Flight Mechanics (11889)

Homework 1

September, 2018

José Pedro Magraner Rullan

Marcos Carreres Talens

Pedro Martí Gómez-Aldaraví

11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

DEADLINE: September 28 th
2018

AUTHOR OF THE ASSIGNMENT:

AIRCRAFT: (Catalog Page: )

This Long Term assignment applies procedures that estimate relevant parameters of the aircraft.
(You will observe that the procedures shown in PoliformaT are not always able to accurately
give answer to this). There are methods that are more reliable (and more tedious).

(Please write down the time you dedicate to carrying out this Homework 1 in a realistic way).

PREVIOUS NOTES
1
• The homework is to be delivered in time (and written) .

• The format is free. Answers to each question must be identiable without ambiguities.

• The electronic submission is not homologated, except for authorized particular cases.

• Estimated duration of the Homework 1: 20 hours (σ ≈ ±10 hours).

• The on-time submission is part of the quality of the work. Assignments whose due date
is over will only be corrected upon request.

• The maximum score for an assignment submitted after the due date is 50% of the score
obtained during the correction.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. The physical units are the ones of the International System and must be mentioned. If
it is a non-dimensional parameter, this fact must be indicated. The atmosphere model is
the I.S.A. model (Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_01).

2. At the beginning of the semester you are assigned an aircraft from the Catalog pro-
vided.

3. You will need a detailed knowledge of the aircraft geometry, which is essential
for the study of the aerodynamic behavior. (Knowing the aerodynamic characteristics
is a basic requirement to determine the dynamic behavior, object of study of the Flight
Mechanics. It is practical to have a printed 3-view drawing of the aircraft with the scale,
2
together with a pencil, rubber and a ruler ).

1 They may be delivered in the shape of a manuscript.

2 Recommending such an elementary, basic and outdated working material may seem anachronistic. But you will nd
it useful. There are more sosticated electronic methods that you may use, if you wish. Taking into account the accuracy
that we need in the 11889 course, this will only pay o if it allows you to save you time and to develop the computer
skills that you are interested in.

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11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK

CHARACTERISTICS 3
:

1. Study of the Aircraft in Clean Conguration:

• Is it a Conventional aircraft (two wings, the larger one in front of the smaller one)?

• Is it a Canard (the smaller wing in front of the larger one)?

• Does it have two empennages (one in front of the main wing and the other one
behind)?

2. About the engine:

• Number of Engines:

• Engine manufacturer and denomination:

• Single ow? YES / NO Post-combustion? YES / NO

• Double ow? YES / NO

(a) Bypass Ratio (BPR) γ < 1? YES / NO

(b) Post-combustion? YES / NO

• Rocket engine? YES / NO

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3. Mathematical Model (Academic) of the Engine thrust , as a function of:

• The altitude (z ).

• The speed (or Mach number).

• The position of the thrust lever (0 ≤ δP ≤ 1).

So far, T (z, M, δP ), or T (z, V, δP )

• It is important (but not always easy to accomplish) that the model is close to re-
ality. In this introductory course, we will be satised with a reasonable academic
approximation.

(a) (Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_03).

5
• Write the particular mathematical expression that the thrust model of your engine
adopts.

3 Many of them are directly deduced from the 3-view drawing (MEASURING directly on it) and the textual description.
It may be complemented through the Web. The existence of dierent versions of the same aircraft may be confusing:
choose one and keep it.
4 IMPORTANT NOTE: Even if you have the possibility of using post-combustion, do not include it in the model
for now.
5 In S.I. units of force (N).

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11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

• You can probably assign it an appearance like the following one, as a product of four
factors (although not all of them necessarily appear):

T (z, V, δP ) = (T )V =0,z=0 φV (V ) φz (z) δP

4. About the aircraft Fuselage. Calculate the total surface of the fuselage (i.e., all the surface
of the fuselage -seen from outside- that is in contact with the air. This calculation may
not be simple; try to perform it as accurately as possible. It is important to estimate the
parasitic drag).

5. About the movable part of the real horizontal empennage. (Ref. 11889_2018_01A)

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• Does it move as a whole?

• Does only a part of it move?

• Does it have the possibility to move both as a whole and deecting only part of it?

• If you have any doubts, ask the professors for advice.

6. For the Main Wing. (Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_02)

• Wingspan: bw = (m)

• Wing root chord: crw = (m)

• Reference Wing Surface: Sw = (m2 )

ctip
• Wing taper ratio: λw = = (Dimensionless)
croot

b2w
• Wing Aspect Ratio: ARw = = (Dimensionless)
Sw

• Mean Aerodynamic Chord: cw = (m) (For aircraft with a truncated

trailing edge, have a look at Figure 1).

• (CLα )wing (M = 0) = (CLα )wing (M = 0.5) =

7
• If your aircraft has capabilities for supersonic ight, also calculate the value of
(CLα )wing (M = 1.2) =

• Calculate the Position of the Wing Aerodynamic Center in the subsonic regime,
through the simple procedure shown in Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_02. (Take the
wing apex as the origin of distances).
xCAw = (m)
6 Sometimes, this fact cannot be simply detected from the drawings and it may require a deeper investigation (on
reliable websites, for instance).
7 To do so, you can go to DATCOM graphics or to other sources that you consider to be adequate. Please, mention
them.

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11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

• Estimate the value of the wing Oswald factor.

ew = (Dimensionless)
(Choose the worst of the values that you obtain...).

• Write the value of the Induced Drag Coecient of the wing, as a function of CL.
CL2
CDinduced =
π ARw ew
 
∂ε
7. Calculate the airstream deviation generated by the wing :
∂α

(a) Approximated estimations. (Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_02)

8
(b) Estimation through the Aerodynamic procedure of  Laplace Biot Savart . (Ref.
11889_2018_LabSession01)

8. For the rear wing or rear empennage (Tail):

• Span: bt = (m)

• Wing root chord: crt = (m)

• Surface: St = (m2 )

• Taper ratio: λt = (Dimensionless)

b2t
• Aspect Ratio: ARt = = (Dimensionless)
St

• Mean Aerodynamic Chord: ct = (m)

• (CLα )tail (M = 0) =

• Calculate the Position of the Aerodynamic Center in the subsonic regime, through
the simple procedure shown in Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_02. (Take the main wing
apex as the origin of distances).
xCAt = (m)

• If your empennage moves as a whole, calculate

CLδE (M = 0) =

• If only a part of your empennage moves, calculate

CLδE (M = 0) =

9. Distance among the trailing edge of the main wing root chord and the leading edge of the
rear empennage root chord.
xapex,crt − xend,crw = hiatus =
8 If you have not carried out the Lab Session 1 yet, do not ll this part.

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11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

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10. Choose a reference mass for your aircraft. Unless otherwise stated, you will use this value
to carry out the calculations for this course.
mref = (kg)

11. Estimation of the Inertia (Ref. 11889_2018_00_PRO_06):

Iyy = (kg m2 )

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• Compare the value of the moment of inertia Iyy obtained with the two following
values:
m (xCAt − xCoG)2 and m (xCAt − xCAw)2

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12. Express the total Lift Coecient and the Pitching Moment Coecient of your aircraft
(CL and CM ) as a function of the position of the Center of Gravity (xCoG), assuming
this position is unknown. (Ref. 11889_2018_01B)

• Have you found any specic documentation of your aircraft that allows you to estimate
this position in a more realistic manner?

• Choose a xed position for xCoG.

• What value do you obtain now for CM with M = 0?

13. Estimation of the parasitic drag coefcient: CD0 (Ref. 11889_2018_LabSession02).

Clean drag polar.

14. Non-clean Drag Polar. (For the study of take-o and landing)

• Estimation of the parasitic drag generated with the Landing Gear Down
CD0,Lgear =

12
• Application of the NASA 152303 Report (11889_2018_00_PRO_05):

(a) Kind of Flaps and Slats:

(b) ∆CLF laps =

(c) ∆CDF laps =
(d) (CLmax )Clean =
(e) (CLmax )F laps+Slats = (Flaps and Slats fully deected)
(f ) (GLH)GroundEf f ect = (Take-o: 20% deection of the Flaps)
(g) (GDH)GroundEf f ect = (Take-o: 20% deection of the Flaps)
(h) (GLH)GroundEf f ect = (Landing: full deection of the Flaps)
(i) (GDH)GroundEf f ect = (Landing: full deection of the Flaps)

9 For instance, in clean conguration, with 50% of the fuel.

10 They can be VERY dierent...
11 REMEMBER: YOU ARE NOT WORKING WITH A SINGLE WING; SOME RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF
THE REAR WING MUST BE NON-DIMENSIONALIZED WITH THE AIRCRAFT REFERENCE SURFACE, which
is unique.
12 This document allows to carry out an estimation of the Non-clean Drag Polar, but you must not demand too much
from it: strictly speaking, it cannot be applied to all kinds of aircraft.

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11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

15. SUBSTANTIATION OF RESULTS

• If you have real data from your aircraft, compare some of them to the ones you have
obtained.

• Do not manipulate your results so that they resemble the real ones. Do not worry if
they do not match each other. Do not worry either if they are not similar to the ones
that another classmate studying the same or a similar aircraft obtains.

• State the amount of time you needed to completely carry out this assignment. (The
answer is discretionary: you do not have to answer if you do not want to do so, or if
it seems to you that you will not adjust to reality).

16. COMPLEMENTARY NOTES 13

• Perform your work as best as you can individually, ensuring the steps you take as
you move along by comparing your results with the theory.

(a) Try to take each step making sure that you understand what you do. Do not do
things that you do not understand.

(b) Use the Robomath that you feel more comfortable with.

(c) Save your results, assigning them an adequate le name that facilitates the order.
For future applications in this same course, you may need them, or you may
require to recalculate or correct some parameters.

• Answer the questions you are asked, avoiding unnecessary digressions.

• Some aspects (of your work) may seem unclear to the professors. They may eventually
ask you for explanations, or ask you to show them your spreadsheets and the notes
you used to carry out your work. (This means that you must not get rid of the
material you have used until you are sure that you will not need to show it). Keep a
copy of the main results.

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• Ask the professors for support as many times as you wish, personally or electroni-
15
cally .

• Do not bother copying the work of other people submitting it as your own. Do not
work falsely. It is not worth it. It is a characteristic treat of academic corruption.

• Submit your assignment within the established deadline. The professors will ask the
student delegates if the agreed due date is reasonable, and will stick to the agreement,
without extensions.

13 Valid for all the assignments of the 11889_2018 course.

14 The oce of MCT is in the 2nd oor of the 6D Building (THERMAL ENGINES) (Tel. Ext. 76540). You will need
to notify your visit in advance. The professors José Pedro Magraner and Pedro Martí will tell you how to consult
them.
15 If you ask for help through email, you are requested to keep your message extremely intelligible. If it is necessary for
your questions, please state the aircraft you have been assigned and do not forget to mention the page of the Catalog in
which it can be found

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11889-2018 HOMEWORK 1

Figure 1: Construction of an equivalent trapezoidal wing, when the original wing is NOT exactly trapezoidal.

KIND OF AIRCRAFT Cf,E

Civil transport 0.0030
Military transport 0.0035
Fighter 0.0035
Boarded ghter 0.0040
Supersonic civil transport 0.0025
Light, single engine 0.0055
Light, twin-engine 0.0045
Prop hydroplane 0.0065
Jet hydroplane 0.0040

Table 1: Typical values of Cf,g for dierent kinds of aircraft.

17. Annex 16

SUPERSONIC METHOD TO CALCULATE THE SUBSONIC CD0 :

A fast (but less accurate) method to calculate the zero-lift drag coecient of a subsonic
aircraft consists in the following:

Swetted,T otal
CD0 = Cf,E
Sw
where Cf,E is the coecient contained in Table 1, made from statistical considerations.

16 The expression Supersonic is metaphorical. It means that it is a way faster method (to calculate the subsonic CD0 )
than the one developed in the Lab Session 2, which is more complicated and may still be pending in the due date of the
Homework 1.