French and Modal Verbs

How to translate modals like can, should, and must into French

Modal verbs, also called modal auxiliaries or simply modals, are unconjugated English verbs which express the mood of a
verb, such as ability, possibility, condition, and necessity. With the exception of "ought," modals are followed directly by
the verb they modify (without "to"). There are ten common English modal verbs:

 can
 could
 may
 might
 must
 ought to
 shall
 should
 will
 would

French does not have modal verbs, which can make it difficult to translate them. The French equivalents of modal verbs
may be a conjugatable verb (e.g., pouvoir), or a tense, mood, or adverb. Note that "could" and "would" can be used in the
present and past, with varied meanings.

can pouvoir (present tense)

I can help you. Je peux vous aider.
We can see it. Nous pouvons le voir.

could (present) pouvoir (conditional)

I could dance all night. Je pourrais danser pendant toute la nuit.
Could you help me? Pourriez-vous m'aider ?
could (past) pouvoir (imperfect)
He could read when he was three. Il pouvait lire quand il avait trois ans.
Last year, I could sleep until noon every day. L'année dernière, je pouvais dormir jusqu'à midi tous les jours.

may, might peut-être, pouvoir (conditional), se pouvoir(present)

She may/might arrive at noon. Elle arrivera peut-être à midi.
Elle pourrait arriver à midi.
Il se peut qu'elle arrive à midi.

must devoir (present)

I must leave. Je dois partir.
You must help me. Vous devez m'aider.

shall, will French future tense

I shall/will help you. Je vous aiderai.
He will arrive at noon. Il arrivera à midi.

should/ought devoir (conditional)

I should/ought to leave soon. Je devrais partir bientôt.
You should/ought to help me. Vous devriez m'aider.

would (present) French conditional

We would like to leave. Nous voudrions partir.
I would help you if I were ready. Je vous aiderais si j'étais prêt.
would (past) French imperfect
He would always read when he was alone. Il lisait toujours quand il était seul.
Last year, I would sleep until noon every day. L'année dernière, je dormais jusqu'à midi tous les jours.
English modals may be followed by have + past participle to express perfect (completed) actions. Translating this
construction usually involves conjugating a French verb into a perfect tense/mood + infinitive.

could have pouvoir (conditional perfect)

I could have helped you. J'aurais pu vous aider.
We could have eaten. Nous aurions pu manger.

may/might have peut-être, se pouvoir

I may/might have done it.Je l'ai peut-être fait.
Il se peut que je l'aie fait.

must have devoir (present perfect [passé composé])

You must have seen it. Vous avez dû le voir.
He must have eaten. Il a dû manger.

shall/will have French future perfect

I shall/will have eaten. J'aurai mangé.
He will have arrived by noon.Il sera arrivé pour midi.

should have devoir (conditional perfect)

You should have helped. Vous auriez dû aider.
We should have eaten. Nous aurions dû manger.

would have French conditional perfect

I would have helped you. Je vous aurais aidé.
He would have eaten it. Il l'aurait mangé.