Bridges for Service

Life Beyond 100 Years:

Innovative Systems,
Subsystems and
Components
SHRP 2 | Project R19A
 SHRP 2- Project (R19A)
Bridges for Service Life beyond 100 Years: Innovative Systems,
Subsystems, and Components

Principal Investigator: Dr. Atorod Azizinamini, P.E.

Professor and Chairperson
Florida International University
Miami, Florida

Program Officer: Dr. Monica Starnes (2007-2010)

Mark Bush, P.E., PTOE (Jan 2011- Dec 2011)
Jerry DiMaggio (Jan 2012 to present)
 Main Product

Design Guide for Bridges for Service Life,

hereafter referred to as the
Guide.

Provides systematic and general approach for design

for service life is developed.

Camera ready copy of the Guide was submitted Feb 2013

Should be available by end of March 2013
Research Team Members
Florida International University
University of Nebraska
HDR
Attkins Six (6) Ph.D., students
Celik Ozyildirim Three (3) M.S. students
KTA Three (2) Research Associates
Vector Corrosion
University of Delaware
Georgia Inst. Of Tech
AASHTO T-9
Ralph Oesterle, CTL – Jointless Bridges
Lloryd Sterling – Water Proofing Bridge Deck
Martin Burke – Consultant – Jointless Bridges
Charles Roeder- University of Washington- Bearings
 Concrete Durability Bridge Decks Input of AASHTO
Survey of DOTs
Sub-committees
Substructures Bearings
Expansion Joints, Fatigue and Input of Individuals
Input from Industry
Joints and Jointless Fracture Outside the Team
Structural Steel
Protection
Steel Bridges
Analysis of NBI Start
Concrete Bridges Data

Major Categories Problematic Issues

Chapter 1 Chapter 6 Chapter 11

Design Guide for Chapter 2 Chapter 7 Chapter 12

“Bridges for Service Life”

Chapter 3 Chapter 8 Chapter 13

Chapter 4 Chapter 9 Chapter 14 AASHTO

Chapter 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 15 Specifications

Stand Alone Guide

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Technology and
Ranking Tables
Suggested Topics
 Project main product
Design Guide for Bridges for Service
Life
 Guide is primarily for bridges with
spans of less than 300 ft.

However, Guide provides a frame work

that could be used to address service life
design of any span bridges
 Review of bridges that have lasted
more than 100 years indicates:

1- Maintainable and well maintained over their 100-

year lives due to extreme importance or high capital
replacement cost,

2- Originally over-designed

.
 Traditional Approaches

- Service life of bridges in various codes and an

- Direct or indirect and isolated form,
specifying the use of certain details or
properties such as cover thickness,
maximum crack width, concrete
compressive strength, etc.
How to accomplish design for service
life

- At the design stage

- Systematic and comprehensive
- Plan should eliminate the surprise
factor for the owner
OBJECTIVES OF THE GUIDE
The main objective of the Guide is to
provide information about, and define
procedures for systematically designing for
service life and durability for both new and
existing bridges.
 GUIDE Approach
- Provide body of knowledge to make
decision
- Establish array of solutions
- Allow incorporating local experiences,
practice and preferences
- Let designer and owner select the
optimum solution
 Chapters
Design Guide for
“Bridges for Service Life”
General categories of information
included in each Chapter

1- Introduction
2- Factors Affecting Service Life
3- Options for Enhancing Service Life
4- Strategy for developing solution for
specific problem
5- Management Plan
6- Examples
 Sources of Information Being Used
to Develop the Guide
Available information Synthesis of state
in AASHTO specifications of the knowledge

Results of R19A
research (about 40%)

Guide for Bridges for Life

Industry inputs

Others, such as
fib C5 Input from AASHTO and
Commission other experts DOT inputs
Chapter 1- Design for Service Life: general
Framework
Chapter 1-This chapter provides an overview of the
approach used in the Guide for design for service life.
Chapter 1, also describes terminologies used throughout the
guide and various relationships that exist between service
life of bridge element, component, subsystem and system
and bridge design life as used in AASHTO Specifications. It
provides an introduction to the different philosophies used
to predict service life. It is essential to read this chapter
before proceeding with use of the Guide.
 Chapter 2- Bridge System Selection

Chapter 2-This Chapter provides a description of various

bridge systems and factors that affect their service life.
Chapter includes the description of a general strategy and
rational procedure for selecting the optimum bridge system,
subsystems, components and elements, considering specific
project limitations and requirements, such as climate,
traffic, usage and importance. The discussion includes both
existing and new bridges, with more detail provided in other
chapters
 Chapter 3- Materials

Chapter 3-This chapter provides general properties and

durability characteristics of the two most commonly used
materials in bridge systems, namely steel and concrete. For
each material, a general description of variables affecting
the service life is provided, followed by strategies used to
mitigate them. This chapter forms the basis for materials
used in bridge elements, components and subsystems
specifically addressed in other chapters of the Guide.
 Chapter 4- Bridge Deck

Chapter 4-This chapter provides descriptions of various

bridge deck types and essential information related to their
service life, such as modes of deterioration and strategies to
mitigate them. The chapter concentrates on cast-in-place
and precast concrete bridge decks.
 Chapter 4- Bridge Deck

New Concepts- Self stressing

Waterproofing Manual
Chapter 5- Corrosion Protection of Concrete
Bridges
Chapter 5-This chapter provides basic mechanisms
causing corrosion of reinforcement embedded in concrete
and strategies for preventing corrosion of reinforcement in
concrete bridges

Fe Fe2+ + 2e - Chloride Contaminated

Fe2+ + 2Cl- FeCl2 Concrete

FeCl2 + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 + 2Cl-

2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2 Fe2O3 + 2H2O

2OH-
2e -

1/ O + H2O + 2e - 2OH-
2 2
Chapter 6- Corrosion Protection of Steel
Bridges
Chapter 6-This chapter provides descriptions of various
coating systems using paint, galvanizing and metalizing,
and descriptions of corrosion resistant steels along with
factors affecting their service life. Various options for
preventing corrosion of steel bridges and general
approaches that could lead to bridge coatings with
enhanced service life are presented.
 Chapter 7- Fatigue and Fracture

Chapter 7-This chapter provides the basics of fatigue

and fracture and factors that cause fatigue and fracture in
steel bridges. Various available options to repair observed
cracking in steel bridges are also presented
 Chapter 8- Jointless Bridges
Chapter 8- This chapter provides descriptions,
advantages and disadvantages of various jointless bridge
systems, and provides complete steps for design of
jointless integral abutment bridges. This chapter provides
design procedures to extend the application of jointless
integral bridges to curved girder bridges. This chapter also
introduces new details and integral abutment systems,
where expansion joints are completely eliminated, even at
the end of approach slabs.
 Chapter 8- Jointless Bridges

Provides A to Z design of jointless bridges

Provides new details- Pin Head
Provisions to apply to curved girder bridges
Introduces seamless bridge system
 HP12x84-Medium Clay
10
9
Pinned-Strong
8
Disp. Capacity (in)

7
6
5
Pinned-Weak
4
Fixed-Strong
3 Fixed-Weak
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200
Axial Load (kips)
 Transition Zone
Bridge Approach

JPCP
Abutment Small Piles

Secondary Slab
 Chapter 9- Bridge Expansion Devices

Chapter 9- The Guide encourages, eliminating the use of

expansion joints, however, expansion joints may be needed
when the total bridge length exceeds practical limits of
jointless bridges. This chapter provides description of
various expansion joints used in practice, observed modes of
failure for each and potential strategies to mitigate them.
 Chapter 10- Bridge Bearings

Chapter 10-This chapter provides descriptions of

various bearing types, and lists factors that affect their
service life with strategies to mitigate them. New
materials capable of providing long service life for sliding
surfaces are introduced as well as deterioration models for
sliding surfaces. The Guide emphasizes use of
elastomeric bearing pads for long service life.
 100

90
Thickness (Percent of initial thickness)

80

70

60

50

40

30 PTFE Sample #1
PTFE Sample #2
20 MSM Sample #1
MSM Sample #2

10 Fluorogold Sample #1
Fluorogold Sample #2

0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Travel Distance (Miles)
𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑃, 𝑉) × 𝐶𝑇 × 𝐶𝐿 Eq. 1

365
(𝑇𝐷) 𝑇𝑟 = 2 × 𝐴 × 𝜃 × 𝐷1 × 𝑛 × 1.33 × 𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝐿 × (𝑆𝐿)𝐵 × Eq. 1
63360

(𝑇𝐷)𝐷𝑇 = ∆𝐿𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 × (𝑆𝐿)𝐵 × 365/5280 Eq. 3

1
(𝑇𝐷)𝑆𝑇 = ∆𝐿𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 × (𝑆𝐿)𝐵 × Eq. 4
5280

(TD) Demand = (𝑇𝐷) 𝑇𝑟 + (𝑇𝐷)𝐷𝑇 + (𝑇𝐷)𝑆𝑇

100

90
Thickness (Percent of initial thickness)

80

70

60

50

40

30 PTFE Sample #1
PTFE Sample #2
20 MSM Sample #1
MSM Sample #2

10 Fluorogold Sample #1
Fluorogold Sample #2

0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Travel Distance (Miles)
 Chapter 11- Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Chapter 11-This chapter provides essential information

for incorporating Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in bridge
system, subsystem, component and element selection.
This chapter concentrates on general features and
elements of incorporating LCCA in the design process,
emphasizing consideration of project costs throughout its
service life.
Uncertainty
in Timing
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
in
in Repair
Construction
Costs
Cost

Probability
Distribution
of NPV
 Steps in Design for Service Life

Step 1- Identify the factors that influence the service life of

bridge elements, components and subsystems, such as traffic,
environmental or internal defects and risk to damage.

Step 2- Identify the deterioration and damage mechanism,

such as freeze/thaw cycles

Step 3- Identify modes of failures and consequences. For

instance, the corrosion of reinforcement, causing corrosion
induced cracking and loss of strength.
 Steps in Design for Service Life

Step 4- Identify suitable approaches for mitigating the failure modes or

assessing risk of damage, through life cycle cost analysis. For instance, use
of higher performing materials for sliding surfaces in bearings or use of
material prone to deterioration at lower initial cost.

Step 5- Estimate service life of the bridge element, component or

subsystem using Finite or Target Service Life Design approaches.

Step 6- Compare the service life of the bridge element, component or

subsystem to the service life of the bridge system and develop appropriate
maintenance, retrofit and/or replacement plan.

Step 7- Develop design, fabrication, construction, operation, maintenance,

replacement and management plans for achieving the specified design life
for the bridge system.
 Footnote – Step 5
What is needed to Estimate the Service Life of
Bridge Elements, Components and
Subsystems

Deterioration Models – Examples

 x 
C ( x , t )  Co 1  erf 
 2 Dct 

Fatigue Design Approach in AASHTO LRFD

Flow Charts to Use Guide
Series of flow charts are provided, within
each chapter, that allows an engineer with
minimal design experience to navigate
through design for service life steps.

Next slide shows the main steps, without

elaborating on the details
Fault Tree- Identifying factors
affecting service life
The fault tree is used to systematically
identify the factors that can affect service
life of a particular bridge element,
component, or subsystem.
 Reduced Service Life of
Cast-in-Place Bridge Deck

Caused by
Caused by Deficiency
Obsolescence

Natural or Man-Made Production/

Load-Induced
Hazards Operation Defects
 Load-Induced

Traffic-Induced System-
Loads Dependent Loads

System
Differential
Fatigue Overload Wear Thermal Framing
Shrinkage
Restraint
Example- Bridge Deck
 Bridge Deck System Component
Selection Process

1.a: Identify Local Operational 1.b: Identify Local Factors

and Site Requirements Affecting Service Life

2: Identify Feasible Deck Alternatives Satisfying Design

Provisions of AASHTO LRFD, Operational, Site and
Bridge System Requirements

3: For Each Alternative, Identify Factors Affecting

Service Life Following Fault Tree

Go To
A

8.a: Go To B
Next
Alternative

5: Deck SL No 5.a: Identify Rehab

≥ System or Replacement
TDSL? Requirements
Yes

6: Identify Maintenance Requirements

7: Develop Life Cycle Costs

Yes 8: Add’l. Deck

Alternative?

No

9: Compare Alternatives and Select Deck System

 A

1A: Identify Individual Factor Affecting

Service Life Considering Each Branch
of Fault Tree

2A.a: Identify
3A.a: Go to 2A: Does Yes Consequence and
Next Factor Apply? Determine Appropriate
Factor Strategies for
Avoidance or Mitigation
No

No
3A: All Factors 2A.b: Modify Bridge
Considered? Deck Configuration

Yes

4A: Modified Bridge Deck Configuration for Deck

Alternative under Consideration

Go To
B
Operational Category Operational Criteria to Be Specified

Traffic capacity requirements Urban arterial, 4 lanes, 40 mph

Traffic volumes and required capacity 24000 ADT NB and SB

Truck volumes 10%

Special vehicle uses Overload possible

The local environment or man-made hazard category Maintain 2 existing lanes

Mixed use requirements Traffic, pedestrians, bicycle lane

HL 93 with typical legal and permit loads

No special construction loads
Vehicle loads and special vehicle load requirements
Overload with 20 kip tire loads (HL93 truck configuration)
Studded tires used in winter
 Bridge Deck Systems Advantage Disadvantage

Readily available material.

Cast-In-Place Concrete Deck Systems Accommodates tolerances. Susceptible to cracking and corrosion.
Low-cost.

Readily available material. Requires construction joints between

Precast Concrete Deck Systems Typically prestressed, reducing components.
cracking. Higher initial cost.

Requires protective coatings.

Lightweight system.
Metal Deck Systems Difficult tolerance adjustments.
Prefabricated system.
High cost.

Lightweight system. Limited span range.

Timber Deck Systems Constructible with unskilled labor. Susceptible to wear without overlays.
Low-cost. Susceptible to moisture degradation.

High cost.
Lightweight system.
FRP Deck Systems Limited history.
Noncorrosive system.
Requires overlay for traction.
Service Life Corresponding Job
Section Mitigating Strategy Advantage Disadvantage
Issue Requirements
HL93 with 20 kip
Adds weight to bridge structure,
Overload wheel load, applied 5.3.2.1.1.2 Increase deck thickness Minimizes cracking
increases cost
once a month
Minimize bar spacing for given
Improves crack control More labor to install and higher cost
amount of steel
24000 ADT NB and SB Minimizes possibility of
Fatigue 5.3.2.1.1.1 Design per LRFD Specifications May increase area of steel
and 10% truck volume reinforcement failure
Wear and Studded tires on high Implement concrete mix design
5.3.2.1.1.3 Identified in Chapter 3 Identified in Chapter 3
Abrasion level of service bridge strategies
Implement membranes and Protects surface from direct contact Requires periodic rehabilitation every
overlays with tires 10 to 20 years
System Deck shrinkage
Identifies design criteria for Restraining force may cause cracking
Framing restraint from shear 5.3.2.1.2.3 Develop accurate system model
establishing stresses in deck. Refer to Chapter 8.
Restraint studs
Differential Use low modulus concrete mix Allows additional strain to be Typically lower in strength and may
Shrinkage design for composite decks accommodated up to cracking stress be subject to wear and abrasion
Use high creep concrete mix Uncommon mix design. Difficult to
Reduces locked‐in stresses
designed for composite decks assess stress relief
Little experience with experimental
Allows slippage between deck and systems. Friction reduction difficult
Develop composite action after
supporting members, minimizing to assess. Introduces numerous
concrete has hardened
locked-in stresses construction joints. Grout integrity
issues in closed void systems.
Allows slippage between deck and
Introduces numerous construction
Use precast deck panels supporting members, minimizing
joints
locked-in stresses
Reactive
Local aggregates are Use materials and mix designs that
Ingredients— 5.3.2.2.4.1 Refer to Chapter 3 Refer to Chapter 3
reactive are not sensitive to aggregate
ASR/ACR
Coastal
Use materials that are not sensitive
Climate— RH average 70% 5.3.2.2.2.2 Refer to Chapter 3 Refer to Chapter 3
to moisture content
Humidity
Thermal
Multiple cycles of Refer to Chapter 3 for strategies Refer to Chapter 3 for strategies Refer to Chapter 3 for strategies
Climate— 5.3.2.2.1.2
freeze/thaw expected relating to freeze/thaw relating to freeze/thaw relating to freeze/thaw
Freeze/Thaw
 System Differential Freeze/
Overload Fatigue Wear Deicing Salt spray Humidity ASR/ACR
Restraint Shrinkage Thaw

Accurate Use
Concrete
Increase Design per Concrete modeling Concrete mix— Concrete aggregate
Impermeable Stainless mix non-
Deck AASHTO mix during Use mix with mix— that are not
Concrete steel reactive
Thinness analysis of low modulus air content sensitive to
aggregate
the system humidity

Stay in
place metal
Membrane
Stainless Steel deck to
and overlay
protect
bottom
Deck
Specify non- bottom
Increase
chloride based sealer and
thickness
deicing top
membrane
Membrane and
Overlay
Before Design

for Service Life

Alt. 1

Good Mix

Alt. 2

Stainless steel
Alt. 3

Large

cover

Alt. 4

Membrane
 Alternative Main Feature to Initial cost Life cycle cost
address corrosion
AASHTO Base Design N/A $37,215 $774,676
1 Impermeable concrete $44,645 $277,550
using silica fume
2 Use of 316-stainless $152,753 $152,753
steel
3 Increasing concrete $46,519 $691,114
cover
4 Using membrane and $109,541 $172,252
overlay
Camera ready copy of the Guide was submitted Feb 2013
Should be available by end of March 2013

Atorod Azizinamini
aazizina@fiu.edu
402-770-6210