Fundamentals of

Rotating
Machinery
Diagnostics
Fundamentals Of Rotating Machinery Diagnostics
 Why Monitor your Machines ?
Safety
Avoid catastrophic failures and unplanned outages
Protect your personnel and your investment

Return on assets
Help to maximize the overall productivity through :
higher availability (reduced outages, maintenance
optimization)
Improved Efficiency
Lower spares, Inventory & Maintenance Costs

Emissions and environment

Help to reduce :
Fuel consumption
CO2
NOx emissions
Vibration of Machines

Machine rotors rotate and, due to forces in the

machine, they also move laterally, or radially, in a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the machine.
All machine components (the rotor, machine casing, piping
system and support structures) can vibrate in several
different directions. (Radial-XY, Axial-Z and Angular)

The Vibration we measure is a ratio, the ratio of

DYNAMIC FORCE to the DYNAMIC STIFFNESS of the
machine
VIBRATION IS THE PERIODIC, BACK & FORTH
MOTION OF AN OBJECT.
Vibration

PERIODIC, BACK AND FORTH MOTION

(oscillation) of an object.
Musical instruments (periodic vibration of
mechanical elements to make sound)- Pianos,
Guitars (Vibration of String & Connected sound
board)
Nature- motion of tides,e.g of very low frequency
vibration produced by gravity force of the moon
and sun (Forced vibration)
Machine due to internal & external forces, also
vibrate.
 Vibration

Input Output
Rotor
(Periodic,
random,. . . external) (Excited vibrations)

Force
Response =
Stiffness
Force
A FORCE is a push or pull upon object resulting from the
object’s interaction with another object.
Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is
a force upon each of the objects.
Force only exist as a result of an interaction\

A Force is a Vector Quantity, it has magnitude &

direction
Measured in metric unit Newton… 1Newton  1Kg * m s 2

Contact Forces & action-at-a-distance force

Mass & Weight
A Mass of an object refers to the amount of matter that
is contained by the object
Mass is related to how much STUFF is there.
The mass of an object (measured in Kg) will be the same no
matter where in the universe that object is located. Mass is
never altered by location, the pull of gravity, speed or even the
existence of other forces.
– For e.g. 2 kg object will have a mass of 2 kg whether it is
located on earth, the moon, or Jupiter
The Weight of an object is the force of gravity action
upon that object.
Weight is related to the pull of the Earth (or any other planet)
upon that STUFF.
Weight of an object (measured in Newton) will vary accordingly
to where in the universe object is.
Stiffness

Stiffness is the rigidity of an object — the

extent to which it resists deformation in
response to an applied force The
complementary concept is flexibility : the
more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.
The stiffness, k, of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an
elastic body to deformation. For an elastic body with a single Degree of
Freedom (for example, stretching or compression of a rod), the stiffness is
defined as
where F F is the force applied on the body
k  δ is the displacement produced by the
δ force
Amplitude

Amplitude is the magnitude of vibration

expressed in terms of signal level (for
e.g millivolts or milliamps) or in engg.
Units (micrometers or mils, mm per sec
or inch per sec.
Displacement, Velocity

Displacement describes the position of

an object.
Velocity describes how rapidly the
object is changing with time
Rotation & Precession

Rotating is the angular motion of the

rotor about its geometric center or
shaft centerline
It can theoretically occur without any
lateral motion of the rotor .
Precession is the lateral motion or
vibration, of the rotor geometric center
in the XY plane, which is perpendicular
to the axis of the rotor. An ORBIT
frequency
Frequency is the repetition rate of vibration
per unit of time.
Length of time is called period
– CPS (Herts)Hz, CPM

Sub synchronous Region Supersynchronous Region

1/4X 1/3X 1/2x 1X 2X 3X 4x

Synchronous
Natural Frequency
The Frequency or frequencies at which an object tends
to vibrate with when hit, struck, plucked, strummed or
somehow disturbed is known as NATURAL FREQUENCY of
the object
If the amplitudes of the vibrations are large enough and if
natural frequency is within the human frequency range, then
the vibrating object will produce sound waves that are audible
Water Goblet & slip-stick friction
Resonance
Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at
a greater amplitude at some frequencies than at
others. These are known as the system's resonance
frequencies
At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can
produce large amplitude oscillations.
– Pushing a child on swing is an example of resonance
involving the periodic input of relatively small force.
Phase
Phase is another name for the relative timing
between two events in different
Relative Phase
– Timing difference between two vibration signal
Absolute Phase.
– Timing comparison between one vibration
waveform to a different type of reference
signal, produced by a once per turn marker on
shaft.
Vibration Vector
A Vibration Vector is the combination of the
amplitude & Absolute Phase of a filtered vibration
signal
This Vector is plotted in the transducer response
plane
They can be added, subtracted, multiplied &
divided.
 Position
Radial shaft position is a measurement of the shaft centerline radial
position within the radial bearing.

• Signal measurements are derived from the d.c.

information provided by the proximity system.
• Misalignment, bearing wear, external preloads and
other malfunctions can usually be identified by the
direct observation of the shaft’s position change within
its bearing clearances .
 Types of Vibration

Vibration

Casing Shaft Shaft

Absolute Relative Absolute

Accelerometer Proximity Sensor Accelerometer

or or
Velocity Sensors Velocity Sensor
+
Proximity Sensor
 Vibration

Input Output
Rotor
(Periodic,
random,. . . external) (Excited vibrations)

Force
Response =
Stiffness
 Forced Vibrations

(forces)
F X

Time Time

F : Unbalance, torque pulsation, fluid forces, etc.

Getting a Handle on Vibration
 Time Waveform
Amplitude
Heavy Spot
+

0 Time

360 degrees
-
Rotation
1 revolution
3000 rpm = 3000 cycles per minute
50 Hz = 50 cycles per second
1 order = one times turning speed
 Complex Time Waveform

Time Waveform contains all the different

frequencies mixed together
+

0 Time

-
 Amplitude

Time

Amplitude

Time
Amplitude

Amplitude
Frequency
 Time
0

- 1x
Frequency

0 Time

- 4x Frequency

+ Time
0
- 12x Frequency
+

0 Time

0 Time

+
0 Time
-
 Dynamic Forces during Rotor Speed
Angular location
of heavy spot

0°
d d
Angle of
Phase lag

heavy spot
d + 90°

d + 180° 270° 90°

f
Plot of
Amplitude

high spot

180°
W res rpm

32
 Rotor Model
(Lateral Mode)
Vertical
Transducer
d

m Mu
ru

M
M -Rotor Modal Mass
m -Unbalance Mass
-Radius of Unbalance
ru -Angular
-
Position of Unbalance (Heavy Spot)
d - Rotor Angular Speed
33
W
 Equation of Synchronous Lateral Motion

Acceleration Displacement Time

M r + D r + (K - jDW )r = mru 2 e j  t  

Velocity Location of
Unbalance unbalance
force

Forces Acting
on a Machine
W

= Fluid Circumferential Average


Velocity Ratio

36
 Phase Relationships Between Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement

Accel. Vel. Disp.

w  vibration frequency
Max +
Amplitude

time, t

Min -
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
0 p p 3p 2p 5p
2w w 2w w 2w
For Synchronous Response: r    2r r  j r
velocity leads displacement by 90° (p / 2 rad) 37
 Synchronous Dynamic Stiffness
For rotor synchronous vibration the frequency w = W

2 j 2 j
(-MW + jD(1 - )W + K )A e  mru  e
(Synchronous Dynamic Stiffness)Disp = Unbalance Force

MW 2 (Mass Stiffness)

D(1-)W
f (Quadrature Stiffness)
K (Spring Stiffness)

38
 Response Equation
Rearranging, we have:

(mruW 2) d
A =
 (-MW 2 + jD(1 - )W + K)

Dynamic Stiffness: (K - MW 2 ) + jD(1 - )W

Direct term + Quadrature Term
VECTOR quantities have
magnitude (length) and phase (angular orientation
conventionally measured in degrees of lag)
39
 Response Equation

Which can be expressed as:

Unbalance Force
Synchronous = Vector
Response Motion
Vector Synchronous
Dynamic Stiffness
Vector

40
Dynamic Stiffness at Speeds
Well Below Resonance

MW 2

f < 90 ° D(1-)W
0
K

41
 Response Equation

2
Response =
mruW d
2
motion (K + jD(1 - )W -MW )

At speeds of W << W res

2
Response mru W d
motion  K

42
 Response Equation
(Speeds Well Below Resonance)

mruW 2
Response Motion  K

Spring Stiffness dominates the dynamic stiffness.

The heavy spot and the response (high spot) are

. in phase

The amplitude increases proportionally to the

square of the speed.

43
 Response at Speeds Well Below
Resonance in Bode and Polar Formats
Angular Location
of Heavy Spot
0°
d
d
Phase lag

d + 90° Angle of Heavy f

Spot
d + 180°
270° 90°
Amplitude

Plot of High
Spot

180°
W RES rpm

44
Dynamic Stiffness at Resonance
2
MW

Synchronous
Dynamic D(1-)W
Stiffness
f = 90°
0 K

45
 Response Equation
2
Response =
m ru W d
2
motion (K + jD(1 - )W - MW )

2
As speed increases, eventually: K - MW = 0
Therefore:

2
Response =
m ru W d
motion jD(1 - )W

46
Response Equation at Resonance

Response m ru W 2d
motion  jD(1 - )W

Quadrature Stiffness is the only restraining

stiffness term at resonance.

The amplitude peaks and the response lags the

heavy spot by 90 degrees .

47
 Response at Resonance
Angular location of
heavy spot
0°
d d
Phase lag

Angle
heavy of
spot
d + 90°
f
d + 180° 270° 90°
Amplitude

Plotspot
high of

180°
W RES rpm

48
 Resonance Frequency

By definition, when:

K - MW 2  0
Rearranging gives:

MW 2  K

49
Resonance Frequency
MW 2  K
2
W  K
M

K (radians/second)
W res 
M

50
 Dynamic Stiffness at
Speeds Well Above
Resonance
MW 2

Synchronous f > 90°

Dynamic
Stiffness
D(1-)W
0 K

51
 Response Equation
2
Response =
m ru W d
motion
2
(K + jD(1 - )W - MW )
At Speeds Well Above Resonance, W >>Wres
Therefore: 2
Response m ru W d
motion = 2
(K + jD(1 - )W - MW )

2
Response m ru W d
motion  - MW
2

52
 Response Equation
at Speeds Well Above Resonance

Response m ru d
motion  M

Mass Stiffness dominates the dynamic stiffness.

The response is constant and is opposite the

heavy spot. (180° out of phase)

The rotor rotates around its mass centerline .

53
 Response at Speeds Well Above
Resonance Angular location
of heavy spot

0°
d d
Angle of
Phase lag

heavy spot
d + 90°

d + 180° 270° 90°

f
Plot of
Amplitude

high spot

180°
W res rpm

54
 Synchronous Dynamic
Stiffness 2 MW
W << W res
D(1-)W
f < 90° K

MW 2
W = W res D(1-)W
f = 90 K

MW 2

W >> W res D(1-)W

f > 90° K
55
Polar Plots of Displacement,
Velocity, & Acceleration
High
speed Input
acceleration force

amin@ 2 W res 0°
Velocity

Minima vmin@ 3 W res

High
speed
270° 90°
High
speed

Acceleration
Displacement

180°
56
Questions?
 Phase
Measurement
HOW TO MAKE
PHASE
MEASUREMENTS
 Relative Phase

0° 360°

Signal A ONE CYCLE 1. Two Signals

(Y) 2. Same Frequency
3. Same Units
4. Either Signal May
Amplitude

Be Reference
RELATIVE 5. Relative Phase is
PHASE 0 to 180 degrees
Leading or Lagging

Signal B
(X)
ONE CYCLE
0° 360°

Time
 Deflection Shape

1 2 3 4

“A”

1 2 3 4

“B”
Once Per Turn Reference Pulse

0°

-V
ONE
REVOLUTION

0°
ONE
REVOLUTION

-V
 “Absolute” Phase Measurements

Timing (in degrees) between two (2) points on a vibration signal,

the Keyphasor® pulse and positive peak in vibration.

Vibration
Signal
Phase Lag

Time

Keyphasor ®
Signal
Degrees of Rotation
0° 360°

NOTE: Frequency must be the same or harmonically related.

2X Phase Angle

One Shaft Revolution

One Vibration
0° 360°
Cycle

Time
Phase Angle Measurement
Application
 Shaft Balancing
 Shaft Crack Detection
 Shaft / Structural Resonance Detection
 Shaft Mode Shape
 Direction of Precession
 Location of Fluid-Induced Instability
Source
PHASE MEASUREMENTS
WORKSHOP
EXERCISE 1
Exercise 1
Q1. What is the definition of absolute phase angle?
The angle measured from when the Keyphasor transducer
fires to the first positive peak.

Q2. How many signals are required to make a

phase measurement?
Two
 Exercise 1
Q1. What are the prerequisites for the signals in order
to measure relative phase?

1. Two vibration signals

2. Same Frequency

3. Same Units

4. Either Signal may be the Reference

5. Measured 0 to 180 degrees leading or lagging

1.

A. Proximity
Vertical
Inboard

B. Proximity
Vertical
Outboard

Relative 180 degrees Absolute A: 60 +/- 15 deg.

Phase: Phase:
Out of Phase B: 240 +/- 15 deg.
2.

A. Proximity
Vertical
Inboard

B. Proximity
Horizontal
Inboard

Relative 45 degrees Absolute A: 135 +/- 15 deg.

Phase: Phase:
A leads B B: 180 +/- 15 deg.
3.

A. Velocity
Vertical
Outboard

B. Velocity
Horizontal
Outboard

Relative 75 +/- 15 deg. Absolute A: N/A

Phase: Phase:
B leads A B: N/A
4.

A. Keyphasor
Pulse

B. Proximity
Horizontal
Inboard

Relative Absolute A: N/A

Phase: Phase:
N/A B: 84 +/- 15 deg.
5.

A. Proximity
Vertical
Inboard

B. Proximity
Horizontal
Inboard

Relative N/A, Not Same Absolute A: 54 +/- 15 deg.

Phase: Frequency Phase:
B: 54 +/- 15 deg.
6.

A. Proximity
Vertical
Inboard

B. Proximity
Horizontal
Inboard

Relative 84 +/- 15 deg. Absolute A: 54 +/- 15 deg.

Phase: Phase:
B leads A B: 330 +/- 15 deg.
7.

A. Proximity
Horizontal
Outboard

B. Velocity
Horizontal
Outboard

Relative N/A, Not the Absolute A: 0 +/- 15 deg.

Phase: Phase:
Same Units B: 244 +/- 15 deg.
Questions?
Introduction To
Machinery
Diagnostics
INTRODUCTION TO
MACHINERY
DIAGNOSTICS
LIST OF KEY AREAS

 Formulation of a Diagnostic Strategy

 Proximity Probes for Radial and Axial
Position Measurements
 Use of Phase Measurements in Diagnostics
 Steady State Data Format Interpretation
 Transient Data Format Interpretation
LIST OF KEY AREAS (continued)

 Single and Multiplane Balance Response

 Radial Rub Diagnostics
 Fluid-Induced Instabilities
 Shaft Crack Detection
MACHINE DATA
 Direct Measurements
 Vibration and Position
 Rotor Speed
 Bearing Temperature
 Indirect Data
 Process Data
 Performance Data
Operating Modes

Constant Machine Speed

A. Steady State : Process or Load Change
Start Up
B. Transient :
Shut Down

C. Slow Roll

D. Stopped
 Steady State Data Formats

Timebase Display Orbit Display

20.0

0 Casing Acceleration - g pk 7X
Vertical Position (mils)

15.0
Scheduled
-5
Shutdown
10.0
-10
Gear Mesh Frequency
Bearing 5.0
-15
Backing
-20 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 120 240 360 480 600
Time (days) kcpm
Vertical Position Trend Plot Half Spectrum Display
 Transient Data Formats

180 0°
240
Phase Lag (deg)

300
360
60 180°
2310 2370
120
* * 2385
180 * 2280 * 2400
2205 * 2250 *
240
2145
* 2415
270° * * 90°
4 1845
*
300 * * 2430
3 3615 * * 2445
2985 * 2775 * 2460
* * 2475
2685* 2610
mils pp

2 *
* 2505

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 180°
rpm 4.0 mils pp Full Scale CCW Rotation
Bode Plot Polar Plot
1X
2X Average Shaft Centerline Postion (not orbit or polar plot)
4000 3.0
Machine Speed (rpm)

3000
3X
2.0
* 9500
2000 * 9400
*9200
* 8700
* 8000
1000 1.0
*
7600
1200
*
*500 * 4500
0 *5500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0.0 *300
-1.0 0.0 1.0
Frequency (kcpm) Hanning Window Amplitude 0.20 mils/div CCW Rotation
Half Cascade Plot Average Shaft Centerline Plot
 Vibration Measurements

COMPLEX
WAVEFORM

AMPLITUDE
8X
6X
3X
1X
VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS

 Overall Vibration
 Position
 Frequency
 nX Amplitude and Phase
 Shape or Form
You must have access to this information
to properly DIAGNOSE your machine
Diagnostic Strategy

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?

WHAT DO I ALREADY KNOW?

WHAT DOES IT TELL ME?

DO I NEED ADDITIONAL DATA TO PROVE

MY ANALYSIS?

HOW DO I GET THE DATA? WHAT FORMATS, WHAT

OPERATING MODES?
Questions?
Steady State Data
Formats
HOW TO INTERPRET
STEADY STATE DATA
FORMATS
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time

Amplitude Time
0.2 2.0
Volts ms/
/div. div.
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
Y
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

X 7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time

Amplitude Time
0.2 2.0 Y= 2.5 mils pp X= 2.8 mils pp
Volts ms/
/div. div.
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time 1X or
1/(4 div X 2 ms/div) = 125 Hz
Amplitude Time 1/(4 div X 0.002s/div) = 125 Hz
0.2 2.0
Volts ms/
/div. div.
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
Y 1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
X 6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time

Amplitude Time
0.2 2.0 Y= 252° X= 162°
Volts ms/
/div. div.
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
Y
2. Vibration Frequency
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
X 6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time
Relative Phase:
Amplitude Time
0.2 2.0 X leads Y by 90°

Volts ms/
/div. div.
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time

1/(4 div X 0.002s/div) = 125 cps

Amplitude Time 125 cps X 60 s/min = 7500 rpm
0.2 2.0
Volts ms/
/div. div.
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
Y
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
X 6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time

Amplitude Time
0.2 2.0 X to Y (counterclockwise)

Volts ms/
/div. div.
Direction of Precession

“Y”

“Y”

“X”

“X”
Given X to Y Precession (ccw) and (ccw) Rotation:

Precession = Forward
 Timebase Vibration
Characteristics
1. Vibration Amplitude
2. Vibration Frequency
3. Phase
4. rpm
5. Direction of Precession
6. Signal Shape
Amplitude

7. Gap
(from proximity probe)

Time

Amplitude Time
0.2 2.0 Sinusoidal
Volts ms/
/div. div.
Relative Vibration Frequency

“A” “B”

1/2X 2X
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
X  vs Running Speed
Amplitude

Y  X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
X= 5.6 mils pp Y= 5.4 mils pp
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
X= 180° Y= 270°
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
X leads Y by 90°
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
1X
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
1:1
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape
Given X to Y (ccw) Rotation:
Amplitude
Forward Precession
 Orbit Vibration Characteristics

1. Vibration Amplitude (X & Y)

2. Absolute Phase (X & Y)
3. Relative Phase
4. Relative Frequency (X & Y)
 vs Running Speed
Amplitude

 X vs Y
5. Direction of Precession
6. Shape

Amplitude
Circular
Relative Phase

X leads Y by 10° - 15°

Relative Phase

X leads Y by 170° - 175°

Relative Frequency

X vs Y 1:2
Vibration Frequency
vs Rotative Speed

X = 1X, Y = 2X
Frequency Ratio Using Orbits

180° OF ORBITING 180° ORB 1

= = X
360° OF ROTATION 360° ROT 2

120° OF ORBITING 120° ORB 1

=
360° OF ROTATION 360° ROT = 3X

240° OF ORBITING 240° ORB 2

360° OF ROTATION = 360° ROT = 3X
Questions?
Transient Data
Formats
HOW TO INTERPRET
STARTUP AND
SHUTDOWN PLOTS
INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM TRANSIENT
RESPONSE PLOTS
 Slow Roll Speed
 Slow Roll Runout Vector
 Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency of Resonance
 Synchronous Amplification Factor (API Method)
 High / Heavy Spot Relationship
 Structural and Split Resonance
 Rotor Mode Shape / Deflection Shape
 Preload Identification
 Frequency Relationships
 1X Bode Plot
Slow Roll 180
Phase 240
300
Phase Lag

360
(degrees)

60
120
Slow Roll Vector
180
240
4
Amplitude: 1.0 mils
pp
(mils pp)

3
Phase: 225 Deg. Lag
2

Slow Roll 1
Amplitude
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
rpm
Slow roll speed range (no dynamic data).
 Uncompensated Polar Plot
0°

2370
2310
* * 2385
* 2280 * 2400
2205 * 2250 *
2145
* 2415
270° * * 90°
1845
*
300 *
Slow Roll * 2430
Vector
3615 * * 2445
2985 * 2775 * 2460
* * 2475
2685* 2610
* *
2505

X to Y (CCW) Rotation
4.0 mil pp Full 180°
Scale
 1X Bode Plot
180
Uncompensated
240
Angle of
300
Heavy Spot
Phase Lag
(degrees)

360 Compensated

60 180° Plot of
120 High Spot

180
240

4
Balance
3 Resonance
(mils pp)

1 Uncompensated

Compensated
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
rpm
 1X Compensated Polar Plot

Direction of Mass
Unbalance Amplitude and Direction
0° of Response at Balance
Resonance

2370
2310
* *
* 2280 2385*
2205 **2250 2405*
2070 * 90° 2415
*
300 2430 *
270° * 90° 90°
2445 *
3615* 2775 2460 *
*
Amplitude and Direction
2610* *2505
of Response Above
Balance Resonance

180° X to Y (CCW) Rotation

4.0 mil pp Full
Scale
Polar Plots are Easier to Mentally
Compensate than Bode Plots

Case 1 0° Case 2 0°
Phase Lag

Phase Lag
Amplitude

Amplitude

Speed Speed
Vertical and Horizontal 1X
Bode Plot
Split “Critical” and Structural Resonances
180
240
Phase Lag
(degrees)
300
360
60
120
180

10
Inboard
8 Horizontal
6
(mils pp)

Structural
4 Resonances
2 Inboard
0 Vertical
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
rpm
Split Critical
 Synchronous Amplification
Factor
Half-Power Bandwidth Method
Phase Lag

ARES

ARES
Amplitude

0.707

0 Machine Speed
Flow Fhigh
Fcenter Fcenter
AF1X =
Fhigh - Flow
 Synchronous Amplification
Factor
Amplitude Ratio Method
Phase Lag

ARES
Amplitude

A>>RES

0 Machine Speed
ARES
AF1X =
A>>RES
Synchronous Amplification
Factor
0

90
Phase Lag
(degrees)
180

270

360
1.0

0.8

0.6
(mils pp)

0.4

0.2

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
rpm
1900 rpm
AF1X = (2000 - 1650) rpm = 5.4
Synchronous Amplification
Factor
0

90
Phase Lag
(degrees)
180

270

360
1.0

0.8
0.7 mils pp
0.6
(mils pp)

0.4

0.2
0.1 mils pp
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
rpm
0.7 mils pp
AF1X = 0.1 mils pp =7
 Polar Plot
Balancing Effect

Mu Before Mu After
0°
Balancing Balancing

2340
*
* 2295 2385*
2400 *
* 2235
*2065 2415 *
2400
300 2055 *
3285 **
270° 90°
2745 *
*2415 * 2445
2775 *
* 2445 * 2460
*2475 * 2475
2685*
2610* *
2505

X to Y (CCW) Rotation
4.0 mil pp Full 180°
Scale
 Typical Flexible Rotor Mode
Shapes
P1 P2 P3 P4

Typical Rotor

P3
Cylindrical / Translational Mode
P2

Pivot / Conical Mode

P1
P4
Third Mode
Node Locations are Affected by System Stiffness
INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM BODE AND
POLAR PLOTS

 Slow Roll Speed

 Slow Roll Runout Vector
 Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency of Resonance
 Synchronous Amplification Factor (API Method)
 High / Heavy Spot Relationship
 Structural and Split Resonance
 Rotor Mode Shape / Deflection Shape
 Average Shaft Centerline
(Not Orbit or Polar Plot)

Top
3.0

2.0
*9500
* 9400
*9200
* 8700
* 8000
1.0 7600
1200
*
* 4500
*500 *
*5500
X to Y (CCW) Rotation
0.0 *300
-1.0 0.0 1.0
Amplitude 0.20 mils / div
 Direct Orbits
UP UP UP UP
10:43:08

10:57:57

10:59:41
10:58:43
3598 rpm 3460 rpm 3080 rpm 2700 rpm
11:00:55

11:01:37

10:07:38
11:04:40

2320 rpm 2140 rpm 1580 rpm 1220 rpm

0.20 mil / div Y to X (CW) Rotation

 Filtered Orbits
SR: 0.01 @ 270 102 rpm
Shutdown 2X Filtered Comp
UP UP UP UP
10:43:08

10:57:57

10:58:43

10:59:41
3598 rpm 3460 rpm 3080 rpm 2700 rpm
11:00:55

11:02:21

10:07:58
11:04:48

2320 rpm 1980 rpm 1560 rpm 1200 rpm

0.20 mil / div Y to X (CW) Rotation

 Half Cascade Plot

1X

Amp Scale = 0.50 mil pp / div

2X
4000
Machine Speed (rpm)

3000
3X
2000

1000

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Frequency (cpm) Hanning Window
Full Cascade Plot
Questions?