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY 812 )2003 ed.*.
JOHN WIGMORE, EVIDENCE IN TRIALS AT COMMON LAW, ~ 2290
)McNaughton rev. ed. 1961*.

5. If a source has an editor, editors, or a translator, specify these with the

notation "ed.", "eds.", and "trans.", respectively.

BrYgjf]
KARL MARX $ FRIEDRICH ENGELS, MANIFESTO OF THE
COMMUNIST PARTY )Samuel Moore trans., Friedrich Engels ed.,
1888* )1848*.
THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION )Columbia Law
Review Ass(n et al. eds., 17 th ed. 2000*.

6. When referring to a copy with different pagination such as a later

publication by another publisher, specify the edition or publisher
information in another parenthetical before the year as follows:

BrYgjf]
PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON, WHAT IS PROPERTY? OR, AN INQUIRY
INTO THE PRINCIPLE OF RIGHT AND OF GOVERNMENT 94 )Benj.
Tucker trans., 1890* )1840*.
ALEXANDRE DUMAS, THE THREE MUSKETEERS 219 )Signet Classic,
1991* )1844*.
7. Generally, except for the Bible, ignore >fo]Ziie special citation forms such
as those for Qb] C]\]lYfcmn*BB These are not as commonly used in the
Philippines, and they do not facilitate the citation of specific pages, anyway.

8. When referring to a short work in a collection, use the form <author>,

8ncnf]:( ch <TITLE OF COLLECTION> <page number> )year published*. If
the collection features the work of only one author, format his name in
SMALLCAPS. In exceptional cases where books are compiled in a collection,
format both the author(s name and the title in SMALLCAPS.One may specify
the publisher of the compilation if it helps identify the collection.

BrYgjf]
BMartha Johnson, O]m]Yl[bih QlY\cncihYf Bhpclihg]hnYf Hhiqf]\a]6 Fnm
A]p]fijg]hn Yh\ FnmOif]( ch LORE: CAPTURING TRADITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE 7-8 )Martha Johnson ed., 1992*.
2 JOHN STUART MILL, Lh fcZ]lnU(ch ESSENTIAL WORKS OF JOHN
STUART MILL 263 )Max Lerner ed., 1961*.
3 CHARLES DE MONTESQUIEU, THE SPIRIT OF LAws, ch 38 GREAT

BOOKS OF THEWESTERNWORLD 70 )Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.,

Maynard Hutchins ed., 1982*.

1. Academic journals are among the most commonly-cited secondary

sources in academic writing. Use the form <author>, 8ncnf] i_ Ylnc[f]:(
<volume number> <JOURNALABBREVIATION><first page of article>,
<specific page number> )year published*.

BrYgjf]
Samuel Warren $ Louis Brandeis, Qb] Ocabnni MlcpYls( 4 HARv. L.
K=[, 193 )1890*.
Bartolome Carale, ?lcgchYf <\ofn]ls Yh\ Cilhc[Yncih ch nb] Mbcfcjjch]m6<
O])BrYgchYncih( 45 PHIL. L.J. 344,346-47 )1970*.

2. Note that only the journal abbreviation is in SMALLCAPS.These

abbreviations need not be memorized, and are created using standard
geographic and commonly-used abbreviations. Thus, for example, the
PHILIPPINE LAw JOURNAL is ((PHIL. L.J." Only a handful of institutions enjoy
special abbreviations such as Harvard )((HARv.((*and Columbia )"COLUM."*.

3. When the journal uses the year as its volume number, omit the year in
parentheses.
 BrYgjf]
Linda Lacey, L_ >l]Y\ Yh\ Oim]mYh\ ?ijslcabnm( 1989 DUKE L.J. 1532,
1536-37.

4. When the article is prefixed by a description such as "Note", "Comment",

or "Essay", place this before the title but do not italicize.

BrYgjf]
Edson Eufemio, Comment, Qb] BmnYn]MfYhhchaMli[]mmch nb] Mbcbjjch]
?ihn]rn6 PoZmnYhncp]Yh\ Mli[]\olYf Fmmo]m
ch Mlin][nchanb] Ocabnm0/ nb] BmnYn]
Lqh]l( 79 PHIL. L.J. 834 )2004*.
Note, Fh[igj]n]hls ni PnYh\ QlcYw 81 HARv. L. REv. 454,459 )1967*.

2, Incidentally, a "Note" refers to a student article. In the Philippines,

however, the practice has been to publish these as full articles, because very
few lengthier, comprehensive articles are written. Thus, in practice, a ((Note((
refers to a shorter student piece while a "Comment" refers to a shorter piece
by an author who is not a student.

1. These periodicals differ in that they are commonly referred to by date and
not by volume number. Use the form <author>, 8ncnf]i_ Ylnc[f]:(
<PERIODICAL ABBREVIATION>, <inclusive dates>, at < first page of
article>, <specific page number>.

BrYgjf]
Maggie Keresey, D]n Y >]nn]l >i0G FgYa]( TEEN, Nov. 1997, at 59, 60.

1. Use the form <author>, 8ncnf]i_Ylnc[f]:( <NEWSPAPER ABBREVIATION

)geographic indicator«, <date>, at <specific page number>. If the
newspaper(s title does not reveal its country of publication, specify this in
parentheses. For example, "TODAY)phil.*."

BrYgjf]
Christine Avendano et aI., Mi] [Ygj [lc]m_iof ip]l dichn [iggcnn]]( PHIL.
DAILYINQUIRER,Jun. 1,2004, at A14.
Paolo Romero, Ljjimcncih ni ko]mncihoj ni 25 ?L?m( PHIL. STAR,Jun. 2,
2004, at 1.
2. For opinion columns and other running pieces, add the title of the
column before( the title of the article, but separate these using a colon instead
ofa comma.

BrYgjf]
Raul Pangalangan, MYmmcih_LlO]Ymih6 >omb pm*Dil]( Mbcfcjjch] S]lmcih;(
PHIL. DAILYINQUIRER,Jun. 4, 2004, } 8, YpYcfYZf]Yn
http:// www.inq7.net/opi/2004/jun/04/text/opCrpangalangan-1-
p.htm

1. This is a last, catch-all category for miscellaneous sources. If referring to a

document that is formally catalogued such as United Nations Docunlents,
use the form <author>, <title>,.at <specific page number>, <designation>
)date*.

BrYgjf]
International Decade of the World(s Indigenous People, U.N. Doc.
A/RES/49/214 )1994*.
World Trade Organization, Elements of the Obligation to Disclose
the Source and Country of Origin of Biological Resource and/or
Traditional Knowledge Used in an Invention, \XW Doc.
IP /C/W /429, at 2, } 3 )Sep. 21,2004*.

2. Otherwise, use the simpler form <author>, <title>, at <specific page

number> )date*, but one is advised to note where the document is located.
This is often used for unpublished papers. For academic works such as
theses, however, specify the institution and relevant degree.

BrYgjf]
1 Ellanmark Pailan, How to Find Love in Friendster.com Oun. 21,
2004* )unpublished manuscript on file with the author*.
2 Oscar Franklin Tan, Intra-Industry Traae: A Game Without Losers
)Mar. 2001* )unpublished thesis for A.B. 'onomics Honors, Ateneo
de Manila Unviersity, on file with the Ateneo de Manila Department
of Economics*.

3. Use the same form for letters, interviews, speeches, and the like, but
prefix them with descriptive phrases such as "Letter from ... to", ((Interview
with" and "Speech delivered". When applicable, specify the venue or the
occaSlOn.
 BrYgjf]
1Jovito Salonga, Speech delivered at the PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL(S
90th Anniversary, Malcolm Hall, University of the Philippines )Sep.
14,2004*.
/ Letter to Tench Coxe )Mar. 28, 1790*, ch 13 THE PAPERSOFJAMES

MADISON128 )Charles Hobson et. al. eds, 1981*.

1. Cite Internet sources the same way one would a similar conventional
sources )for example, online versions of books are cited using SMALLCAPS*,
but add a comma and then "Yn<URL>" if the source is found exclusively
on the Internet, or "YpYcfYZf]Yn <URL>" if the source is an Internet copy of
a conventional source. The URL citation may replace a reporter citation, or
may be cited in addition to a conventional citation.

BrYgjf]
OLIVERWENDELLHOLMES,JR., THE COMMONLAW207 )1881*,
YpYcfYZf]Ynhttp://www.gutenberg.org/ dirs/ etextOO/cmnlwl0.txt.

2. If an Internet source is undated, add the last date the website was updated
or modified in parenthesis. If this information is not available, indicate when
the website was last checked.

BrYgjf]
National Statistical Coordination Board, fcmn id Johc[cjYfcnc]m(w*1, Yn
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listmun.asp Qast modified
Jul. 2004*.
www.gov.ph. <Zion nb] Mbcfcjjch]m(w 5 Yn
http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/ general. asp Qast visited Aug. 30,
2004*.

3. If a web page has no equivalent conventional source, it is easily cited using

<author>, 8ncnf]i_jYa]:( Yn <URL>.

BrYgjf]
Supreme Court of the Philippines, < >lc]_Ecmnils id nb] Pojl]g] ?ioln(
Yn http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/history.htm Qast visited Nov.
10,2004*.
253 PHILIPPINE LAw JOURNAL [VOL 79
ApPENDIX A: /;99;:8E&A>10 -..=1B5-?5;:>

<[Y\]gc[ Acad. BYmn E. I]acmfYncih Legis.

<[[iohncha Acct. BYmn]lh E. IcZlYlcYh Libr.
<[[iohnYhn Acct. B[ihigc[m Econ. IcZlYls Libr.
<[[iohnYhls Acct. B[ihihls Econ. IcncaYncih Litig.
<\gchcmnlYncp] Admin. B\o[Yncih Educ. Ii[Yf Loc.
<\gchcmnlYncih Admin. Bgjf_!sg]hn Emp. JYhYa]g]hn Mgmt.
<\pi[Yn] Advoc. Bhafcmb Eng. JYlcncg] Mar.
<\pi[Yls Advoc. Bhn]lnYchg]hn Ent. J]\c[Yf Med.
<hhoYf Ann. Bhpclihg]hn Env(t J]\c[ch] Med.
<jj]ffYn] App. Bhpclihg]hnYf Envd JcfcnYls Mi!.
<lZcnlYncih Arb. BmnYn] Est. Jch]lYf Min.
<lZcnlYnil Arb. CYgc!G Fam. Johc[cjYf Mun.
<nigc[ Atom. C]\]lYf Fed. KYncihYf Nat(l
<nnilhls Att(y C]\]lYncih Fed(n KYnolYf Nat.
>Yhelojnls Bankr. CchYh[] Fin. K]afca]g] Neg!.
>Yl B. CchYh[cYf Fin. K]qmf]nn]l News!(
>]bYpcil Behav. Cilhcabn!G Fort. Kilnb N.
>]bYpcilYf Behav. Cioh\Yncih Found. Kilnb]lh N.
>of_]nch Bull. D]h]lYf Gen. Ll\]l Ord.
>omch]mm Bus. Dip]lhg]hn Gov(t Lla(YhctYncih Org.
?Ynbifc[ Cath. EcmjYhc[ Hisp. MY[c_c[ Pac.
?bcf\l]h Child. Ecmnilc[Yf Hist. MYn]hn Pat.
?blihc[f] Chron. Ecmnils Hist. M]lmihYf Pers.
?cpcf Civ. EimjcnYf Hosp. M]lmj][ncp] Persp.
?if_]a] C. EogYh Hum. Mbcfimijbc[Yf Philo.
?igg]hnYls Comment. FggcalYncih lromigr. Mbcfimijbs Philo.
?igg]l[cYf Corom(l Fh\]j]h\]hn Indep. Mifcls Pol(y
?iggohc[Yncih Comm. Fh\omnlcYf Indus. Mifcnc[Yf Po!(
?igjYlYncp] Compo Fh_ilgYncih Info. Mifcnc[m Po!(
?ih_]l]h[] Conf. Fhdols Inj. MlY[nc[Yf Prac.
?ihal]mmcihYf Congo Fhmncnon] Inst. MlY[nc[] Prac.
?ihmncnoncih Const. FhmolYh[] Ins. MlY[ncncih]l Prac.
?ihmntnoncihYf Const. Fhn]f_][noYf Intell. MliZYn] Prob.
?ihn]gjilYls Contemp. Fhn]l\cm[cjfchYls Interdisc. Mli[]]\cham Proc.
?ihnlY[n Cont. Fhn]l]mn Int. Mli[]\ol] Proc.
?iohm]f Couns. Fhn]lhYncihYf Int(l Mli_]mmcih Prof.
?iohm]fil Couns. GiolhYf J. Mli_]mmcihYf Prof.
?lcgchYf Crim. Go\c[cYf Jud. Mlij]lnU Prop.
?ioln Ct. JYaYtch] Mag. Mms[bifias Psycho!.
A]_]hm] Def. Gomnc[] Just. MoZfc[ Pub.
A]jYlng]hn Dep(t Gop]hcf] Juv. NoYln]l!G J,
A]p]fijg]hn Dev. IYZil Lab. O][il\ Rec.
Aca]mn Dig. IYq L. O]_]l]]m Ref.
AcjfigYls Dip!. IY-f6G]l Law. O]acmn]l Reg.
Acmjon] Disp. I]acmfYncp] Legis. O]aofYncih Reg.
2004] CITATION AND TIIE LITTLE BLACK BOOK .91

O]aofYnils Reg. Pi[cYf Soc. Q][bhifias Tech.

O]fYncihm ReI. Pi[c]ns Soc(y Qnf][igg-f--c[incih Telecomm.
O]jli\o[ncih Reprod. Pifc[cnil Solie. QlYhmYncihYf Transnat(l
O]jli\o[ncp] Reprod. Pionb S. QlYhmjilYncih Transp.
O]m]Yl[b Res. Pionb]lh S. QlcZohYf Trib.
O]m]lp] Res. PnYn] St. Qh"Y_ Tr.
O]mifoncih ResoI. PnYncmnc[ Stat. Rhcp]gns U.
O]mjihmcZcfcns Resp. PnYncmnc[Yf Stat. RlZYh Urb.
O]pc]q Rev. Pno\c]m Stud. Rncfcnc]m Uti!.
Ocabnm Rts. Polpls Surv. T]]e Wk.
P[biif Sch. Psgjimcog Symp. T]]efU Wkly.
P[c]h[] Sci. Psmn]g Sys. T]mn W.
P][ncih Sec. QYrYncih Tax(n T]mn]lh W.
P][nflcnc]m Sec. Q]Y[b]l Tchr. U]YlZiie YB.

ApPENDIX ., COUNTRY AND REGION ABBREVIATIONS

<_abYhcmnYh Afg. ?ifigZcY Colom. Doch]Y)>cmmYo Guinea-Bissau

<_lc[Y Afr. ?igilim Comoros D%!UYhY Guy.
<fZYhcY Alb. ?ihai Congo EYcnc Haiti
<fa]lcY Alg. ?imnY Oc[Y Costa Rica Eih\olYm Hond.
<h\illY Andorra ?in] \-picl] Cote d(Ivoi Eiha Hiha H.K
<haifY AngI. ?liYncY Croat. EohaYls Hung.
<haocffY Anguilla ?oZY Cuba F[]fYh\ Ice.
<hncaoY " Ant. ' ?sjlom Cyprus Fh\ih]mcY Indon.
>YlZo\Y Barb.
<la(]hnchY Arg. ?t][b O]joZfc[ Czech Rep. FlYh Iran
<lg]hcY Arm. A]hgYle Den. FlYk Iraq
<omnlYfcY Austl. AdcZionc Djib. Fl]fYh\ Ir.
<omnlcY Aus. Aigchc[Y Dominica FmlY]f Isr.
<t]lZYcdYh Azer. Aigchc[Yh Dom. Rep. FnYfU Italy
O]joZfc[
>YbYgYm Bah. B[nfY\il Ecuador GYgYc[Y Jam.
>YblYch Bahr. Basjn Egypt GYjYh Japan
>YhafY\]mb BangI. BF PYfpY\il EI Dal. Gil\Yh Jordan
>YlZY\im Barb. BhafYh\ Eng. HYtYebmnYh Kaz.
>]fYlom Belr. BkoYnilcYf Eq. Guinea H]%!UY Kenya
Doch]Y
>]facog Belg. Blcnl]Y Eri. Hch%ZYnc Kiribati
>]fct] Belize BmnihcY Est. Hil]Y( Kilnb N. Korea
588 PHILIPPINE LAw JOURNAL [VOL 79

>]f+ch Benin BnbcijcY Eth. Hil]Y( Pionb S. Korea

>]lgo\Y Berm. Bolij] Eur. HRfpYcn Kuwait
>bgYh Bhutan CYfefYh\ FmfYh\ Falklang Is. HslacUmnY!f Kyrg.
>ifcpcY Bo1. Ccdc Fiji IYim Laos
>LPffcY" Bosn $ CchfYh\ Fin. IYnpcY Lat.
E]ltiaipchY Herz.
>in*_-pYhY Bots. ClYh[] Fr. I]ZYhih Leb.
>lY;!n Braz. DYZih Gabon I]minbi Lesotho
>hg]c Brunei DYgZcY Gam. IcZ]lcY Liber.
>ofaYlcY Bulg. D]ilacY Geor. IcflsY Libya
>olechY CYmi Burk. Faso D]lgY_!s( C]\]l FR.G. Ic][bn]hmn]ch Leich.
>oloh\c Burundi DbYhY Ghana IcnboYhcY Lith.
?YgZi\cY Cambodia DcZlYfnYl Gib. Ior]gZiola Lux.
?Yg]liih Cameroon Dl]Yn >lcnYch Gr. Brit. JY[Yo Mac.
?YhY\Y Can. Dl]][] Greece JY[]nThcY Maced.
?Yj] S]l\] Cape Verde Dl]]hfYh\ Green. JY\YaYm[Yl Madag.
?ksgYh FmfYh\?YsgYh Is. Dl]hY\Y Gren. JYfYqc Malawi
?gnlYf <_lc[Y Cen t. Afr. DoY\Yfoj] Guad. JY_ksmcY Malay.
O]joZfc[ Rep.
?bY\ Chad DoYnYgYfY Guat. JYf\cp]m Maldives
?bcf] Chile Doch]Y Guinea JYfc Mali
?bchY( M]ijf]% P.R.e. Kca]l Niger JYfnY Malta
O]joZfc[ i_
JYlmbY__ FmfYhMarsh. Is. Kca]lcY Nig. Pionb <_lc[Y S. Ar.
JYlnchcko] Mart. Kilnb]lh Fl]fYh N.Ir. Pionb <g]lc[Y S.Am.
K_YolcnYhcY Mauritania KihpYo!s Nor. Po\Yh Sudan
JYolcncom Mauritius LgYh Oman PolchYg] Surin.
J]rc[i Mex. MYecmnYh Pak. PqY;!fYh\ Swaz.
Jc[ligmcY Micr. MYfYo Palau Pq]\]!f Swed.
Ji_\opY Mold. MYhYgY Pan. Pqcn6&!lfYh\ Switz.
JihY[i Monaco MilnoaYf Port. PslcY Syria
JihaifcY Mong. NYnYl Qatar QohcmcY Tunis.
Jihnm]llYn Montserrat O]ohcih Reunion Qolels Turk.
Jili[[i Morocco OigYhcY Rom. Qoleg]hcmnYh Turkm.
JitYgZcko] Mozam. OGfPmcY Russ. QopYfo Tuvalu
JsYhgYl Myan. OGpYh\Y Rwanda RaYh\Y Uganda
KYgcZcY Namib. Pc]llY I],-f] Sierra T]mn]lh PYgiY W. Samoa
Leone
KYolo Nauru PchaYjil] Sing. U]gg Yemen
K]jYf Nepal PfipYecY Slovk. VYgZcY Zambia
K]nb]lfY!f\m Neth. Pfip]hcY Slovn. VcgZYZq] Zimb.
K]fp V]YfYh\ N.Z. Pifigih FmfYh\mS(Jlom. Is.
Kc[YlYaoY Nicar. PigYfcY Somal.