Complex Analysis

Md. Aquil Khan

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z 2 .

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z 2 .

f (z) = f (x + iy ) = (x + iy )2 =

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z 2 .

f (z) = f (x + iy ) = (x + iy )2 = x 2 − y 2 + i 2xy
| {z } |{z}
real part imaginarypart

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z 2 .

f (z) = f (x + iy ) = (x + iy )2 = x 2 − y 2 + i 2xy
| {z } |{z}
real part imaginarypart
f = u + iv , where
u(x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 , v (x, y ) = 2xy

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z1 .

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z1 .

1
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = x+iy =

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z1 .

1 x −y
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = x+iy = + i
x2+ y2 x2
+ y2
| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = z1 .

1 x −y
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = x+iy = + i
x2+ y2 x2
+ y2
| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part
f = u + iv , where
x −y
u(x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Real and Imaginary Part of a Function

f : D → C, where D ⊆ C.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Real and Imaginary Part of a Function

f : D → C, where D ⊆ C.

f (z) = u(x, y ) +i v (x, y ) , z = x + iy

| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part
where u and v are real functions of the two real variables x
and y .

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Real and Imaginary Part of a Function

f : D → C, where D ⊆ C.

f (z) = u(x, y ) +i v (x, y ) , z = x + iy

| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part
where u and v are real functions of the two real variables x
and y .

u −→ Real part of f
v −→ Imaginary part of f

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Real and Imaginary Part of a Function

f : D → C, where D ⊆ C.

f (z) = u(x, y ) +i v (x, y ) , z = x + iy

| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part
where u and v are real functions of the two real variables x
and y .

u −→ Real part of f
v −→ Imaginary part of f
f = u + iv

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Limit

f : D → C, D ⊆ C, and z0 is a limit point of C.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Limit

f : D → C, D ⊆ C, and z0 is a limit point of C.

limz→z0 f (z) = l (f has the limit l as z approaches z0 )
m

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Limit

f : D → C, D ⊆ C, and z0 is a limit point of C.

limz→z0 f (z) = l (f has the limit l as z approaches z0 )
m

For a given  > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that

z ∈ D & 0 < |z − z0 | < δ ⇒

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Limit

f : D → C, D ⊆ C, and z0 is a limit point of C.

limz→z0 f (z) = l (f has the limit l as z approaches z0 )
m

For a given  > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that

z ∈ D & 0 < |z − z0 | < δ ⇒ |f (z) − l| < 

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Limit

f : D → C, D ⊆ C, and z0 is a limit point of C.

limz→z0 f (z) = l (f has the limit l as z approaches z0 )
m

For a given  > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that

z ∈ D & 0 < |z − z0 | < δ ⇒ |f (z) − l| < 

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim =
z→0 z

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z→0 z

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z z→0
z
Along the positive direction of y -axis, lim =
z→0 z

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z z→0
z
Along the positive direction of y -axis, lim = − 1
z→0 z

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .

Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z z→0
z
Along the positive direction of y -axis, lim = − 1
z→0 z
z
lim does not exist.
z→0 z

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D

lim f (z) =
z→z0

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D

lim f (z) = f (z0 )

z→z0

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D

lim f (z) = f (z0 )

z→z0

A complex function is said to be continuous in a region R if it is

continuous at every point in R.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Theorem
f = u + iv is continuous at z0 = x0 + iy0

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Theorem
f = u + iv is continuous at z0 = x0 + iy0

u(x, y ) and v (x, y ) are both continuous at (x0 , y0 )

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) =

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) = ex cos y , v (x, y ) = ex sin y

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) = ex cos y , v (x, y ) = ex sin y
u and v are both continuous in R2

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) = ex cos y , v (x, y ) = ex sin y
u and v are both continuous in R2
f is continuous in C

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = |z|2

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) =

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , v (x, y ) = 0

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , v (x, y ) = 0
u and v are both continuous in R2

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , v (x, y ) = 0
u and v are both continuous in R2
f is continuous in C

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
u(x, y ) =

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
2 −xy
u(x, y ) = x 2x+y 2 , v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
u(0, 0) = v (0, 0) = 0

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
2 −xy
u(x, y ) = x 2x+y 2 , v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
u(0, 0) = v (0, 0) = 0
u and v are not continuous at (0, 0) as lim(x,y )→(0,0) u(x, y ),
and lim(x,y )→(0,0) v (x, y ) does not exist.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
2 −xy
u(x, y ) = x 2x+y 2 , v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
u(0, 0) = v (0, 0) = 0
u and v are not continuous at (0, 0) as lim(x,y )→(0,0) u(x, y ),
and lim(x,y )→(0,0) v (x, y ) does not exist.
f is not continuous at z = 0.

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis

 Complex Functions

Theorems on real continuous functions can be extended to

complex continuous functions

Sum, difference and product of continuous functions are also

continuous

Md. Aquil Khan Complex Analysis