GRP225 | Experimental Design

Assessment 2 | Design in the Anthropocene | Workbook

SARAH
MICALLEF

SARAH MICALLEF
Digital Artisan
www.sarahmicallef.design
0401 311 108 | hello@sarahmicallef.design
Considering my environmental impact
What impact does your lifestyle have day-to-day?
My lifestyle has a relatively low day-to-day impact on
the environment, as my upbringing on a farm setting has
instilled consideration of my environmental footprint in my
behaviors. I always store leftovers in reusable containers to
minimise food wastage, utilise reusable water bottles and
grow some of my own herbs, fruits and vegetables. I use
environmentally friendly products such as fresh lemon to
clean, using homegrown lemons.
How much waste and/or packaging do you generate in a
day; a week; a month?
Waste and packaging that I generate is mainly milk bottles
and paper clippings from my uni studies, with an average
of 6 milk bottles and 1 large garbage bag of study related
waste generated per week. Other waste generated includes
foil-lined food packaging, boxes and cans, an average of 1
large garbage bag per week. The majority of my recyclable
waste is deposited in my backyard compost bin.
How many hours do you spend on-line/on screen? How
much power does that use and what is the source of that
power?
On average, I spend an estimated 11 hours per day using my
home pc, the majority of which is used for study related
purposes. My pc and screen use 105 watts per hour, all
of which is drawn from solar power panels and the Tesla
Powerwall 2 unit recently installed in my home. In the last 12
months, my home used grid electricity only approx. 8% of
the time.
How far do you walk or drive each week? How much of
that could be by bike or walking instead?
I drive an average of 50km each week, in order to visit
family members that live in a rural area. I live within walking
distance of a train station and will frequently use trains and
buses in order to conduct any travel I may need. I walk an
average of 20km per week, often to visit friends in my local
area and occasionally to walk to the local shopping centre.
What other real-world impacts do specific areas of your life
have - your job; hobbies; family; background; where do you
travel for holidays and how do you get there?
The real world impacts of my background are strong,
with my cultural background placing an emphasis on the
negative aspects of waste. I have 2 small dogs as pets -
the environment impacts of which I control by cleaning up
after them on walks and keeping them securely housed as
to protect local flora and fauna, hand cooking their meals
using sustainably produced ingredients. When my husband
and I travel for holidays it is often overseas via plane, which
could be altered for improved sustainability.
What areas of design are you interested in? How do you
spend your free-time?
All aspects of digital design as well as hands-on arts and
crafts interest me. I enjoy creating pieces that are either
digital or reuse existing materials, to reduce waste. In my
free time I enjoy jewelery making, experimenting with DIY
hardware projects and home improvement projects, as well
as gardening and looking for ways to fit more into my yard.
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What kind of house do you live in? Is it energy efficient - in
many or any ways? Where do you live?
The house I live in has solar panels and a Tesla Powerwall
2 unit installed, with energy and water efficient appliances
installed. Even thought the initial outlay for these items
was high, the benefits are great - both in terms of reduced
bills and for the environment. My home is also connected
to recycled water, which is used for gardening and other
outdoor maintenance tasks. I live in a suburban area with
a medium sized backyard which is behind a large nature
reserve.
How often do you go shopping for food? How much
processed food do you buy? How much fresh?
I shop for food only once a week and organise to have my
groceries delivered by the supermarket with which I shop.
Meals are planned in advance in order to ensure that only
what is needed is purchased in order to eliminate waste.
Estimated ratio is 85% fresh food VS 15% processed food,
and when shopping online I specify that any fruits or
vegetables I purchase are to be provided as loose options,
rather than options in punnets or plastic packaging, as not
only does this help to reduce my environmental footprint,
but also ensures better tasting and longer lasting produce.
Despite the action large supermarket chains have recently
taken against plastic bags, I find that my groceries still arrive
in these bags, which I now quickly collect and hand back
to the delivery driver, or hold onto in order to reuse for
household tasks.
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How often do you buy new clothes/shoes/ other? Do you
mend or repair your clothes? Do you make any of your
clothes?
I very rarely buy new shoes or clothes, instead using
specially formulated, natural washing powders and an
array of tools (lint shaver, rollers, a collection of threads,
polishes) in order to prolong the life of the items I do buy.
I mend and repair my clothes wherever possible, keeping
clothes that cannot be mended in order to utilise them in
repairing pieces that can be salvaged. I frequently alter my
clothes in order to refresh them, which aids in reducing the
amount of pieces I purchase.
How could design thinking and your skills/interests work
with these needs and habits to find new or interesting
solutions to improve them sustainably?
Design thinking and my skills/interests could work with my
needs and habits in order to see me formulating either a
digital or arts and crafts based solution to reuse or recycle
some of the waste I generate. The food scraps and paper
clippings I generate are placed into my compost bin,
however
I wonder what could be done to apply this same ideology
to waste such as milk bottles and foil-lined packaging,
taking it upon myself to responsibly reuse them, instead
of simply placing them into the recycling bin and viewing
them as ‘someone else’s problem’. I find milk bottles
fascinating and wonder what could be done to transform
these items into something that could possibly help/
benefit the environment, and would like to challenge
myself to turn as much of my weekly recycling bin waste
as possible into useful, repurposed items.
My environmental impact | Positive practices

Photos by Sarah Micallef

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My environmental impact | Negative practices

Photos by Sarah Micallef

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Preliminary Brainstorming

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Preliminary Idea
After considering my responsibilities as a designer within the
anthropocene, I have determined that the primary driving forces
behind my practices should be respect for the environment,
deep consideration of future impacts, innovation and using
materials sustainably and boldly, to achieve maximum impact.

Driving back from my parents home one afternoon, I was

stopped by a traffic controller, which gave me the chance to
have a closer look at the extensive land clearing operations that
are currently taking place in my suburb. Over 700 acres have
been cleared to date, in order to expand The Ponds housing
estate by building high density, high profit housing.

Sitting on my back patio that afternoon and looking into the

nature reserve behind my home, I observed the Rainbow
Lorikeets in the gum trees, thinking about how I have noticed
a decrease in the amount of birds that now live in the reserve,
particularly the diversity in the species. Smaller birds, such as
the White-Browed Scrubwren and sparrows are now rare sights,
having to compete with bigger birds for the remaining trees.

Photos by Sarah Micallef

The demand for human housing in the area is turning birds into
refugees, placing human greed over their basic needs. What if
we thought of birds as refugees, rather than simply as animals?
My project aims to explore the application of ideas, principles
and designs regarding emergency housing/transitional housing
that are currently being used to house the worlds refugees, to
birds. Like humans, birds have a right to life, shelter, dignity and
safety, which design may be able to assist in achieving.

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Case Study One | Nevhouse
Case sourced from www.good-design.org/projects/nevhouse/

The Nevhouse is a shelter made from recyclable materials,

which takes the waste that we throw away and turns it into
an affordable housing solution. Recycled plastics and wood
composite materials are used to form plastic panels which are
then slotted together to build the Nevhouse, requiring neither
electricity nor specialist tools to construct.

The Nevhouse comes with solutions for light, clean water and
sanitation, and is designed to withstand Category 5 winds. Over
200 Nevhouse structures are currently being utilised within

Photo by Nev Hyman

Vanuatu, ranging from homes to clinics, schools and community
centres, with another 5000 commissioned for the future.

The aim of the Nevhouse is to provide shelter, but more

importantly, to adopt a holistic approach in its view of
structures in order to foster pride, hope and dignity within
those that utilise the product. The Nevhouse is carefully
designed in order to cater to the cultural, spiritual and lifestyle
requirements of the people by whom they are used and the
climatic conditions of the countries in which they are used.

Ideas that may be adopted/adapted from the Nevhouse case
study include the notion that these types of quick assembly
structures can serve as something more than simply
‘emergency housing’, but can instead function as the basis
for allowing people to grow and flourish, acting as permanent
structures which communities are built around, and providing
value far beyond that of simply shelter.
Additionally, the way in which the Nevhouse is designed
to be quickly assembled, disassembled and can be
used within a variety of locations is an idea that I would
like to incorporate into my design, as I believe it is this
adaptability of use that makes the Nevhouse such a
beneficial innovation, displaying diversity and flexibility
which are valuable within a rapidly changing world.

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Case Study Two | U-Dome
Case sourced from www.designboom.com/architecture/world-
shelters-u-dome/

The U-Dome is a 60 sq. m. x 3 m. tall structure which is

constructed out of die-cut recycled corrugated Polypropylene
sheets, attached together using Polypropylene pins. The
U-Dome is flame retardant, UV-resistant, waterproof, can
withstand high wind, heavy rain, light snow, and is lightweight in
order to minimise shipping and transportation costs.

309 U-Dome structures are currently being used in Haiti in

Photo by World Shelters

order to provide shelter for over 800 people, with the U-Dome
also being used widely within America to provide emergency
shelter after several disasters including Hurricane Katrina in
2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

The U-Dome can be built in as little as an hour, with a special

set of tools being required. Solutions for light, sanitation and
clean water can included with the U-Dome, with larger modular
units available to customise the space available and amenities.
The U-Dome is tested as having a lifespan of approx. 10 years
before some of the Polypropylene panels require replacement.

The aims of the U-Dome are both to provide a high standard
of shelter and to provide users with a sense of safety, security
and stability, with World Shelters promoting the product to be
suitable as a longer-term solution rather than simply acting as
emergency housing. They describe this solution as ‘transitional
housing’, providing users with dignity in a highly adaptable
environment in order to preserve cultures and communites.
Ideas that may be adopted/adapted from the U-Dome
case study are those of viewing a design not as an
overall piece, but instead viewing it as a collection
of elements that may be swapped out or replaced
intermittently. This could be a great solution for
achieving sustainability in my own designs, functioning
to prolong the life of products as long as possible.

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Case Study Three | Rohingya Tin Shelters
Case sourced from www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/23/
bangladesh-landslides-threaten-rohingya-shelters

The Rohingya Tin Shelters are located within Bangladesh’s

Kutupalong Camp, the worlds largest refugee camp, which is
currently home to over 1 million Muslim Rohingya refugees who
fled from persecution in neighbouring Myanmar. The primary
structures within the Kutupalong Camp are Tin Shelters, which
are estimated to house approximately 650,000 of the camps
1 million residents, with these small shelters often housing
upwards of 5 people.

Photo by Al Fatiha Global

The shelters are constructed with found materials from
Bangladesh, and often consist of nothing more than tin, wood
and several nails/screws. These shelters offer no solutions for
sanitation, water or light, are not ventilated and are additionally
suspected of being one of the underlying causes in the rise of
deaths within the Kutupalong Camp, in which temperatures
regularly soar above 30 degrees celsius.

The aims of the Rohingya Tin Shelters are only to provide an

immediate means of shelter, and show no consideration for the
emotional, social or spiritual needs of those who utilise them -
they are a quick and unsustainable solution to a growing crisis.
These structures are the most basic definition of true
emergency shelter and provide their occupants no long term
stability, hope or vision for an improved or sustainable future.
Instead an imminent risk is posed to residents health and safety;
potentially even their culture and community.
The Rohingya Tin Shelters case study acts as an example
of design which only seeks fulfilling the most basic
elements of function, and does not extend beyond this
initial stage; as a result causing more harm than good.
This serves as an important reminder of the need to
push design thinking beyond that of basic function in
order to consider the wider needs of users.

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Living Principles Scorecard Tests
The Living Principles // Project Scorecard Worksheet www.livingprinciples.org
The Living Principles // Project Scorecard Worksheet www.livingprinciples.org

Nevhouse
Project Name
U-Dome

Implementing Solutions

Achieving Restoration
Exhibiting Leadership
Project Name

Implementing Solutions
Exploring Concepts

Achieving Restoration
Exhibiting Leadership
Exploring Concepts
Doing Nothing

Doing Nothing
This Project Scorecard Worksheet is intended to facilitate critical evaluation of design and communication efforts as they
relate to sustainability. The objective is to arrive at a “score” for each of the four integrated streams of sustainability. In This Project Scorecard Worksheet is intended to facilitate critical evaluation of design and communication efforts as they
arriving at such a score, one should account for each of the twenty one discreet principles that comprise the four streams. relate to sustainability. The objective is to arrive at a “score” for each of the four integrated streams of sustainability. In
arriving at such a score, one should account for each of the twenty one discreet principles that comprise the four streams.

EN Environment 0 1 2 3 4
EN Environment 0 1 2 3 4

EN.01 Behaviors
EN.01 Behaviors

EN.02 Creation
EN.02 Creation

EN.03 Durability
EN.03 Durability

EN.04 Disassembly
EN.04 Disassembly

EN.05 Supply Chain

EN.05 Supply Chain

EN.06 Waste
EN.06 Waste

PE People 0 1 2 3 4
PE People 0 1 2 3 4

PE.01 Impacts
PE.01 Impacts

PE.02 Conflicts
PE.02 Conflicts

PE.03 Desirability
PE.03 Desirability

PE.04 Need/Use
PE.04 Need/Use

PE.05 Long View

PE.05 Long View

EC Economy 0 1 2 3 4
EC Economy 0 1 2 3 4

EC.01 Systemic View

EC.01 Systemic View

EC.02 Metrics
EC.02 Metrics

EC.03 Benefits
EC.03 Benefits

EC.04 Transparency & Truth

EC.04 Transparency & Truth

EC.05 Waste = Food

EC.05 Waste = Food

EC.06 Product > Service

EC.06 Product > Service

CU Culture 0 1 2 3 4
CU Culture 0 1 2 3 4

CU.01 Visions
CU.01 Visions

CU.02 Meanings & Reactions

CU.02 Meanings & Reactions

CU.03 Systemic View

CU.03 Systemic View

CU.04 Diversity
CU.04 Diversity
110722
110722

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 The Living Principles // Project Scorecard Worksheet www.livingprinciples.org
Nevhouse A sustainable, long-term solution that
EN = 23 fosters culture and community. Shipping and
PE = 20 transportation remains a concern, could this be
Rohingya Tin Shelters
Project Name

Implementing Solutions
EC = 23 done better by incorporating local materials or by

Achieving Restoration
Exhibiting Leadership
Exploring Concepts
Doing Nothing
This Project Scorecard Worksheet is intended to facilitate critical evaluation of design and communication efforts as they
relate to sustainability. The objective is to arrive at a “score” for each of the four integrated streams of sustainability. In
CU = 16 shipping recycled materials and then processing
arriving at such a score, one should account for each of the twenty one discreet principles that comprise the four streams.
82/84 at the final destination, as the panel formation
EN Environment 0 1 2 3 4
appears relatively uncomplicated? Also could be
EN.01 Behaviors
a good option to investigate how the assembly
EN.02 Creation
process could be further expedited.
EN.03 Durability

EN.04 Disassembly

EN.05 Supply Chain

U-Dome A versatile and sustainably produced solution,
EN.06 Waste
EN = 20 designed with minimising environmental impact
PE People 0 1 2 3 4
PE = 16 resulting from shipping and transportation in
PE.01 Impacts
EC = 21 mind. The limited durability of this product has the
PE.02 Conflicts
CU = 14 potential to negatively impact communities, as
PE.03 Desirability

71/84 does the use of Polypropylene pins and a special

tool set being needed for construction - how can
PE.04 Need/Use

PE.05 Long View

small pieces that could impact re-usability be
EC Economy 0 1 2 3 4

EC.01 Systemic View

reduced? How can durability be increased whilst
EC.02 Metrics
keeping the weight of the product minimal?
EC.03 Benefits

EC.04 Transparency & Truth

Tin Shelters An extremely short term solution which provides
EC.05 Waste = Food
EN = 2 nothing more than an extremely basic form of
EC.06 Product > Service
PE = 3 shelter, whilst posing a serious risk to health
CU Culture
EC = 8 and wellbeing. Given the close proximity to
0 1 2 3 4

CU.01 Visions
CU = 2 manufacturing centres and the rapid growth of
CU.02 Meanings & Reactions

CU.03 Systemic View

15/84 PET recycling in the area, could the replacement
CU.04 Diversity
of tin with recycled PET panels be a possibility?
110722
This would make structures safer, and could
also allow for structures to potentially be made
modular in order to preserve culture/communities,
with an improved aesthetic increasing dignity.

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Additional Case Studies
1. Better Shelter - by Ikea and UNHCR
Why Ikea’s flatpack refugee shelter won design of
the year.

2. ExoShelter - by Reaction Housing

This Square-Topped Space Egg Is the Disaster
Shelter of the Future.

3. Hex House - by Architects for Society 1 4

Architects for Society designs low-cost hexagonal
shelters for refugees.

4. InterShelter - by InterShelter
Intershelter Portable Geodesic Dome Provides

Photos sourced from vendor websites

Disaster Relief.

5. QuickHab - Green Horizon Manufacturing

California start-up inks FEMA deal to provide
2 6
disaster relief solar villages.

6. The RDM - By Visible Good

“Rapid Deployment Module” shelter assembles in
25 minutes, no tools required.

3 5

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Research | The environment
Started in 2007, The Ponds estate encompasses over 4200
homes with approx. 12,400 people estimated to be living in the
estate once it is completed in late 2019. To date, over 700 acres
of land have been cleared in order to make way for housing
and associated amenities, including several shopping centres, 2
new train stations and various community buildings.

The environmental planning document Blacktown City Council

Plan of Management for The Ponds discusses an array of topics
associated with the clearing of land, with an emphasis on
threatened species and endangered ecological communities.

4 main vegetation communities have been identified within the

area, with these being river-flat forest, shale/gravel transitional
forest, grey box ironbark woodland and grassland with
scattered trees, with the Grey Box, Broad-leaved Ironbark and
Forest Red Gum being the most common trees within the land.

These large tree species play important roles not only in

helping to prevent soil erosion within the area, but also to
house an array of animals, with the report listing over 80

Photos by Sarah Micallef

species of birds which have been observed within the 4
vegetation communities that continue to be cleared.

Regionally significant species that are at high risk from the

clearing of this land are the Jacky Winter, Rufous Fantail
and Crested Shrike-Tit, all of which build their nests within
hollowed out sections of the tree species being cleared, facing
a precarious future, either being forced to migrate or compete
with far bigger species for the remaining trees in the area.

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Research | Additional considerations
Research resources pertaining to bird nesting -

http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/

http://birdlife.org.au/

https://wildcare.org.au

https://www.wires.org.au/

The main varieties of birds nests seen within NSW are those of
using hollowed out tree trunks to nest, round exposed nests
(cup nests) and ‘cave’ style nests, which mimic the inside of
hollow out tree trunks and provide security for birds young.
Bird nests are unique to the species that construct them, with
different features of the nests serving different purposes for
the specific species.

Nests of different bird species vary in their height from the

ground, with small birds such the Jacky Winter preferring
nesting locations closer to the ground than that of the Crested

Photos by Sarah Micallef

Shrike-Tit. Differences in nesting locations also exist, with the
Jacky Winter preferring locations which are clear of leaves
(such as tree forks) and the Rufous Fantail preferring nesting
sites which are surrounded by dense foliage.

Can a universal style ‘bird home’ which incorporates shared

features be constructed and relocated as required? This would
maximise the chances of these homes being settled by a
diverse collection of species, making them a reusable resource.

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Upcycling Inspiration

Photos sourced online

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Design Sketches

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Gathering materials
Materials within the reserve could be incorporated into my
final design, both in order to camouflage the product from
vandals/unwanted human attention, but also to allow the
design to blend in better with the natural environment and
to reduce the likelihood of altering the behaviours of the
birds who will be using the products.

The reserve has a variety of trees including the Grey

Box, Broad-Leaved Ironbark, Eucalyptus, Broad-Leaved
Paperbark and Forest Red Gum, all of which have dropped
large amounts of bark which will be foraged. A diverse
collection of sticks and twigs will also be collected, to see
whether they can be utilised to create a perching option.

Photos by Sarah Micallef

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 Design Prototyping

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Photos by Sarah Micallef

Design Evaluation
Perching option of a single branch - will this be sufficient for
birds to perch in order to bring food back to their young/
socialise/teach their young to fly? Is this solution the best in
order to maximise their chances of success and the growth of
their communities? The creation of a ‘verandah’ like structure
around the product could provide ample perching room, whilst
still maintaining a natural aesthetic and balancing the product.

The prototypes are very aesthetically undeveloped and

although quick to make, could more be done to blend these
pieces into the environment in order to protect the birds from
predators/unwanted human attention/provide the birds with
a better sense of dignity and ensure that their behaviours are
altered minimally by the implementation of these products?

For maximum success these products should be designed in

order to mimic/replicate the birds natural environment as much
as possible. The prototypes revealed how much light these
designs let in, which could potentially change birds behaviours/
make them more vulnerable to predators. In order to replicate
the inside of a tree trunk darkness must be created, and a UV

Photo by Sarah Micallef

resistant/blocking, non-toxic paint has been utilised in order to
achieve this effect, with 3 coats yielding the ideal outcome.

The creation of flaps within the design has yielded positive

results when tested - this innovation allows air to flow well and
in conjunction with the UV paint, keeps the product cool when
tested in the directly sunlight for prolonged periods of time.
These flaps are small enough to block entry to the product,
but large enough to achieve cross airflow and good circulation.

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 Final Design

21

Photo by Sarah Micallef

 My design in action

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Photo by Sarah Micallef

Project Rationale
The rationale underpinning this project is the consideration of birds
being made refugees as a result of human greed, and how design can
answer this problem in a holistic, ethical, respectful and innovative way.
A key consideration was the idea that birds still need to retain their
right to self determination and to continue their instinctual practices,
with a solution being offered, rather than forced.

To me, design in the anthropocene primarily means considering the

future impacts of current practices, not just from my own perspective
as a designer, but from that of those who will be using my products,
reusing what we already have in order to achieve more innovation with
less waste of resources. Waste of resources was carefully monitored
within this project, with the vast majority of resources being either
natural or re-purposed to provide an environmentally sound solution.

The project was undertaken with key concepts of Indigenous

Australian principles of environmental practice of mind, particularly
those of the Darug people of NSW, on whose land I engage in design.
The Darug concepts of ngarra and mari have guided this project by
changing the way in which I view the environment, shifting my mindset
from that of viewing the environment as an endless resource and into

Photo by Sarah Micallef

a partner that requires respect, consultation and consideration.

This project has not only been conducted with the environment and
minimising waste in mind, but also shows a concern for the future
of those who will be using the product, combining natural and
manufactured materials to create a functional product which shows
great longevity. In designing this product I recognise the responsibility
of designers in anthropocene to use design to repair our planet, and
believe that my product will assist with this in a measurable way.

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Reference List
Angelgirlpj. (2015) Coffee Can Bird Feeder: DIY Recycle and Reuse. Retrieved from http://angelgirlpj.blogspot.
com/2015/01/coffee-can-bird-feeder-diy-recycle-and.html

Babble (n.d) DIY Popsicle Bird House. Retrieved from https://www.babble.com/crafts-activities/diy-popsicle-bird-

house/

BetterShelter.org. (2010) A Better Shelter. Retrieved from http://www.bettershelter.org/product/

Birds in Backyards. (n.d) Online Bird Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/

Birdlife. (n.d) All about birds. Retrieved from http://birdlife.org.au/all-about-birds

Blacktown City Council. (2007) Plan of Management - The Ponds. Retrieved from https://www.blacktown.nsw.gov.au/
About-Council/Plans-policies-and-reports/Environmental-reports

Danu World. (2013) Recycled fabric bird house round. Retrieved from https://www.danuworld.com/Recycled-Fabric-
Bird-House-Round.html

Doctors Without Borders. (2018) Bangladesh - The Rohingya Refguee Camp of Kutupalong, an ever-expanding camp.
Retrieved from https://www.msf.org.au/article/project-news/bangladesh-%E2%80%93-rohingya-refugee-camp-kut-
upalong-balukhali-ever-expanding-camp

EMGN. (n.d) 20 Cleverly Repurposed Items That Will Add A Touch Of Funk To Your Home. Retrieved from http://emgn.
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Fibonacci Stone. (n.d) Exo Housing Shelter - Stackable Emergency Housing, from Reaction Housing. Retrieved from
http://www.fibonaccistone.com.au/exo-shelter-stackable-emergency-reaction-housing/

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Hex House. (2015) Hex House Product Page. Retrieved from http://www.hex-house.com/

Human Rights Watch. (n.d) Bangladesh: Landslides Threaten Rohingya Shelters. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/
news/2018/05/23/bangladesh-landslides-threaten-rohingya-shelters

Inhabitat. (2012) QuickHab Is a Flat-Pack House for Emergency or Low-Income Housing. Retrieved from https://inhabi-
tat.com/quickhab-is-a-flat-pack-house-for-emergency-or-low-income-housing/quickhab-2/

Instructables. (2002) Coconut Bird House. Retrieved from https://www.instructables.com/id/Coconut-Birdhouse/

InterShelter. (2013) InterShelterProducts Page. Retrieved from https://intershelter.com/

Nevhouse. (2014) Shelter made from recycled materials. Retrieved from http://www.nevhouse.com/

Pinterest. (n.d). Bottle Bird Feeder. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/656892295618115150/?lp=true

Pinterest. (n.d) Miller Lite Birdhouse. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/537898749225188584/?lp=true

Refugee Council USA. (2016) The 7 Largest Refugee Camps In The World. Retrieved from https://www.refugeecounci-
lusa.org/the-7-largest-refugee-camps-in-the-world/

The Guardian. (n.d) Homes for refugees: eight new designs for conflict housing. Retrieved from https://www.theguard-
ian.com/sustainable-business/2014/jul/30/refugee-shelters-new-designs-ikea-fema-military-haiti-jordan-syria-iraq

Visible Good. (n.d) Shelter: The RDM. Retrieved from http://visible-good.com/shelters/

World Shelters. (2009) U-Dome. Retrieved from http://worldshelters.org/shelters/u-dome

Wildcare. (n.d) Bird species information. Retrieved from https://wildcare.org.au/species-information/birds/

Wires. (2011) Information about native birds. Retrieved from https://www.wires.org.au/wildlife-info/wildlife-education/

birds

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