PILOT´S OPERATING HANDBOOK

KADET
SENIOR
 PERFORMANCE-SPECIFICATIONS

SPEED:
Maximum speed at sea level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.32 KNOTS
Cruise, 75 % Power at 6000 ft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.38 KNOTS

CRUISE:
75% Power at 6000 ft.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗 NM
Time 0.269 HRS
Speed 60.38 KNOTS
OPTIMUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Range 64.068 NM
Time 1.9 HRS
Speed 34.8 KNOTS

RATE OF CIMB AT SEA LEVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987.8 FPM

SERVICE CEILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15233 FT

TAKE OFF PERFORMANCE:

Ground Roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.88 FT
Total distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.29 FT

LANDING PERFORMANCE:
Ground Roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 FT
Total distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1688.89 FT

MAXIMUM WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,431 LB

BATERRY:
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2V
Current/ Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5000mAh

ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AXI 4120/1S

550RPM/V

PROPELLER: Fixed Pitch, Diameter . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 IN

 PILOT´S OPERATING HANDBOOK

KADET
SENIOR

KADET SENIOR

This manual includes information necessary for the pilot to operate the aircraft
safely in the different stages of flight

COPYRIGHT © 2013
HIPEC
BOGOTÀ, COLOMBIA
This handbook is not designed as a substitute for adequate and competent flight instruction,
knowledge of current airworthiness directives, applicable federal air regulations or advisory
circulars. It is not intended to be a guide for basic flight instruction or a training manual and
should not be used for operational purposes unless kept in a current status.

Assurance that the airplane is in an airworthy condition is the responsibility of the owner.
The pilot in command is responsible for determining that the airplane is safe for flight. The
pilot is also responsible for remaining within the operating limitations as outlined by
instrument markings, placards, and this handbook.

AUTHORS
JAIME ALBERTO LEYTON MORENO
YESID CAMILO PARRA ROJAS
ANGELICA MARIA RINCON CARDOZO
ALEJANDRA ECHEVERRY CASAS
DENNYS SOFIA ROZO MEDINA
MIGUEL ANGEL LEON MARROQUIN
JAIRO GIOVANNI RODRIGUEZ PINILLA
 SECTION 1
GENERAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section

Three view……………………………………………. 1.1

Introduction ………………..................................... 1.1
Descriptive Data ……………………………………... 1.1
Engine…………………………………………………. 1.1
Propeller………………………………………………. 1.2
Battery ………………………………………………... 1.2
Maximum certificated weights ……………………… 1.2
Fuselage …………………………………………........ 1.2
Specific loadings …………………………….............. 1.2
Symbols, Abbreviations and terminology…………… 1.3
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 1.
General

Figure 1. Three view

 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 1.1.
General

NOTES:

1. Wing span 6.73 ft.

2. Fuselage 5.15 ft.
3. Propeller diameter 14 in.
4. Fuselage height 1.70 ft.

INTRODUCTION

This Pilot’s Operating Handbook is designed for maximum utilization as an

operating guide for the pilot. It includes the material required to be furnished to the pilot by
San Buenaventura University. It also contains supplemental data supplied by the airplane
manufacturer.

Section 1 includes descriptive data and information, it has a brief description of the
batteries, weights and also contains explanations of symbols that were in this handbook.

DESCRIPTIVE DATA

ENGINE

Number of engines: 1
Engine manufacturer: Model motors s.r.o.
Engine model number: AXI 4120/18
Rated horsepower(watts): 1000 watts
Rated speed (rpm/v): 515
Number of cells: 16-20
Diameter case (inches): 1,953
Shaft Diameter (inches): 0,234
Length (inches): 2,1875
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 1.2.
General

PROPELLER

Number of propellers: 1
Propeller manufacturer: APC propellers
Model: 14x10 Thin Electric propellers
Length (inches): 14
Propeller type: Fixed pitch
Pitch (inches): 10

BATTERIES

Number of batteries: 2
Voltage (v): 22,2
Capacity (Ah): 5

MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED WEIGHTS (lbs.)

Maximum takeoff weight: 15,43

Structural weight: 10,55
Battery: 3,31
Operational empty weight: 7,3
Engine: 0,7
Equipment: 4,15

FUSELAGE DIMENSIONS

Weight: 3,31lbs
Maximum length of fuselage: 55,51 inches
Maximum length transverse: 4,76 inches

SPECIFIC LOADINGS

𝑙
Wing loading 𝑓𝑡 2 1934
𝑙𝑏
Power loading 𝐻𝑃
14,4
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 1.3.
General

SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

Knots Calibrated Airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for

position and instrument error and expressed in knots. Knots
KCAS calibrated airspeed is equal to KTAS in standard atmosphere
at sea level.

KIAS Knots Indicated Airspeed is the speed shown on the airspeed

indicator and expressed in knots.
Knots True Airspeed is the airspeed expressed in knots
KTAS relative to undisturbed air which is KCAS corrected for
altitude and temperature.
Maneuvering Speed is the maximum speed at which full or
𝑽𝑨 abrupt control movements may be used without overstressing
the airframe.
 SECTION 2
LIMITATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section

Introduction .………………………………………... 2.1

Airspeed limitations ……….................................. 2.1
Power plants limitations ……….…………………... 2.1
Center of gravity limits……………………………... 2.2
Maneuver limits ……………………………………. 2.2
Flight load factor limits ……………………………. 2.2
Operations limits ………………………………....... 2.2
Battery limits ……………………………………….. 2.3
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 2.1.
Limitations

INTRODUCTION

Section 2 includes operating limitations and load factors for the safe operation of the
airplane. Specific data information where includes power plant, center of gravity and
maneuver limitations. The information include haven not been approved by any
organization, just for academic purposes.

AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS

Airspeed limitations are given by the manual, never exceed speed and
maneuvering speeds are shown in figure 2.

Speed KTAS Remarks

𝑽𝑵𝑬 Never exceed Do not exceed
speed 73.32 this speed in
any operation
𝑽𝑨 Maneuvering Maximum
speed 30.73 turn rate

Figure 2. Airspeed limitations

POWER PLANTS LIMITATIONS

Engine Manufacturer: Model motors s.r.o

Engine model number: AXI 4120/18
Engine operating limits for take-off and continuous operations:
Maximum power: 1.3410 HP
Maximum engine speed: 550 RPM/V
Propeller manufacturer: APC propellers
Propeller model number: Thin Electric propellers
Propeller Diameter, Maximum: 14 inches
Minimum: 12 inches
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 2.2.
Limitations

CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS

NORMAL CATEGORY

Center of gravity range:

Forward: 4.12 inches at 15.46 lbs.
After: 4.86 inches at 15.46 lbs.
Reference Datum: The airfoil has a maximum thickness at 28% and measured from
leading edge.

MANEUVER LIMITS

This airplane is normal category which includes non-aerobatic operations. The

maneuver for the normal flying shown in figure 3 at sea level and the angle of bank for 6000
ft. above the sea level.

𝑉𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥

At sea level 30.73 KNOTS 4.04 g 178°/s
At 6000 ft. 45.23 KNOTS 396 g 121°/s

FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS

Flight load factors (Gross weight-15.56lbs):

Turning flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.03 g
Turn rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.96 g
Pull up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.60 g

KIND OF OPERATION LIMITS

The UAV Kadet senior is used for day operation, on recognition and observation missions,
the camera incorporated is used for aerial photography to 200 m above the ground and
atmospheric data collection at 1000m on the ground.

The service ceiling is about 15233 about the sea level, which it means that it starts to slow
downs and it becomes unstable.
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 2.3.
Limitations

BATTERY LIMITS

2 Batteries Lipo
Total Voltage: 22,2 v
Cell Count: 6s
Total Capacity: 4500 – 5000 mAh

NOTE
To make sure that the plane take-off and land properly, keep the enough charge for the
batteries.
 SECTION 3
PERFORMANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section

Introduction .………………………………………... 3.1

Airspeed calibration
6000 ft. …………………………………. 3.1
10000 ft. ……….................................. 3.2
12000 ft. ………………………………... 3.2
Temperature conversion chart .…………………..... 3.3
Density altitude chart .……………………………... 3.4
Stall speed ……..……………………………………. 3.5
Take off performance …….……………………....... 3.5
0 Knots …………………………………. 3.5
10 Knots ……………………………….. 3.6
15 Knots………………………………… 3.6
Rate of climb………………………………………… 3.7
Time and distance to climb ………………………... 3.7
Maximum climb angle ……………………………... 3.8
Cruise performance ………………………………… 3.9
Range ……………………………………………….. 3.10
Endurance …………………………………………... 3.11
Gliding distance ……………………………………. 3.12
Landing performance ………………………………. 3.12
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.1
Performance.

INTRODUCTION

Section 3 includes the performance of the UAV kadet, which includes take off, climb,
cruising, gliding and landing. Each one has a chart and their example which gives an idea of
how it behaves, it also has a description of the airspeed calibration at different altitudes and
a chart of density altitude to make sure that the plane is well developed.

Performance charts are shown to observe what the UAV behave under various conditions,
and also to make easier the planning of the flights in detail. The charts calculated are
experimental and where made with performance equations and not with previous test made
to the airplane.

AIRSPEED CALIBRATION AT 6000 ft.

100.0
90.0
KTAS KCAS
80.0
10 9.0 70.0
20 17.9 60.0
KCAS

30 26.9 50.0
40 35.8 40.0
30.0
50 44.8
20.0
60 53.8 10.0
70 62.7 0.0
80 71.7 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
90 80.7 KTAS
100 89.7

Figure 3 Airspeed calibration at 6000ft

Example:

Altitude 10000 ft
Density 0,904729062 (kg/m^3)
KTAS 90
Ve 82.3 m/s
qc 4223.7
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.2
Performance.

AIRSPEED CALIBRATION At 10000 ft

90.00
KTAS KCAS 80.00
10 8.29 70.00
20 16.59 60.00
30 24.89 50.00
KCAS

40 33.19 40.00
50 41.50 30.00
60 49.82 20.00
70 58.15
10.00
80 66.49
0.00
90 74.85 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100 83.22 KTAS

Figure 4. Airspeed calibration at 10000 ft.

AIRSPEED CALIBRATION At 12000 ft

90.00
KTAS KCAS 80.00
10 7.97 70.00
20 15.95 60.00
30 23.93 50.00
KCAS

40 31.92 40.00
50 39.91 30.00
60 47.92 20.00
70 55.94
10.00
80 63.97
0.00
90 72.02 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
100 80.08 KTAS

Figure 5. Airspeed calibration at 12000 ft.

 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.3
Performance.

TEMPERATURE CONVERTION CHART

400

350

300
Fahrenheit

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200
Celsius

Figure 6. Temperature conversion chart

Example:

For a temperature of 100°F shown by the instrument.

The temperature in Celsius would be 40°C.
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.4
Performance.

DENSITY ALTITUDE CHART

0
1000
17000
2000
3000
4000
5000

12000 6000
7000
Density altitude ft

8000
9000
10000
7000 11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
2000 ISA
0
1000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
2000
3000
-3000
Temperature ºc

Figure 7. Density altitude chart

Example:

Temperature: 20°C
Pressure altitude: 11000 ft.
Density altitude: 5500 ft.
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.5
Performance.

STALL SPEEDS

Angle of Bank
0 30 45 60
Weight (N) KTAS KTAS KTAS KTAS
At sea level 68.6 20.296 21.810 24.136 28.703
At 6000 ft 68.6 22.196 23.851 26.396 31.390
Figure 8. Stall speeds

Example:

Altitude 6000 ft
Weight 98.6 N
Angle of Bank 30°
Stall velocity 23.851 KTAS

TAKE OFF DISTANCE

0 KNOTS
Take off speed Pressure
(KNOTS) altitude (FT) 0°C 10°C 20°C
ground total ground total ground total
lift off roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft)
58.025 0 273.88 278.37 290.68 294.29 305.8 309.44
59.108 2500 314.63 318.3 330.08 333.85 344.94 348.75
64.140 5000 354.33 358.2 369.65 373.58 384.48 388.45
67.240 7500 394.58 398.62 409.97 414.1 424.9 429.8
70.553 10000 435.89 440.12 449.47 455.83 466.66 471.09
Figure 9. O KNOTS Headwind
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.6
Performance.

9 KNOTS
Take off speed Pressure
(KNOTS) altitude (FT) 0°C 10°C 20°C
ground total ground total ground total
lift off roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft)
58.025 0 273.88 277.42 289.73 293.3 304.82 308.46
59.108 2500 313.64 317.35 329.1 332.87 343.96 347.76
64.140 5000 353.37 357.21 368.7 372.63 383.49 387.5
67.240 7500 393.6 397.67 409.02 413.12 423.95 428.11
70.553 10000 434.94 439.17 450.55 454.85 465.74 470.14
Figure 10. 9 KNOTS Headwind

15 KNOTS
Take off speed Pressure
(KNOTS) altitude (FT) 0°C 10°C 20°C
ground roll total ground roll total ground roll total
lift off (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
58.025 0 273.06 276.6 288.91 292.48 304 307.67
59.108 2500 312.86 316.53 328.31 332.05 343.14 346.94
64.140 5000 352.55 356.39 367.88 371.81 382.62 386.67
67.240 7500 392.78 396.85 408.2 414.3 423.12 427.29
70.553 10000 434.12 438.35 449.73 454.03 464.92 469.32
Figure 11. 15 KNOTS Headwind

Example:

Weight 15.69 lb
Take off velocity 64.140 KNOTS
Pressure altitude 5000 ft
Temperature 10°C
Ground roll 367.88 ft
Total 371.81 ft
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.7
Performance.

RATE OF CLIMB

Weight Clim speed Rate of climb FPM

Pressure altitude (ft)
(lb) KTAS ISA-20 ISA ISA+20 ISA+40
0 23.358 2009.839 1988.646 1967.452 1946.258
2500 24.236 1708.667 1685.451 1662.235 1639.019
5000 25.164 1405.476 1380.003 1354.531 1329.058
15.46 7500 26.144 1100.034 1072.039 1044.044 1016.049
10000 27.182 792.081 761.260 730.440 699.619
12500 28.282 481.316 447.324 413.332 379.340
15000 29.448 167.399 129.840 92.281 54.721
Figure 12. Rate of climb

Example:

Pressure altitude: 7500 ft.

Climb speed: 26.14 KNOTS
ISA+20
Rate of climb: 1044.44 FPM

TIME AND DISTANCE TO CLIMB

Weight Pressure Temperatura Climb speed Rate of climb Distance

Time (min)
(Lb) altitude FT °C KTAS FPM (MN)
0 40 24.345 1962.313 0.000 0.000
2500 30 25.069 1662.463 5.000 2.089
5000 20 25.822 1361.209 10.000 4.304
15.46 7500 0 26.131 1072.447 15.000 6.533
10000 -10 26.911 769.486 20.000 8.970
12500 -20 27.719 464.974 25.000 11.549
15000 -30 28.555 158.821 30.000 14.278
Figure 13. Time and distance to climb

Example:

Pressure altitude: 7500 ft.

Temperature: 0°C
Distance: 6.533 MN
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.8
Performance.

MAXIMUM CLIMB ANGLE

Weight Pressure altitude Clim speed Maximum climb angle °

(lb) (ft) KTAS ISA-20 ISA ISA+20 ISA+40
8000 25.811 NON 56.352 NON 69.675
8500 28.572 53.954 48.047 43.452 39.716
9500 32.051 39.209 35.374 32.211 29.544
15.46 10500 34.270 28.157 25.399 23.074 21.084
11500 35.834 18.929 16.882 15.140 13.637
12500 36.984 10.664 9.139 7.834 6.705
13500 37.817 2.680 1.556 0.593 -0.243
Figure 14. Maximum climb angle

Example:

Weight 15.46 lb
ISA+40
Pressure altitude 9500 ft
Climb speed 32.051 KTAS
Maximun climb angle 29.544°
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.9
Performance.

CRUISE PERFORMANCE

Pressure
altitude (ft) 40° 20° 0° -20°
Power Power Power Power
variation KTAS variation KTAS variation KTAS variation KTAS
55% 60.53 55% 59.3 55% 58.07 55% 56.73
2500 65% 64.4 65% 63.02 65% 61.64 65% 60.15
75% 67.78 75% 66.28 75% 64.83 75% 63.28

55% 57.81 55% 56.66 55% 55.48 55% 54.13

6000 65% 61.62 65% 60.35 65% 59.03 65% 57.62
75% 65 75% 63.62 75% 62.24 75% 60.74

55% 52.98 55% 51.98 55% 57.82 55% 49.88

10000 65% 56.92 65% 55.79 65% 54.64 65% 53.42
75% 60.36 75% 59.11 75% 57.81 75% 56.51

55% 41.92 55% 41.57 55% 41.2 55% 40.64

14000 65% 47.05 65% 46.42 65% 45.62 65% 44.91
75% 50.94 75% 50.13 75% 49.21 75% 48.22
Figure 15. Cruise performance

Example:

Pressure altitude: 2500 ft.

Temperature: 0°C
Power variation: 65%
KTAS: 58.07
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.10
Performance.

RANGE

15000 15000

13000 13000 0°C

40°C
11000 11000

Pressure altitude ft
Pressure altitude ft

9000 9000
55% 55%
7000 7000
65% 65%
5000 5000
75% 75%
3000 3000

1000 1000

-1000 6 -1000 6 11 16 21
11 16 21
Range MN Range MN

Figure 16. Range at 40°C Figure 18. Range at 0°C

15000 15000

13000 -20°C
13000 20°C
11000 11000
Pressure altitude ft
Pressure altitude ft

9000 9000

55% 55%
7000 7000
65% 65%
5000 5000
75% 75%

3000 3000

1000 1000

-1000 6 -1000 6 11 16 21
11 16 21
Range MN Range MN

Figure 17. Range at 20°C Figure 19. Range at -20°C

 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.11
Performance.

Example:

Pressure altitude: 5000 ft.

Temperature: 40°C
Power variation: 75%
Range: 15.75 MN

ENDURANCE

16000

14000

12000
Pressure altitude (ft)

10000

8000 55%

6000 65%
75%
4000

2000

0
0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
Endurance (minutos)

Figure 20. Endurance

Example:

Pressure altitude: 10000 ft.

Power variation: 55%
Endurance: 0.873 minutos
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.12
Performance.

GLIDING DISTANCE

18000
16000
14000
Pressure altitude (ft)

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0.00 50000.00 100000.00 150000.00 200000.00
Gliding distance (ft)

Figure 21. Gliding distance

Example:

Pressure altitude: 8000 ft.

Gliding distance: 90795,08 ft

LANGIND PERFORMANCE

0 KNOTS
Take off speed Pressure 0°C 10°C 20°C
(KNOTS) altitude
Approach Touch (FT) ground total ground total ground total
speed down roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft)
33.3566596 29.519 0 712.14 1662.72 729.02 1680.03 745.54 1696.9
34.9234118 30.894 2500 755.36 1707.06 772.81 1724.97 798.84 1742.4
37.8800248 33.509 5000 800.75 1753.67 818.69 1772.12 1790.1 836.16
38.3348884 33.912 7500 848.18 1802.48 866.53 1821.13 1884.36 1839.7
41.6705543 36.862 10000 897.51 1852.34 1872.63 916.18 1891.36 934.29
Figure 22. 0 KNOTS Headwind
 San Buenaventura University.
POH Kadet Senior.
Section 3.13
Performance.

10 KNOTS
Take off speed Pressure 0°C 10°C 20°C
(KNOTS) altitude
Approach Touch (FT) ground total ground total ground total
speed down roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft)
33.35665967 29.519 0 573.92 1524.51 590.81 1541.82 607.33 1558.76
34.92341187 30.894 2500 617.15 1568.84 634.6 1586.75 651.63 1604.25
37.88002488 33.509 5000 662.54 1615.46 680.47 1633.9 697.95 1651.88
38.33488842 33.912 7500 709.96 1664.26 728.31 1683.17 746.15 1701.15
41.67055439 36.862 10000 759.29 1715.13 777.96 1734.42 796.08 1753.15
Figure 23. 10 KNOTS Headwind

5 KNOTS
Take off speed Pressure 0°C 10°C 20°C
(KNOTS) altitude
Approach Touch (FT) ground total ground total ground total
speed down roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft) roll (ft) (ft)
33.35665967 29.519 0 446.11 1396.7 463 1414.01 479.52 1430.95
34.92341187 30.894 2500 489.34 1441.03 506.79 1458.94 523.82 1476.44
37.88002488 33.509 5000 534.73 1487.65 552.66 1506.09 570.14 1524.07
38.33488842 33.912 7500 582.15 1536.45 600.5 1555.36 618.34 1573.75
41.67055439 36.862 10000 631.48 1587.32 650.15 1606.61 668.27 1625.34
Figure 24. 15 KNOTS Headwind

Example:
Weight 15.69 lb
Take off velocity (Approach speed 34.923 KNOTS, Touch down speed 30.849 KNOTS)
Pressure altitude 2500 ft
Temperature 10°C
Ground roll 634.6 ft - Total roll 1586.75 ft