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Printed in Great Britain. # 1998 TEMPUS Publications.
122
Numerical Experiments for a Mechanics of Materials Course 123
that trusses play a significant role in offering situations, the weight of members are negligible
simple engineering solutions to a number of struc- when compared to the applied loads. However, if
tural problems. First, a plane truss is defined as a the weights of the members are to be considered,
structure whose members lie in a single plane. The then half of the weight of each member is applied
forces acting on such a truss must also lie on this to the connecting joints. It is brought to the
plane. Members of a truss are generally considered attention of the students that they have studied
to be two-force members. statically determinant truss problems in their
In the numerical experiments that follow it is Statics class.
assumed that the members are connected together The truss problems were analyzed by the
by smooth pins. However, it is noted that as long methods of Joints or Sections. However, these
as the center lines of the jointing members intersect methods did not provide information on deflection
at a common point, trusses with bolted or welded of the joints or the stresses in each member. Here,
joints may be treated as having smooth pins. That they will study deflections of the joints as well
is to say, moments at the joints are being neglected. as the stresses in each member. The objectives
All loads must be applied at the joints. In some associated with this module are to:
Fig. 11. A flat bar with a circular hole under axial loading.
engineering applications we are concerned about concentrations. A flat bar with a circular hole
the magnitude of maximum stresses and not the under axial loading, as shown in Fig. 11, is used
detailed stress distributions. Wherever there are as an example in this module. The objectives
holes, notches, grooves, or sharp corners in a associated with this experiment are to:
structure then one needs to be concerned about
failure, because stresses increase near the dis- . identify solid shapes that lead to stress
continuity in the material at points of these stress concentration;
. to introduce changes necessary to reduce stress of 6.35 mm and has a modulus of elasticity,
concentration; E 200 GPa. The upper left hole is fixed. The
. observe the changes in the magnitude of the students will experiment with increasing the
maximum stresses as you change the hole size, length from 5.08 cm to 10.16 cm and observing
in the flat bar, from 0.635 cm to 2.54 cm; the changes in the stresses in different direction as
. calculate stress concentration factors and well as the principal stresses. Examples of the
compare them to the established results. results are shown in Figs 15 to 17.
A finite element model of the flat bar with
0.635 cm hole is shown in Fig. 12. The corre-
sponding stress distribution in the x-direction CONCLUSIONS
for this flat bar under axial loading is shown in
Fig. 13. The numerical experiments described in this
paper provide students with a better understand-
ing of a few basic concepts in mechanics of
COMBINED LOADING MODULE materials. Important topics including axial load-
ing, stress concentration, transverse loading and
In the previous teaching modules, students were combined loading are covered in these modules.
introduced to normal stresses, bending stresses in The numerical experiments allow students to
beams, stress concentrations, statically indeter- visualize stresses, and calculate deformations
minate problems. Here, in this module, it is and reaction forces. They can change boundary
noted that generally members are subjected to conditions, vary certain dimensions, and observe
loads that can create both normal and shear the results. The experiments may be integrated
stresses on an element of a member. The objectives into an introductory mechanics of materials class
associated with this module are: as two-hour lab sessions. The first two labs
should be devoted to provide a brief overview
. to recognize what type of loading will create
of ANSYS and finite element analysis. Other labs
both normal and shear stresses; are introduced at the appropriate times after
. to determine stresses in different directions;
relevant theories are discussed in class first. The
. to determine the principal stresses.
ideal group size, to conduct these experiments,
The right-angle bracket shown in Fig. 14 is should include two students to allow for discussion
used in this module. The bracket has a thickness between students.
REFERENCES