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4(2017), 151-156
Ujwala Deshmukh
(Department of Mathematics, Mithibai College, Vile Parle(West), Mumbai, India)
Smita A. Bhatavadekar
(Department of Applied Mathematics, Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering, University of Mumbai, India)
Abstract: A graph with n vertices is said to admit a prime labeling if it’s vertices are
labeled with distinct integers 1, 2, · · · , n such that for edge xy , the labels assigned to x
and y are relatively prime. The graph that admits a prime labeling is said to be prime.
G. Sethuraman has introduced concept of supersubdivision of a graph. In the light of this
concept, we have proved that supersubdivision by K2,2 of star, cycle and ladder are prime.
Key Words: Star, ladder, cycle, subdivision of graphs, supersubdivision of graphs, prime
labeling, Smarandachely prime labeling.
AMS(2010): 05C78.
§1. Introduction
We consider finite undirected graphs without loops, also without multiple edges. G Sethuraman
and P. Selvaraju [2] have introduced supersubdivision of graphs and proved that there exists
a graceful arbitrary supersubdivision of Cn , n ≥ 3 with certain conditions. Alka Kanetkar has
proved that grids are prime [1]. Some results on prime labeling for some cycle related graphs
were established by S.K. Vaidya and K.K.Kanani [6]. It was appealing to study prime labeling
of supersubdivisions of some families of graphs.
§2. Definitions
Definition 2.1(Star) A star Sn is the complete bipartite graph K1,n a tree with one internal
node and n leaves, for n > 1.
Definition 2.3(Cycle) A cycle is a graph with an equal number of vertices and edges where
vertices can be placed around circle so that two vertices are adjacent if and only if they appear
1 Received January 9, 2017, Accepted November 28, 2017.
152 Ujwala Deshmukh and Smita A. Bhatavadeka
Definition 2.4(Subdivision of a Graph) Let G be a graph with p vertices and q edges. A graph
H is said to be a subdivision of G if H is obtained by subdividing every edge of G exactly once.
H is denoted by S(G). Thus, |V | = p + q and |E| = 2q.
For a complete bipartite graph K2,m , we call the part consisting of two vertices, the 2
vertices part of K(2,m) and the part consisting of m vertices, the m-vertices part of K2,m in this
paper.
Proof Let u be the internal node i.e.centre vertex. Let v1 , v2 , · · · , vn be endpoints. Let
vi1 , vi2 , i
= 1, 2, · · · , n be vertices of graph K2,2 replacing edge uvi . Here, |V | = 3n + 1.
Let f : V → {1, 2, . . . , 3n + 1} be defined as follows:
f (u) = 1,
f (vi ) = 3i, i = 1, 2, · · · , n,
f vi1 = 3i − 1, i = 1, 2, · · · , n,
f vi2 = 3i + 1, i = 1, 2, · · · , n.
As f (u) = 1, gcd f (u) , f vi1 = 1 and gcd f (u) , f vi2 = 1.
As successive integers are coprime, gcd f vi1 , f (vi ) = (3i − 1, 3i) = 1 and gcd f vi2 ,
f (vi )) = (3i + 1, 3i) = 1. Thus SS (Sn ) is prime. 2
Let Cn be a cycle of length n. Let c1 , c2 , · · · , cn be the vertices of cycle. Let cki,i+1 , k = 1, 2
be the vertices of the bipartite graph that replaces the edge ci ci+1 for i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1 Let
ckn,1 , k = 1, 2 be the vertices of the bipartite graph that replaces the edge cn c1 . To illustrate
these notations a figure is shown below.
Primeness of Supersubdivision of Some Graphs 153
c27,1
c21,2
c1 c17,1
c11,2
c2 c7
c3 c6
c13,4 c15,6
c23,4 c4 c5 c25,6
c14,5
c24,5
Proof Let p1 , p2 , · · · , pk be primes such that 3 ≤ p1 < p2 < p3 · · · < pk < 3n such that if
p is any prime from 3 to 3n then p = pi for some i between 1 to k.
Define S2 = {S2i /S2i = 2i , i ∈ N such that S2i ≤ 3n}. Choose greatest i such that pi ≤ n
and denote it by l. Let Sp1 = {Sp1i /Sp1i = p1 × i, i ∈ {2, 3, · · · , n}\{pl , pl−1 , · · · , pl−(n−k−2) }.
Define f : V → {1, 2, . . . , 3n} using following algorithm.
Case 1. n = 3 to 8.
In this case, k = n.
Step 1. f (cr ) = pr f or r = 1, 2, · · · , k and f c11,2 = 1.
Step 2. Choose greatest i, such that 2pi n< 3n and denote it bynr. Definel Spmoo j for
3n
j = 2, 3, · · · , r such that Spji−1 < Spji to be Spj = Spji /Spji = pj × i, i ∈ 2, 3, · · · , pj .
Step 3. For i = 2, 3, · · · , n, k = 1, 2. Label cki,i+1 using elements of Spj in increasing order
starting from j = 1, 2, · · · , r and then by elements of S2 in increasing order.
Step 4. Choose greatest i such that 2i ≤ 3n. Label ckn,1 , k = 1, 2 as 2i−1 , 2i−2 .
Step 5. Label c21,2 as 2i .
Case 2. n = 9 to 11
In this case, k + 1 = n.
Case 3. n ≥ 12.
Step 1. f (cr ) = pr f or r = 1, 2, · · · , k.
Step 2. f (ck+1 ) = 1.
For j = 1, 2, · · · , n − k − 2, f (cn−j ) = 3pl−j .
Step 3. Choose greatest i, such that 2pi < 3n and denote it by r. Define Spj for
j = 2, 3, · · · , r such that Spji−1 < Spji to be
( ( j−1 ))
3n [
Spj = Spji /Spji = pj × i, i ∈ 2, 3, · · · , }\ {k × pr /k ∈ N .
pj r=1
Proof Let u1 , u2 , · · · .un and v1 , v2 , · · · , vn be the vertices of the two paths in Ln . Let
ui ui+1 , vi vi+1 for i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1 and ui vi for i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1, n be the edges of
Ln . Let xki , k = 1, 2 be the vertices of bipartite graph K2,2 replacing the edge ui ui+1 , i =
1, 2, · · · , n − 1. Let yik , k = 1, 2, · · · , m be the vertices of the bipartite graph K2,2 replacing the
edge vn−i vn−i−1 , i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1. Let wik , k = 1, 2 be the vertices of the bipartite graph K2,2
replacing the edge ui vi for i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1, n.
Thus, |V | = 2n + 2n + 2(n − 1) + 2(n − 1) = 8n − 4. Let p1 , p2 , · · · , pk be primes such that
3 ≤ p1 < p2 < p3 · · · < pk < 3n such that if p is any prime between 3 to 3n then p = pi for
some i between 1 to k. Choose greatest i, such that 2pi < 8n − 4 and denote it by r.
Define Spj for j = 2, 3, · · · , r such that Spji−1 < Spji to be
( j−1 )
8n − 4 [
Spj = Spji /Spji = pj × i, i ∈ 2, 3, · · · , \ {k × pr /k ∈ N} .
pj r=1
Define S2 = S2i /S2i = 2i , i ∈ N such that S2i ≤ 3n and a labeling from V → {1, 2, · · · , 8n −
4} as follows.
Primeness of Supersubdivision of Some Graphs 155
Case 1. n = 2.
Case 2. n = 3 and 6.
In this case, k = 2n + 1. Let X = {x12 , x22 , x13 , · · · , x1n−1 , x2n−1 , y11 , y12 , y21 , · · · , yn−1
1 2
, yn−1 , w11 ,
w12 , w21 , · · · , wn1 , wn2 } be an ordered set. Define Sp1 such that
8n − 4
Sp1 = Sp1i /Sp1i = p1 × i = 3 × i, i ∈ 2, 3, · · · , .
pj
In this case, k = 2n. Let X = {x12 , x22 , x13 , · · · , x1n−1 , x2n−1 , y11 , y12 , y21 , · · · , yn−1
1 2
, yn−1 , w11 , w12 ,
w21 , · · · 1 2 2
, wn , wn , x1 } be an ordered set. Define Sp1 such that
8n − 4
Sp1 = Sp1i /Sp1i = p1 × i = 3 × i, i ∈ 2, 3, · · · , .
pj
Case 4. n ≥ 12.
Let X = {x12 , x22 , x13 , · · · , x1n−1 , x2n−1 , y11 , y12 , y21 , · · · , yn−1
1 2
, yn−1 , wn1 , wn2 , wn−1
1
, · · · , w11 , w12 }
8n−4
be an ordered set. Choose greatest i, such that pi ≤ 3 and denote it by l.
Step 5. Label elements of X in order by using elements of Spj in increasing order starting
with j = 1, 2, · · · , r and then using elements of S2 in increasing order.
Step 6. Choose greatest i such that 2i ≤ 3n. Label x11 , x21 as 2i and 2i−1 .
In the above labeling, vertices u′i s and vi′ s receive prime labels. Vertices x′i s, yi′ s,wi′ s
adjacent to u′i s,vi′ s are labeled with numbers which are multiples of 3 followed by multiples of
5 and so on. Since m = 2(small), labels are not multiples of respective primes. Thus SS (Ln )
prime. 2
References
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142.
[2] G.Sethuraman and P. Selvaraju, Gracefulness of supersubdivision of graphs, Indian Journal
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[4] K.M. Kathiresau, Subdivisions of ladders are graceful, Indian Journal of Pure Appl. Math.,
(1992), 21-23.
[5] Linfan Mao, Automorphism Groups of Maps, Surfaces and Smarandache Geometries, The
Education Publisher Inc., USA, 2011.
[6] S.K. Vaidya and K.K.Kanani, Prime labeling for some cycle related graphs, Journal of
Mathematics Research, Vol.2, No. 2 (May 2010).
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Mathematics, 2014, 4, 60-66.
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