RB CAGMAT REVIEW

CENTER

REVIEW FOR LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR

AGRICULTURIST

PPT PRESENTATIONS OF
AGRIPINA RANA-ARADILLA
 SUSTAINABLE CROP
PRODUCTION

AGRIPINA RANA-ARADILLA
Associate Professor V
Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding
College of Agriculture
Central Mindanao University
1. Which of the following best defines
sustainable development?
a. a conceptual framework
b. a new development strategy
c. an intellectual approach
d. all of these
1. Which of the following best defines
sustainable development?
a. a conceptual framework
b. a new development strategy
c. an intellectual approach
d. all of these
• Sustainable Development is referred to as:
 a conceptual framework
 as a new morality
 as a new development strategy
 as an intellectual approach
 as “another goal to achieve”
 as a goal to be achieved
 Sustainable Development (SD)
• could be more accurately described as a
paradigm, the term coined by Thomas
Kuhn to denote a dominant set of
assumptions or indicate the basic model
of reality underlying any science
2. The World Commission on Environment &
Development (WCED) which was
formed by the UN in 1983 is better
known as
a. Montreal Protocol
b. Brundtland Commission
c. Sustainable Development
Commission
d. Environment Commission
2. The World Commission on Environment &
Development (WCED) which was
formed by the UN in 1983 is better
known as
a. Montreal Protocol
b. Brundtland Commission
c. Sustainable Development
Commission
d. Environment Commission
3. The report of the WCED which was
issued on April 1987 is entitled

a. Sustainable Development
b. Sustainable Agriculture
c. Our Common Future
d. Conserving the Earth
3. The report of the WCED which was
issued on April 1987 is entitled

a. Sustainable Development
b. Sustainable Agriculture
c. Our Common Future
d. Conserving the Earth
 Sustainable Development (SD)

• Emerged as a byword after the World

Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
otherwise known as the Brundtland
Commission in April 1987 in its report entitled
“Our Common Future”
 Sustainable Development

• as described by Brundtland Commission is a

new form of development which integrates
the production process with resource
conservation and environmental enhancement
4. Economic development that meets the
needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs is
WCED’s definition of
a. Sustainable Agriculture
b. Development Economics
c. Sustainable Development
d. Intergenerational Economics
4. Economic development that meets the
needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs is
WCED’s definition of
a. Sustainable Agriculture
b. Development Economics
c. Sustainable Development
d. Intergenerational Economics
 Sustainable Development

• It is an economic development that meets the

needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.
 Sustainable Development

• a process focused on people and societies – how

they define needs with reference to their
own goals and the goals they share as
members of communities and nations.
•1992 – the UNCED Conference in Rio de
Janeiro advanced the holistic approach to
sustainable development that
includes ecological, economic and
socio-economic concerns and to
achieve long-term productivity of the global
system (Becker, 1997)
 Sustainable Development

• According to Khor (1992), equity is the

central principle to operationalize and
attain sustainability. Thus, sustainability
requires intra and intergenerational equity
within and between nations.
 Sustainable Development

• Environmental sustainability, social

equity and a culture that allows
people to fulfill human needs (friendship,
warm human relations, community spirit and
participation)
5. Equity between the interest and rights of
different social groups within a
generation is known as
a. intragenerational equity
b. intergenerational equity
c. both a and b
d. none of these
5. Equity between the interest and rights of
different social groups within a
generation is known as
a. intragenerational equity
b. intergenerational equity
c. both a and b
d. none of these
6. Equity between the interest and rights of
present and future generations is
known as
a. intragenerational equity
b. intergenerational equity
c. both a and b
d. none of these
6. Equity between the interest and rights of
present and future generations is
known as
a. intragenerational equity
b. intergenerational equity
c. both a and b
d. none of these
 Sustainable Development
• Becker (1997) added an ethical dimension
to equity with the following criteria:
Spatial dimension of intra-generational
equity – equity between interest and rights
of different social groups
Temporal dimension of inter-generational equity
– equity between the interests and rights
of present and future generations
7. The ethical dimension to equity refers to
a. equity between the interests and rights of
different social groups within a
generation
b. equity between the interests and rights of
present and future generations
c. equity between the interests and rights of
human beings and other species
d. all of the above
7. The ethical dimension to equity refers to
a. equity between the interests and rights of
different social groups within a
generation
b. equity between the interests and rights of
present and future generations
c. equity between the interests and rights of
human beings and other species
d. all of the above
8. The attitude that regards the value of
nature merely as a pool of exploitable
resources to be used for the
satisfaction of human wants
a. profitable attitude
b. biocentric-holistic attitude
c. anthropocentric attitude
d. none of these
8. The attitude that regards the value of
nature merely as a pool of exploitable
resources to be used for the
satisfaction of human wants
a. profitable attitude
b. biocentric-holistic attitude
c. anthropocentric attitude
d. none of these
Criteria for ethical dimension to equity:
An ethical dimension ranging from the regard
of the value of nature as a pool of
exploitable resources as opposed to the
recognition of immaterial values
(biocentric-holistic attitude vs.
anthropocentric attitude) – equity between the
interests and rights of human beings and other species
9. What are the roots of unsustainable
development?
a. Green revolution
b. Market Economics & Market
Agriculture
c. a and b
d. none of these
9. What are the roots of unsustainable
development?
a. Green revolution
b. Market Economics & Market
Agriculture
c. a and b
d. none of these
 Roots of Unsustainable Development

A. Green Revolution – was a strategy for

increasing food production by targeting
maximum yields through a high input of resources
which led to economic and ecological
problems such as deterioration of agro-ecosystems
(more limited variety of species of fauna
and flora, resistance to pests, deficiencies
in the environment and in foodstuffs).
 Green Revolution (GR)
• Disadvantages:
leads to drought
soil erosion
desertification
land degradation
led to ground water mining
led to extinctions of indigenous varieties of
crops
practice of monocultures using HEI
pollution of the environment – hazards to
food and health
 Roots of Unsustainable Development

B. Market Economics and Market Agriculture

 The market is the main instrument that
regulate supply and demand and the flow
of materials with profit as the driving force
The free market cannot guarantee that social
and ecological needs are met, as the market
economy is a power play ruled by those who
can pay the best prices (Shiva, 1992)
10. The “Earth Summit” held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 refers to the
a. UN Conference on Environment &
Development (UNCED)
b. Global Forum on Environment &
Development
c. World Conference on Environment &
Development
d. None of these
10. The “Earth Summit” held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 refers to the
a. UN Conference on Environment &
Development (UNCED)
b. Global Forum on Environment &
Development
c. World Conference on Environment &
Development
d. None of these
 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (SA)

•Earth Summit or the UN Conference on

Environment and Development
(UNCED) in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, over 1040 countries signed
Agenda 21 which was called for a
sustainable approach to agriculture
and rural development
11. Sustainable agriculture is any practice,
method, technique/technology,
philosophy or system of production that
makes agriculture
a. economically feasible and
ecologically sound
b. socially just and humane
c. culturally appropriate and grounded
on holistic science
d. all of these
11. Sustainable agriculture is any practice,
method, technique/technology,
philosophy or system of production that
makes agriculture
a. economically feasible and
ecologically sound
b. socially just and humane
c. culturally appropriate and grounded
on holistic science
d. all of these
SA defined:

• It is any practice, method,

technique/technology, philosophy or
system of production that makes
agriculture economically feasible, ecologically
sound, socially just and humane (equitable),
culturally appropriate and grounded on holistic
science
SA defined:

It is a system that ---

• utilizes an understanding of natural processes along
with the latest scientific advances to create integrated,
resource-conserving farming systems.
• reduce environmental degradation, are economically
viable, maintain a stable rural community and
provide a productive agriculture in both short and long
term.
SA defined --

• ability of a farm to produce food

indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to
ecosystem health
• The two key issues are: 1) biophysical (long term
effects of various practices on soil
properties and the processes essential for
crop productivity), and 2) socio-economic (the
long term ability of farmers to obtain inputs
and manage resources such as labor).
 SA defined

• a system of plant and animal production having site

specific applications that will, over the long
term - - -
satisfy human food and fiber needs
enhance environmental quality and natural resource base
upon which the agricultural economy
depends
SA defined:

make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources

and on-farm resources and integrate, where
appropriate, natural biological cycles and
controls
sustain the economic viability of farm operations
enhance the quality of life for farmers and
society as a whole
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000;
Zamora, 1999)
1. Ecologically sound – SA is based on
ecological science of agro-ecology. It
works in partnership with nature. It
focuses on the maintenance and
enhancement of the natural resource base, and
avoids systems toxicity; an ecological
farmer considers himself a part of
nature.
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora,
1999)
The principles of ecological agriculture includes
biological diversity, soil health, nutrient recycling,
natural resource conservation, and appropriate pest
management.
Ecological farmers avoid monocultures, “feed the
soil, not the plant” and use natural processes
to prevent pest outbreaks.
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora,
1999)
2. Economically viable – SA is economically
viable in that it earns a fair return of farm
investments.
the system provides food and other basic needs of
the family;
no external costs (erosion, human and soil
health, loss of biodiversity, loss of species,
pollution, etc)
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora

3. Socially just and equitable, and humane

Socially just agriculture must address existing
inequities inter and intra-generational,
societal and gender
The system ensures that resources and power are
distributed equitably so that the basic needs are
met and their rights are assured.
All forms of life (plant, animals, humans) are
respected.
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora,
1999)
4. Culturally appropriate and sensitive
 Agriculture must embody our highest respect for
enhancement of, and the protection of diverse cultures.
 Culturally appropriate agricultural systems give due consideration
to cultural values, religious beliefs and traditions in the
development of agricultural systems.
 SA preserves, promotes and uses indigenous knowledge systems,
enhances self-reliance and enhances spirituality of farmers and the
community.
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora,
1999)
5. Grounded on holistic science
 Nature and society are seen as an organic,
interrelated whole. It gives importance to the social,
economic, environmental, cultural and political as much as
biophysical aspects of agriculture.
 It considers the dynamic interactions among on-farm,
non-farm, and farm-related activities and recognizes that these
activities compliment each other.
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora,
1999)
6. Use of appropriate technology
Technology is site specific – must be suited both
to the ecological characteristics of the farm
and the socio-economic circumstances of
the farmer.
It makes use of indigenous knowledge
systems called participatory technology
development.
 Features/Dimensions of SA (Fernandez, 2000; Zamora,
1999)

7. Fully developed the human potential

SA begins in the human being and rests on the human
being (Ruizo-Gamela in Fernandez, 2000).
 Goals of SA (Pretty, 1996)

Thorough incorporation of natural processes such as

nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation and pest-
predator relationship for pest
management.
For nutrient management, this involves
recycling of nutrients, use of compost, green manure and
other forms of organic fertilizers.
 Goals of SA (Pretty, 1996)
Minimize/eliminate the use of external and non-
renewable inputs such as pesticides and
synthetic, highly soluble fertilizers that
damage the environment and post
damage to the farmers and the
consumers health.
 Goals of SA (Pretty, 1996)

• Practice alternative crop and livestock breeding and

selection. Appropriate and highly adapted
plant varieties and animal breeds will be
conserved, multiplied and utilized.
 Goals of SA (Pretty, 1996)

Practice diversified and integrated farming system with

special focus on functional diversity in the
farm

Full participation of farmers and local, indigenous people

in all processes of problem analysis,
technology development, adaptation and
extension
 Goals of SA (Pretty, 1996)

A more equitable access to productive resources

and opportunities
A greater productive use of local knowledge, practice and
resources
The incorporation of diversity of natural resources
and enterprises within the farm
 Goals of SA (Pretty, 1996)

Increased self-reliance among farmers, local

and indigenous communities

Recognition of the role of women in

development processes
12. The scientific basis for sustainable
agriculture is
a. ecology
b. agro-ecology
c. green revolution
d. farming systems
12. The scientific basis for sustainable
agriculture is
a. ecology
b. agro-ecology
c. green revolution
d. farming systems
Agro-ecology is a new approach to agriculture
and agricultural development that builds
on resource-conserving aspects of
traditional, local and small scale
agriculture while at the same time drawing
on modern ecological knowledge and
methods
Agro-ecology is defined as the application of
ecological concepts and principles to the
design and management of sustainable
agroecosystems.
13. Which of the following are characteristics
of SA?
a. SA is flexible and experiential
b. SA is participatory
c. SA is proactive and forward looking
d. all of these
13. Which of the following are characteristics
of SA?
a. SA is flexible and experiential
b. SA is participatory
c. SA is proactive and forward looking
d. all of these
14. Sustainable agriculture is ---
a. flexible
b. experiential
c. proactive
d. participatory
Because it is not prescriptive of a defined set of
practices, methods, techniques/technologies
or policies that would restrict the option of the
farmer.
14. Sustainable agriculture is
a. flexible
b. experiential
c. proactive
d. participatory
Because it is not prescriptive of a defined set of
practices, methods, techniques/technologies
or policies that would restrict the option of the
farmer
15. Because sustainable agriculture is a
process of learning and not the
imposition of a simple model or
package, it is said to be
a. flexible
b. experiential
c. participatory
d. proactive
15. Because sustainable agriculture is a
process of learning and not the
imposition of a simple model or
package, it is said to be
a. flexible
b. experiential
c. participatory
d. proactive
 Characteristics of SA

 SA is flexible
 not prescriptive – no defined set or
practices, methods, techniques/
technologies or policies
 recognizes local specificity
 Characteristics of SA

 SA is experiential
 a process of learning
 does not impose a simple model
 farmers and local communities must be
able to adapt and allowed to change
 Characteristics of SA
 SA is participatory
Farmers are active participants rather than
passive targets, beneficiaries and users or
clients in the learning process, planning,
implementation and monitoring and
evaluation
incorporates recent innovations originating from
scientist, farmers or both
 relies on continuous innovation by farmers and
local communities
 Characteristics of SA

 SA is proactive
 It is forward looking, concern of both
short and long term sustainability/
benefits
 dynamic and innovative
16. The practitioner of sustainable
agriculture considers himself ---
a. the master of nature
b. a part of nature
c. an outsider of nature
d. all of these
16. The practitioner of sustainable
agriculture considers himself
a. the master of nature
b. a part of nature
c. an outsider of nature
d. all of these
 Focus for Action of SA Framework

 Long term sustainability than short term benefits

 Provide internal solutions to internal problems
rather than external solutions to internal
problems
 Focus for Action of SA Framework

 Emphasis on management solutions to problems

rather than merely on technological
solutions to the problems
 Responsive to feedback, belief in accountability
and participatory, rather than detachment
 Focus for Action of SA Framework

 Low rather than high external inputs

 Emphasis on systems approach rather than on individual
commodities and monoculture
 Relies on available indigenous resources and self-reliance
rather than capital intensive
 Focus for Action of SA Framework

 Use of technologies that preserve and enrich the

natural resource base rather than the use
of technologies that exploit and destroy
the natural resource base

 Recognizes location specificity of technologies, use

of appropriate and indigenous knowledge
17. Which of the following are resource
conservation and regeneration
methods?
a. multiple cropping (multi-storey,
intercropping, relay cropping. etc.)
and cover cropping
b. organic residue management
c. tillage practices-conservation tillage
d. all of these
17. Which of the following are resource
conservation and regeneration
methods?
a. multiple cropping (multi-storey,
intercropping, relay cropping. Etc.)
and cover cropping
b. organic residue management
c. tillage practices-conservation tillage
d. all of these
18. Which of the following is NOT a farmer-
oriented approach to resource
conservation and regeneration?
a. in situ collection of seed supply
b. in situ evaluation and improvement
of seeds
c. in vitro collection of indigenous
seeds
d. distribution of indigenous genetic
resources (seeds)
18. Which of the following is NOT a farmer-
oriented approach to resource
conservation and regeneration?
a. in situ collection of seed supply
b. in situ evaluation and improvement
of seeds
c. in vitro collection of indigenous
seeds
d. distribution of indigenous genetic
resources (seeds)
 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND REGENERATION

 Resource conservation result to stability of

production systems. Some methods that
can be employed are:
 multiple cropping systems (multi-storey,
intercropping, relay cropping, etc.)
 Cover cropping
 Organic residue management
 Tillage practices – conservation tillage
 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND REGENERATION

In situ conservation as farmer-oriented

approach to seed supply – collecting,
evaluating, safeguarding, improving,
multiplying and distributing
indigenous genetic resources in their
place of origin.
19. A farmer can increase the productivity
and stability of his farm through ---
a. nutrient and fertilizer management
b. efficient farm power
c. crop diversity and management
d. all of these
19. A farmer can increase the productivity
and stability of his farm through ---
a. nutrient and fertilizer management
b. efficient farm power
c. crop diversity and management
d. all of these
20. Which of the following are sources of
stability of production systems?
a. biological stability
b. management stability
c. production and economic stability
d. all of these
20. Which of the following are sources of
stability of production systems?
a. biological stability
b. management stability
c. production and economic stability
d. all of these
 PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITY OF
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

 Methods of increasing efficiency of farm

resources
 nutrient and fertilizer management
 efficient farm power
 crop diversity and management
 PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITY OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

 Sources of stability of production systems

 biological stability
 management stability
 production stability
 economic stability
The ability of an agro-ecosystem to maintain
production through time in the race of
long-term ecological constraints and socio-
economic pressures is referred to as
sustainability.
The constancy of production under a given
set of environmental, economic and
management conditions is known as
stability.
The ability of an agro-ecosystem to recover
after being subjected to stress is called
resiliency.

The quantitative measure of the rate and

amount of production per unit of land or
input is productivity.
Carrying capacity is the theoretical equilibrium
population at which a particular population
in a particular environment will stabilize
when its supply of resources remains
constant

Carrying capacity - the maximum sustainable

population size, the maximum size that
can be supported indefinitely into the
future without degrading the environment
21. The evenness of distribution of the
productivity of the agricultural system
among the human beneficiaries is
referred to as
a. sustainability
b. stability
c. equitability
d. resiliency
21. The evenness of distribution of the
productivity of the agricultural system
among the human beneficiaries is
referred to as
a. sustainability
b. stability
c. equitability
d. resiliency
22. Which is NOT a method employed in
sustainable management for lowlands
and uplands?
a. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
b. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
c. Conventional farming
d. none of these
22. Which is NOT a method employed in
sustainable management for lowlands
and uplands?
a. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
b. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
c. Conventional farming
d. none of these
 Sustainable Crop Management for
Lowlands and Uplands

A. Integrated Nutrient Management

 Relative concentration of nutrients in
plant biomass, the soil surface,
upper soil water, lower soil water
and soil itself, determine the
productivity of the system
 Integrated Nutrient Management

 Techniques in managing soil and nutrients

Manure handling and improvement
Composting
Vermicomposting
Use of mineral fertilizers
MOET
23. Which of the following is/are NOT forms
of green manuring?
a. improved fallow and alleycropping
b. Minus-One-Element Technique (MOET)
c. Integrating trees into croplands
d. Azolla and blue green algae
23. Which of the following is/are NOT forms
of green manuring?
a. improved fallow and alleycropping
b. Minus-One-Element Technique (MOET)
c. Integrating trees into croplands
d. Azolla and blue green algae
 Forms of Green Manuring

Improved fallow such as replanting natural

fallow vegetation and green manure crops
Alley cropping
Integrating trees intro croplands
Relay fallowing by sowing bush legumes
among food crops
Live mulching
Shaded green manure
Azolla and blue green algae
 Integrated nutrient recycling alternatives to lowland rice-
based farm

Use of bio-fertilizers (LAS, FPJ, FAA, Vermi

tea)
Planting G. sepium (kakawate) around the
homelot and along the bunds
Rice straw mulching incorporation
Bio-intensive gardening (double dug
method of bed-making)
Fodder production
 Integrated nutrient recycling alternatives to lowland rice-
based farm

Weed control using hand-pulled rotary

weeder
Rice-fish culture
Rice-duck culture
Pig-duck-rice culture
 B. Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)

 It is a systems approach to reduce pest

damage to tolerable levels, through a
variety of techniques, including
predators and parasites, genetically
resistant hosts, natural environmental
modifications and appropriate
chemical pesticides, when necessary
 IPM defined:
• A strategy or plan that utilizes various tactics or
management method (cultural practices, plant
resistant, bio-control and chemical control) in a
harmonious way;
• Natural way of maintaining balance in the
environment;
• The best mix of pest control tactics for a local
pest problem as measured by the parameters
of yield, profits, safety and stability.
 Criteria for IPM

• Technically feasible
• Practically feasible
• Economically viable
• Environmentally acceptable
• Politically advantageous
 4 Basic Elements of IPM
1. Natural control - maintenance of population
number of biomass with certain upper
and lower limits by the action of the whole
environment (balance of nature); It is also
the average population density of pests
over a long period of time.
2. Sampling or monitoring – quantitative measures
of pest density or amount of pest damage
 Basic Elements of IPM

3. Control action threshold (CAT) – the pest density

at which control measures should be
applied to prevent an increasing pest
population from reaching ETL or economic
damage
4. Pest biology-ecology – life history of a pest in
relation to the environment
 6 Basic Components of an IPM

1. Acceptable pest level - emphasis on control not

eradication of pests
2. Preventive cultural practices – Selecting varieties best
for local growing conditions and maintaining
healthy crops is the first line of defense
3. Monitoring – Regular observation of pest
population by visual inspection, insect traps,
etc to monitor pest levels
 6 Basic Components of an IPM

4.Mechanical controls – include simple hand picking,

erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming
and tillage to disrupt insect breeding places

5.Biological control - focus on promoting beneficial

insects that eat target pests

6.Chemical control – last recourse and may be used

when other control measures failed
 Examples of biological control

1. B. thuringiensis – bacterial control of

pest/insect populations such as caterpillar,
bollworm, cabbage loppers, fruit tree roller
2. Aluminum strips mixed with vegetable mulch
reduce or prevent aphid attack in
cucumbers, squash, watermelons
3. Build up of natural enemies – by planting cover
crops that are nectar-producing and
source of alternate host in and around field
 Biological control agents…

4. Interplanting different crops to provide

habitat diversity for build up of natural
enemies and enhance biological control

5.Destruction of crop residues, deep plowing,

crop rotation, use of fertilizers
(biofertilizers), strip cropping, irrigation and
scheduled planting.
 Biological control agents…
6. Build-up of predators:
a. lady bugs – voracious predators of
aphids, mites, scale insects and small
caterpillars
b. hoverflies – bee or wasp-like that hovers
on plants and feed on greenfly,
spider mites and small caterpillars
c. dragonflies – predators of mosquitoes
d. lacewigs, centipedes, frogs and birds
 Biological control agents…
6. Build-up of predators
e. Trichoderma virides – against Dutch
Elm disease, treats fungal and
bacterial growth
f.Trichogramma spp – against bollworms,
corn borers, stemborers
g. Metarrhizium – against stemborers and
black bugs
h. Diadegma – biocon agent against DBM
 Biocon Agents & Insectary Plants
 Insectary plants – plants that attract/repel
insects (Mustard, Marigold, Mint, etc)

 Groups of parasitic wasps as biocons:

 Ichneumon flies – prey on caterpillars of
butterflies & moths
 Braconid wasps – attack caterpillars and other
insects
 Chalcid wasps – parasitize egg/larvae of
greenfly, whitefly, cabbage caterpillars, scale
insects
24. Which of the following is NOT a natural
pest control (repellent crops) for an
organic garden?
a. Basil and Garlic
b. Neem tree
c. Marigold and Peppermint
d. Rosemary
24. Which of the following is NOT a natural
pest control (repellent crops) for an
organic garden as?
a. Basil and Garlic
b. Neem tree
c. Marigold and Peppermint
d. Rosemary
 Natural Pest Control for Organic Gardens
 Basil – repels flies and mosquitoes
 Garlic – deters Japanese beetles
 Marigold – discourages Mexican bean beetles,
nematodes
 Peppermint – repels white cabbage butterfly
 Mint – deters white cabbage moth
 Rosemary – deters cabbage moth, bean beetle
and carrot fly
 Thyme - deters cabbage worms
 Available IPM Technologies in the Philippines

 Rice IPM – 600,000 ha of irrigated lands with

sizes of 1.5 ha
 IPM POT for corn production – use of
Trichogramma
 IPM POT for vegetables – use of diadegma
on cabbage
 IPM POT for coconut, sugarcane, papaya –
on going development
Agro-ecosystem Analysis (AESA) – new procedure in
farm management to help farmers decide
as to what type of control is most
appropriate for the farm; way of
assembling all studies and placing them
into a process for useful decision making
 AESA

Weekly monitoring of insect pests, natural

enemies, disease incidence, weed status,
water, soil, weather, fertilization and the
general condition of the crop

Identifying changes and interactions in

crops – to integrate different components
and processes in the ecosystem
 Other forms of capital for economic development

1. Natural capital – renewable and non-

renewable resources that support life
2. Economic capital – man-made means of
production (machinery, equipment, infra)
3. Social capital – norms, values,
understanding among coops and groups
 Other forms of capital for economic development

4.Human capital – knowledge, skills,

competencies, attributes of individuals
5.Cultural capital – values, histories and
practices that link specific group of people
6.Institutional capital – range of formal and
informal, civic, political and legal
arrangements that underpin economic
activities
 Criteria for environmental sustainability of a farming
system

1. Regeneration - use of renewable

resources efficiently & not permitting their
use to exceed their long term rates of
natural regeneration
2. Sustainability – using non-renewable
resources efficiently and limiting their use
that can offset substitution by renewable
resources or other forms of capital (use of
fossil fuels)
 Criteria for environmental sustainability of a farming
system

3. Assimilation – not allowing release of

hazardous or polluting substances to the
environment to exceed the environment’s
assimilation capacity (preventing excess
nutrients entering waterways)
4. Avoiding irreversibility – avoiding
irreversible impacts of human activities on
ecosystems (ensuring that farming does
not contribute to extinction of species)
 Key principles to promote sustainable agriculture, a farm
must be ---

1. Environmentally sustainable – maintain

and enhance the natural capital
2. Socially beneficial – enhance the quality
of life of the people
3. Economically viable – ensure that
farmers have a secure and rewarding
livelihood
The outcomes mentioned can be supported through the
development of farming systems that are ---

1. Knowledge intensive – investing on

knowledge to develop smart and
productive FS that are less dependent on
HEIs
2. Innovative – experimenting and making
use of farmer’s knowledge and advance
technologies
The outcomes mentioned can be supported through the
development of farming systems that are ---
3. Resource efficient – use of resources
efficiently
4. Cyclical – integrating natural processes
(nutrient recycling and soil regeneration)
5. High value – producing high quality
products
The outcomes mentioned can be supported through the
development of farming systems that are ---
6. Diverse – developing and adopting
farming systems that are appropriate for
the local, environmental, social, cultural
and economic condition
7. Resilient – developing the capacity of
people to learn and adapt to changing
circumstances while ensuring the natural
capital is still maintained
 Comparison between internal and external resources

Internal Resources External Resource

Sun Main source of energy Supplemented by fossil fuels

Water Rain & irrigation system Large dams, deep wells

Nitrogen Fixed from air & organic matter From inorganic fertilizers

Minerals From soil reserves & recycled Mined, processes & imported

Pest Biological, cultural, mechanical With pesticides & herbicides

Control & locally available

Energy Generated & collected on farm Dependence on fossil fuels

 Comparison between internal and external resources

Internal Resources External Resource

Mgt decisions & By farms & community, Some provided by input suppliers,
information local & regular researchers & extensionist
Animals Integrated on farm Production at separate locations
Cropping Rotations & diversity monocropping
system
Varieties of Thrive with lower fertility Need high input levels to thrive
plants
Labor Greater work done by Lower labor requirement & done
family members & hired by hired labor & machines
labor
capital Initial source is family, Initial capital is external
community & indebtedness or equity&
accumulation of accumulation leaves community
investment locally
 The decision making for the development of a sustainable farming
system should bank on ---

1. Systems thinking – integrated approach,

considers interactions and relationships among
farm elements
2. Futuristic thinking – maintaining long-term
perspective, anticipating risks and challenges
to FS, opportunities to improve sustainability
3. Participation – actively involving farmers and
people in the rural community to develop a
more sustainable FS
 The decision making for the development of a sustainable
farming system should be ---
4.Leadership – supporting good participation
among farmers in the community; helping
people see issues and opportunities
5. Biodiversity – the sum total of all plants,
animals, etc in a particular area
 The decision making for the development of a sustainable
farming system should be ---

6.Agrobiodiversity – the fundamental feature

of FS which encompasses many types of
biological resources tied to agriculture
(genetic resources, edible plants and
crops, livestock, soil organisms, naturally
occurring insects, bacteria and fungi, wild
resources, etc)
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

COMPONENTS SA PRACTICES/ TECHNOLOGIES Conventional

Agricultural
Practices
Soil fertility Sloping Agricultural Land Establishing contour Synthetic
management Technology (SALT) lines planted with N- fertilizers & lime
fixing plant species to
prevent soil erosion &
conserve soil

Mulching
Using organic
wastes/matter to cover
the soil
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
COMPONENTS SA PRACTICES/ TECHNOLOGIES Conventional
Agricultural
Practices
Soil fertility Composting Decomposition of organic
management matter: compost peat, etc.

Green Manuring Incorporation of green

manures, e.g. legumes in
the field during the fallow
period to provide N to the
crops
Organic Fertilizer Organic materials e.g.
animal manure, vermicast,
etc
Using animal Similar to organic matter
manure
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Components SA practices Technologies Conventional

Agricultural
Practices
Cover cropping Also called “live
mulching”; covering
the soil with N-fixing
cover crops e.g.
mimosa, kudzu,
centrosema

Hedgerows Planting rows of N-

fixing plant species
along rows of
coconut, fruit trees,
etc. to enhance
organic matter
content
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Components SA Practices Technologies Conventional agricultural
Practices

Plant pest & Integrated Pest Using pesticides as a

disease Management last resort
prevention & Community Learning the
management ecology dynamics of
community ecology
to be able to
effectively manage
different pests,
predators,
microorganisms, etc
Incorporation of Planting pest-
pest repellant repellant & predator-
plants & natural attractant plant
enemies species
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Components SA practices/ Technologies Conventional

practices

Plant pest & disease Concoction of Preparation of

prevention & extracts & solution mixtures & solutions
management for ‘biospray” as substitute
pesticides

Cropping patterns Polyculture, Diversity of crops is Monoculture

intercropping, relay maintained through
cropping. Multi space & time
storey cropping,
crop rotation
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Components SA Practices/ Technologies Conventional

practices
Seeds & planting Traditional Seed selection Hybrid
materials varieties

Improved lines Inbred

Natural breeds Natural breeding GMOs

Farm system Design of farm Farm system design No plan or limited

system is defined is deliberate & plan
intended
Farm planning Long range farm plan
to respond to short
term-,medium & long
term farmers’ needs
 SUSTAINABLE & CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Components SA Practices/ Technologies Conventional

practices
Farm system Integration of Animals are raised Trade liberalization
animals up to the level that is
possible

Marketing & trade Fair trade Transparent trade

Consumer/producer
arrangement
25. Sustainable agriculture focuses on the
a. farmer
b. environment
c. production
d. income
25. Sustainable agriculture focuses on the
a. farmer
b. environment
c. production
d. income
26. A major strategy in Sustainable
Agriculture is to restore the agricultural
diversity in time and space through
a. crop rotations and intercropping
b. polycultures and cover cropping
c. crop-livestock mixtures
d. all of these
26. A major strategy in Sustainable
Agriculture is to restore the agricultural
diversity in time and space through
a. crop rotations and intercropping
b. polycultures and cover cropping
c. crop-livestock mixtures
d. all of these
27. The pillars of sustainable development
are:
a. respect & concern for people
b. respect and concerns for
ecosystems
c. both a and c
d. none of these
27. The pillars of sustainable development
are:
a. respect & concern for people
b. respect and concerns for
ecosystems
c. both a and b
d. none of these
28. Some of the external costs that are
avoided in sustainable agriculture are
a. soil erosion, pollution, lower food quality
b. loss of biodiversity, species/varieties/
breeds and indigenous knowledge
c. erosion of human health and social
knowledge
d. all of these
28. Some of the external costs that are
avoided in sustainable agriculture are
a. soil erosion, pollution, lower food quality
b. loss of biodiversity, species/varieties/
breeds and indigenous knowledge
c. erosion of human health and social
knowledge
d. all of these
29. Which of the following practices are
sustainable?
a. recycling of nutrients and use of
compost, green manures, etc.
b. non-pesticidal control of pests
c. diversified and integrated farming
d. all of these
29. Which of the following practices are
sustainable?
a. recycling of nutrients and use of
compost, green manures, etc.
b. non-pesticidal control of pests
c. diversified and integrated farming
d. all of these
30-37, Write A if the practice contributes to
sustainable agriculture and B if
otherwise.
30. Rice-fish culture
31. monocropping
32. injecting cattle with hormone
33. use of Bt corn
34. crop-animal integration
35. use of synthetic chemicals &
fertilizers
36. using land owned by others
37. organic residue management
30-37, Write A if the practice contributes to
sustainable agriculture and B if
otherwise.
30. Rice-fish culture
31. monocropping
32. injecting cattle with hormone
33. use of Bt corn
34. crop-animal integration
35. use of synthetic chemicals &
fertilizers
36. using land owned by others
37. organic residue management
38. This is a holistic system of agriculture
started by Rudolf Steiner that aims to
connect nature and cosmic forces
(formative life energies) to farming. It
follows the principle that heavenly
bodies (stars, etc) influence the growth
and development of plants
a. Natural farming
b. Sustainable Agriculture
c. Bio-dynamic farming
d. Permaculture
38. This is a holistic system of agriculture
started by Rudolf Steiner that aims to
connect nature and cosmic forces
(formative life energies) to farming. It
follows the principle that heavenly
bodies (stars, etc) influence the growth
and development of plants
a. Natural farming
b. Sustainable Agriculture
c. Bio-dynamic farming
d. Permaculture
39. LEISA is a farming system or philosophy in
which most of the inputs used originate from the
farm. Deliberate action is taken to ensure
sustainability however, it is open for a
combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer.
LEISA means --
a. Low-External-Input and Sustainable
Agriculture
b. Low-External-Input and Subsistence
Agriculture
c. Liberalized Economy, Industry &
Strategic Agriculture
d. all of these
39. LEISA is a farming system or philosophy
in which most of the inputs used
originate from the farm. Deliberate
action is taken to ensure sustainability
however, it is open for a combination of
organic and inorganic fertilizer. LEISA
means
a. Low-External-Input and Sustainable
Agriculture
b. Low-External-Input and Subsistence
Agriculture
c. Liberalized Economy, Industry &
Strategic Agriculture
d. all of these
40 Australian philosopher named Bill Mollison that
combines quality of plants and animals with the
natural characteristics of the landscape and
structures to produce a life-supporting system
for humans. It is the “conscious design and
maintenance of agriculturally productive
ecosystems that have the diversity, stability and
resilience of natural systems and trees are the
important feature of this system”.
a. Natural farming
b. Ecological farming
c. Permaculture
d. Agroforestry
40. This is a system of agriculture developed by an
Australian philosopher named Bill Mollison that
combines quality of plants and animals with the
natural characteristics of the landscape and
structures to produce a life-supporting system
for humans. It is the “conscious design and
maintenance of agriculturally productive
ecosystems that have the diversity, stability and
resilience of natural systems and trees are the
important feature of this system”.
a. Natural farming
b. Ecological farming
c. Permaculture
d. Agroforestry
41. This is a system of agriculture devised
by a Japanese farmer named
Masanobu Fukuoka that seeks to follow
nature by minimizing human
interference. It follows the “no plowing,
no weeding, no fertilizers and no
chemicals” or “do nothing” farming.
a. One-straw revolution
b. Permaculture
c. Ecological Farming
d. Natural Farming
41. This is a system of agriculture devised
by a Japanese farmer named
Masanobu Fukuoka that seeks to follow
nature by minimizing human
interference. It follows the “no plowing,
no weeding, no fertilizers and no
chemicals” or “do nothing” farming.
a. One-straw revolution
b. Permaculture
c. Ecological Farming
d. Natural Farming
42. It is a farming system where trees are
grown together with annual crops
and/or animals.
a. Agroforestry
b. Organic Agriculture
c. Biodynamic Agriculture
d. Permaculture
42. It is a farming system where trees are
grown together with annual crops
and/or animals.
a. Agroforestry
b. Organic Agriculture
c. Biodynamic Agriculture
d. Permaculture
43. It is a farming system developed by
Teruo Higa of Japan which means
saving the world which involves the use
of beneficial organisms and inoculants
to increase microbial diversity, health
and yield of crops.
a. Kyusei Nature Farming
b. Organic Farming
c. Precision Farming
d. Regenerative Agriculture
43. It is a farming system developed by
Teruo Higa of Japan which means
saving the world which involves the use
of beneficial organisms and inoculants
to increase microbial diversity, health
and yield of crops.
a. Kyusei Nature Farming
b. Organic Farming
c. Precision Farming
d. Regenerative Agriculture
44. It is a management strategy that is also
called site specific farming which employs
detailed information to precisely manage crop
production inputs using computers, tele
communications and global positioning
systems (GPS).

a. Integrated Farming
b. Precision Farming
c. Holistic Management
d. Natural Farming
44.It is a management strategy that is also
called site specific farming which
employs detailed information to
precisely manage crop production
inputs using computers,
telecommunications and global
positioning systems (GPS).
a. Integrated Farming
b. Precision Farming
c. Holistic Management
d. Natural Farming
45. It is a mini farming system introduced by
Alan Chadwick about the concept of
double dug method of making raised
beds, intensive planting, composting,
companion cropping and whole system
synergy.
a. Bio-intensive gardening (BIG)
b. Site Specific Farming
c. Integrated Farming
d. Biodynamic Farming
45. It is a mini farming system introduced by
Alan Chadwick about the concept of
double dug method of making raised
beds, intensive planting, composting,
companion cropping and whole system
synergy.
a. Bio-intensive gardening (BIG)
b. Site Specific Farming
c. Integrated Farming
d. Biodynamic Farming
Biodynamic farming or biodynamic
agriculture - by spiritual insights of Dr.
Rudolf Steiner that emphasizes on
many of the forces within living nature,
identifying many of these factors and
describing specific practices and
preparations that guide the
decomposition process in manure and
compost
Bio-intensive gardening/
mini-farming – introduced by Alan
Chadwick about the concepts and
practices of double dug method of
making raised beds, intensive
planting, composting, companion
cropping and whole system synergy
Biological farming/ecological farming
A system of crop production in which the
producer tries to minimize the use of
chemicals for the control of crop pests

Natural farming – involves no tillage, no

fertilizers, no pesticides, no weeding, no
pruning and remarkably little labor by careful
timing of seeding and combination of crops
(polyculture)
Kyusei Nature Farming – developed by Terou
Higa of Japan which means saving the world,
employs technology involving beneficial
micro-organisms and inoculants to increase
the microbial diversity, health and yield of
crops
Permaculture – or permanent culture was
coined by Bill Mollison in 1970 which is a
unique design that produce efficient low-
maintenance integration of plants,
animals, people and structure applied at
the scale of a home garden, all the way to
a large farm
Organic Farming was first used by Lord
Northbourne, is a production system which
avoids or largely exclude the use of
synthetically compounded fertilizers,
pesticides, growth regulators and livestock
additives
Regenerative agriculture – a form of agriculture that
aims to enhance regeneration of
renewable resource to achieve a
sustainable form of agriculture
Precision farming/agriculture/ Prescription Farming /Site Specific
Management
A management strategy that employs
detailed site-specific information to precisely
manage production inputs; to know the soil and
crop characteristics unique to each part of the
field, and to optimize production within small
portions of the field that uses computers,
telecoms and global positioning systems (GPS),
etc.
Integrated Farming Systems & Integrated Food & Farming
Systems
-Included in this concept are the goals
of finding and adopting integrated and
resource efficient crop and livestock
systems that maintain productivity that are
profitable and protect the environment
 ….. End …..

Good LUCK
&
MAY GOD BLESS US ALL …