Document No.

GIS 42-101
Applicability Group
Date 3 May 2005

Guidance on Industry Standard for

Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and
Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese,
and Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

GIS 42-101

BP GROUP
ENGINEERING TECHNICAL PRACTICES
3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Foreword

This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GIS 42-101. This Guidance on
Industry Standard (GIS) is based on parts of heritage documents from the merged BP companies as
follows:

British Petroleum
GS 118-5 The Fabrication, Assembly, Erection and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon
Manganese and Low Alloy Steel Pipework to ASME B31.3.

Amoco
A PN-PLT-31.3-C Piping—Plant—ASME B31.3—Construction Specification.
A PN-PLT-31.3-CG Piping—Plant—ASME B31.3—Construction and Fabrication Guide.
A PN-PLT-31.3-P Piping—Plant—ASME B31.3—Fabrication Specification.

ARCO
ES 200 Piping Design.

Copyright  2005, BP Group. All rights reserved. The information contained in this
document is subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement or contract under which
the document was supplied to the recipient’s organisation. None of the information
contained in this document shall be disclosed outside the recipient’s own organization
without the prior written permission of Director of Engineering, BP Group, unless the
terms of such agreement or contract expressly allow.

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3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Table of Contents
Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter I Scope and definitions ..................................................................................................... 6
300 General statements................................................................................................................ 6
300.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection .............................................................................. 7
327 General.................................................................................................................................. 7
327.1 Quality assurance and positive material identification ................................................. 7
327.2 Material control ........................................................................................................... 8
327.3 Pipework marking ....................................................................................................... 8
327.5 Fabrication facilities .................................................................................................... 8
328 Welding.................................................................................................................................. 8
328.2 Welding qualifications ................................................................................................. 8
328.3 Welding materials ..................................................................................................... 11
328.4 Preparation for welding ............................................................................................. 11
328.5 Welding requirements ............................................................................................... 12
330 Pre-heating .......................................................................................................................... 15
330.1 General..................................................................................................................... 15
330.2 Specific requirements ............................................................................................... 16
331 Heat treatment ..................................................................................................................... 16
331.1 General..................................................................................................................... 16
331.2 Specific requirements ............................................................................................... 17
332 Bending and forming............................................................................................................ 18
332.1 General..................................................................................................................... 18
332.2 Bending .................................................................................................................... 18
332.4 Required heat treatment ........................................................................................... 18
335 Assembly and erection......................................................................................................... 19
335.1 General..................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing .......................................................................... 20
341 Examination ......................................................................................................................... 20
341.3 Examination requirements ........................................................................................ 20
341.4 Extent of required examination.................................................................................. 20
342 Examination personnel ........................................................................................................ 20
342.1 Personnel qualification and certification .................................................................... 20
343 Examination procedures ...................................................................................................... 20
344 Types of examination........................................................................................................... 21

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3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

344.2 Visual examination.................................................................................................... 21

344.5 Radiographic examination......................................................................................... 21
344.6 Ultrasonic examination.............................................................................................. 21
345 Testing................................................................................................................................. 22
345.4 Hydrostatic leak test.................................................................................................. 22
347 Weld repairs ........................................................................................................................ 22
Appendix E Reference standards................................................................................................. 29
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 30

List of Tables

Table 1 – Acceptance criteria for welds (to be read in conjunction with Table 341.3.2 of
ASME B31.3) ....................................................................................................................... 23
Table 2 – Acceptable radiographic sensitivity levels (using wire type IQI to ASTM E747 or
BS EN 462-1)....................................................................................................................... 24

List of Figures

Figure 1 – Charpy notch locations................................................................................................. 25

Figure 2 – Dimensional tolerances for fabricated pipework ........................................................... 26
Figure 3 – Local heat treatment for branch connections................................................................ 27
Figure 4 – Segmental bends ......................................................................................................... 28

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3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Introduction

a. Guidance for fabrication, assembly, erection, and inspection of carbon, carbon manganese,
and low alloy steel pipework is based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) B31.3, Process Piping, 2002:
1. Chapter I Scope and definitions.
2. Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection.
3. Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing.
b. Guidance statements of this GIS are modifications to ASME B31.3.
c. Modifications to ASME B31.3 are identified as Add, Modify to Read, or Delete.
d. Paragraph numbers in this ETP correspond to ASME B31.3.
e. Paragraphs of ASME B31.3 that are not revised remain applicable.

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3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Chapter I Scope and definitions

300 General statements

300.1 Scope

300.1.3 Exclusions
Add
(e) Sea transport.
(f) Transmission pipelines in land or subsea locations, including risers.
(g) Pipelines of significant length and diameter, e.g., transfer lines between processing units,
storages, and jetties that are specified by BP to be engineered as main pipelines.
(h) Production piping systems, as designated by BP.
Production piping is covered by BS EN 14161 and ASME B31.4.
(i) Underground drainage systems.
(j) Steam piping systems within plot limits of power stations and steam generating stations
outside process areas.
Steam piping is covered by ASME B31.1 and BS EN 13480.
There is no ETP currently available to cover this category. However, guidance on
these systems can be found in ACES A PN-BLR-31.1-E and BP OUS RP 5-5-4.
(k) Heating, ventilating, and domestic water systems within buildings, including offshore
accommodation modules.
(l) Hydraulic systems.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Chapter V Fabrication, assembly, and erection

327 General

Add

327.1 Quality assurance and positive material identification

327.1.1 Initial documentation

a. Before commencing fabrication of pipework, fabricator shall prepare:
1. Quality plan.
2. Set of design documents.
b. Both documents shall be subject to BP approval.
c. These documents should normally include:
1. Procedures for:
a) Storage and control of materials and welding consumables (Refer to GP 18-02).
b) Welding and nondestructive testing.
c) Mechanical working, heat treatment, and leak testing.
2. Supporting qualification records.
3. Illustration of proposed areas of application.
d. Previously qualified welding procedures may be considered for use if they comply with
this GIS document and are appropriate to proposed scope of work.
e. Simplified welder instruction cards based on qualified welding procedures should be
prepared for each welding process/material combination and issued to each welder.
f. Quality plan shall include brief details and sequence of examinations that will be
performed for fabricator.
g. Names of individuals responsible for implementation of quality assurance and quality
control functions shall be included.
Fabricators involved in simultaneous fabrication of carbon steel and alloy piping
should submit positive material identification (PMI) document setting out how they
maintain and verify identification of materials during fabrication. GIS 36-103 sets
out requirements for a PMI system.

327.1.2 Production documentation

a. Fabricator shall maintain production records using recording system approved by BP.
b. Production records shall include:
1. Material and welding consumable certificates.
2. Post weld heat treatment records.
3. Visual and dimensional inspection.
4. NDT and pressure test records.
5. Isometric drawings marked up with weld numbers.
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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

6. Welder and welding operator qualification test records.

7. Authenticated copies of NDT operators’ certificates.
8. Records of agreed concessions to fabrication standards.
c. Upon completion of fabrication programme, records shall either be passed to BP or stored
by fabricator, as directed by engineering design or fabrication contract.

327.2 Material control

a. Fabricator shall inspect materials upon receipt and ensure that correct grade of material has
been supplied and that identification, dimensions, material quality, and end preparation are
in accordance with the requisite standards and specifications.
b. Different materials shall be kept in discrete sections of storage area, and material shall be
marked in a manner that allows it to be related to original manufacturer’s certification.
c. Procedures for transfer of material identification marks shall be agreed with BP prior to
commencement of fabrication.
d. Material that is not readily identifiable shall be removed from worksite and quarantined
until material grade and source can be confirmed.
Positive identification and segregation of materials is an important issue.

327.3 Pipework marking

a. Pipework shall be identified by indelible marking that is free from sulphur, chloride, and
other halogens.
b. If spools are subject to postweld heat treatment, suitable heat resisting paint shall be used.
c. Vibroetching techniques may be used for identification transfer, but adhesive tapes or hard
stamping, other than that with low stress stamps, shall not be used.
d. Marking shall have minimum life of 1 year in covered, unheated, storage.
e. Marking shall identify material and fabricator and include item number, enabling spool to
be traced to relevant isometric drawing.
Guidance on suitable colours for identification of piping materials is in BS 5383.

327.5 Fabrication facilities

a. Area used for fabrication shall be totally separate from that used for carbon and low alloy
steel.
1. Each alloy type shall be segregated during fabrication.
2. Precautions shall be taken to prevent surface contamination by contact with jigs and
fixtures manufactured in non compatible materials.
3. Separate sets of clearly identified cleaning and grinding equipment shall be provided
for each material.
b. Shop layout, equipment, and production procedures shall be subject to BP approval.

328 Welding

328.2 Welding qualifications

328.2.1 Qualification requirements

(a) Add

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3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

1. Welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification test results shall be

subject to BP approval before commencement of fabrication.
2. Each procedure qualification record (PQR) shall be certified by recognised
independent inspectorate.
SMAW, GTAW, and SAW processes are frequently employed for pipework
fabrication and are considered to be acceptable welding techniques if used in
accordance with this ETP. GMAW and FCAW processes are also often applied to
piping fabrication. However, there are many variants of these two processes. In
addition to ensuring adequate procedure qualification, it is important to ensure that
the particular welding technique proposed for a given application is well proven
and will only be used by qualified and experienced welders.
(d) Add
1. For design temperatures below 0°C (32°F), Charpy V notch impact testing shall be
required on carbon, carbon-manganese, and 3 1/2% nickel piping materials, fittings,
and weldments in accordance with EEMUA 153, Appendix SA.
2. Weld metal, fusion line, and HAZ testing are required.
3. Charpy specimens shall be cut transverse to weld with axis of notch perpendicular to
surface of test piece.
4. Specimen and notch locations shall be as shown in Figure 1.
5. Weld metal, fusion line, and HAZ impact results shall, as a minimum, meet
requirements of parent material.
6. If only subsize charpy specimens can be taken, the following standard energy
reduction factors shall be applied:
Specimen Size (mm) Specimen Size (in) Reduction Factor
10 x 7.5 0.394 x 0.295 0.833
10 x 5 0.394 x 0.197 0.667

7. If welding procedure requiring impact testing is to be used in all positions, separate

2G and 5G qualifications shall be performed.
EEMUA 153, Table SA 6.1.3, gives guidance on service conditions where
nonimpacted materials may be used.
(e) Modify to Read
Backing rings are not permitted.
(f) Add
P-Numbers (also F-Numbers)
1. Extension of welding procedure qualification from material on PQR to material of
different specification, even if it has same P-Number, shall be subject to BP approval.
2. New welding procedure qualification is required for nonimpact tested procedures, if
there is a change of consumable classification.
3. Unless agreed otherwise, new welding procedure qualification is required for impact
tested procedures if there is a change of consumable brand name.
4. New welder performance test is required if there is a change of SMAW electrode
brand name, unless brand characteristics do not differ sufficiently to affect
performance. Such change shall be subject to BP approval.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Add
(g) Welding procedure specification (WPS) shall require requalification if any of the following
changes are made:
1. Change outside welding parameter tolerance ranges specified in qualified welding
procedure specification.
2. Increase of more than 1 gage number in electrode size from that used in qualified
welding procedure.
3. Change in type of current, e.g., ac to dc or, in dc welding, change in electrode
polarity, except where these changes are within electrode manufacturer
recommendations.
4. For impact tested procedures, increase in either maximum electrode diameter or
weave width or if maximum interpass temperature is raised above 250°C (480°F).
5. For critical applications, as directed by the engineering design.
(h) If a limitation on weldment hardness is specified in engineering design, macrographic
examination and hardness measurements shall also form part of welding procedure
qualification (WPQ).
Depending on service duty, weld metal and HAZ hardness may be subject to specific
limitations. Perhaps the best known limitation is 22 Rc (248 HV 10) placed on
carbon and low alloy ferritic steel weldments in sour duty in accordance with
GP 06-20. Hardness limit of 200 HBN (210 HV 10) is also often placed on carbon
steel weld metals in corrosive refinery environments (NACE RP0472). Guidance on
need for hardness limitation should be provided by engineering design.
A hardness test may also be used to determine effectiveness of heat treatment
procedures. In absence of specific restrictions on hardness, requirements of
Table 331.1.1 of ASME B31.3 may be used for guidance.
(i) In addition to mechanical testing, welding procedure test samples shall be subjected to
radiographic examination.
(j) Magnetic particle/dye penetrant and ultrasonic examination shall be applied to test samples
if they are to be used in evaluation of production welds.
(k) Nondestructive examination shall be completed prior to machining of test pieces.
(l) Ideally, welder performance tests for positional welding should be performed in both 2G
and 5G positions. However, subject to agreement of BP, welder performance test may be
undertaken in 6G position. In that case, each welder shall also demonstrate his ability to
deposit acceptable root runs in both 2G and 5G positions. With the agreement of BP, this
may be achieved by radiography of welder’s first production welds in 2G and 5G
positions.
(m) Welders and welding operators shall be qualified by visual examination and radiography.
Subject to provision of authenticated CV and with agreement of BP, welders and
welding operators may be qualified on their initial production welds.
(n) Welder and welding operator qualification tests shall be witnessed by inspector.
The above additions and modifications to qualification requirements have been
made on basis of fabrication experience and allow welding to proceed with
improved level of confidence in both procedural qualification and welder skill.
Ultrasonics may be used in lieu of radiography if material thickness restricts
suitability of radiography due to decreased sensitivity or extended exposure time.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Add

328.2.5 Test joints

a. Welding procedure qualification tests for impact tested P1 steels and all higher P-Number
materials shall be performed on pipe.
b. On nonimpact tested P1 materials, testing shall be performed on pipe for sizes DN 200
(NPS 8) and below.
c. On sizes greater than DN 20 (NPS 8), plate qualified welding procedures may be approved
by BP.
d. Welder performance tests shall be performed on pipe.

328.3 Welding materials

328.3.1 Filler metal

Add
a. In general, deposited weld metal shall be of similar composition to parent material, except
that in case of:
1. Carbon steel carrying injection water or wet hydrocarbons, where specific guidance
shall be provided by engineering design in order to minimise possibility of
preferential weld metal corrosion.
2. Carbon steels in service at or below 0°C (32°F), where a consumable containing
nominally 1% nickel may be required to meet impact toughness requirements.
3. 1/2 Cr 1/2 Mo 1/4 V steels, where 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo consumables shall be used to
minimise risk of stress relief cracking and ensure adequate creep ductility in service.
b. Consumables for repairs to C 1/2 Mo steels shall be of 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo composition.
Selection of austenitic stainless steel or high nickel alloy weld metal for steels
containing 5% chromium can minimise potential for hydrogen cracking and may
permit some relaxation of preheating requirements. However, use of such
consumables must be compatible with service requirements, specifically approved
by BP and qualified by procedure testing.
Final guidance on special requirements for weld metal selection, including selection
of weld metal composition for dissimilar metal joints, should be provided by
engineering design.

328.3.2 Weld backing material

Modify to Read
As stated in 328.2.1(e), backing rings shall not be used.

328.3.3 Consumable inserts

Modify to Read
Consumable inserts may only be used with BP approval.

328.4 Preparation for welding

328.4.2 End preparation

(b) Circumferential welds
(4) Modify to Read

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Use of deposited weld metal to correct misalignment shall be subject to agreement by

BP.
Add
(6) Prior to fitup, weld bevels shall be visually inspected.
This visual inspection, if considered necessary by either fabricator or BP inspection
or welding personnel, may be supplemented by either magnetic particle or dye
penetrant examination.
(7) Unless approved by BP, end bevels and holes for branches shall be prepared by
machining or machine flame cutting, except for holes for branches less than 25 mm
(1 in) nominal bore, which shall be drilled.
(8) Flame cut edges shall be dressed to remove oxide and dross.

328.4.3 Alignment
(a) Circumferential welds
Add
(3) Bore misalignment in circumferential butt joints shall not exceed 1.5 mm (1/16 in)
without BP approval.
(c) Branch connection welds
(3) Add
Weld metal shall not be deposited to correct contour, shape, or tolerances without
permission of BP.
Add
(e) Fabrication tolerances
1. Unless approved otherwise, fabrication tolerances shall comply with Figure 2.
2. Category M tolerances shall be used:
a) For service temperatures greater than 460°C (850°F).
b) PN 150 (Class 900) ratings and above.
c) If specified by engineering design.

328.5 Welding requirements

328.5.1 General
(b) Modify to Read
Welds shall be marked with welder/welding operator identification symbol using marker
pencils or paints that comply with 327.3.
(c) Add
Tack welds that are to become an integral part of root weld shall be ground to feather edge,
while those not intended to become part of final weld shall be removed as welding
proceeds.
(d) Modify to Read
Peening shall not be permitted on any pass.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Add
(g) Unless otherwise stated in manufacturer installation instructions, welding adjacent to inline
valves shall be performed with valve in fully opened position.
Soft seated valves (e.g., butt welded or socket welded ball valves) should not be
welded inline unless a weld procedure has been qualified to demonstrate that soft
seats are undamaged or unless soft seat has been removed prior to welding.
(h) Butt welds and pressure containment fillet welds in DN 40 (NPS 1 1/2) and smaller pipes
shall use GTAW, with addition of filler metal, for all passes.
(i) GTAW shall be used for root pass of butt welds in pipes of DN 50 (NPS 2) and DN 65
(NPS 2 1/2). GTAW is also preferred technique for root pass in all alloy steels.
(j) SMAW may be used for subsequent passes, provided electrode size does not exceed
2.5 mm (3/32 in) for second (hot) pass, and welders have demonstrated their ability to use
SMAW on pipe of these diameters.
(k) GTAW equipment shall use either high frequency starting unit or alternative programmed
touch starting unit. A current decay device should also be fitted, together with a gas lens, to
improve gas shielding of weld pool.
(l) GTAW shall only be used under enclosed shop conditions, unless adequate weather
protection is provided at each outdoor location where this technique is to be used.
If gas shielded processes are being used, moderate air currents can result in loss of
shielding gas leading to weld defects. Thus, sufficient screening must be used under
such circumstances to keep winds and draughts away from welding area.
(m) Back purging shall be employed for joints involving alloy steels and/or weld metals with
nominal chromium content of 2 1/4% or more. Purging shall, as a minimum, be maintained
for root and second (hot) pass.
(n) SAW and, if permitted, FCAW and GMAW shall not be used for pipes smaller than
DN 150 (NPS 6), unless otherwise agreed by BP.
(o) Intermediate cooling
1. Welds should be completed without intermediate cooling.
2. However, if this is impractical, intermediate cooling under insulating blanket is
permitted but only after completion of 30% of final weld depth.
3. Heat treatment cycle detailed in 331.2.4 shall be applied to P-Numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, and
7 materials.
4. Before welding is permitted to restart, weld surface shall be subject to magnetic
particle examination and any preheat reestablished.
5. Pipes shall not be moved or lifted until at least 50% of final weld depth has been
deposited.
(p) Vertical down welding is not permitted.
(q) Temporary attachments
1. Temporary attachments to outside surface of pipe shall not be made without BP
approval.
2. Attachments that are permitted shall be removed by grinding, followed by magnetic
particle inspection.
3. BP may require ultrasonic check to establish that remaining wall thickness is not less
than design minimum.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

(r) If practical, fillet welded joints for pressure containment should have minimum of three
weld passes, two of which should be showing for visual inspection.
The above additions and modifications to welding requirements have been made on
the basis of fabrication experience and allow welding to proceed with improved
level of confidence in workmanship and practice.

328.5.3 Seal welds

Modify to Read
a. Threaded joints should be assembled in such a manner that a maximum of three threads are
exposed prior to welding.
b. Joints to be seal welded shall be made up clean and without use of tape or compound.
c. Welding shall be performed in accordance with qualified procedure by qualified welder.
d. Welding shall not cause damage to threaded fitting.
e. Exposed threads shall be covered by seal weld.

328.5.4 Welded branch connections

Add
If designing angled branch connections, in addition to considering stress concentration effects,
sufficient access shall be provided for welding in acute angle section.
If set on integrally reinforced branch connections are used, it should be noted that
the wall thickness of the connection may well be in excess of that necessary to
provide the required level of reinforcement. Consequently, no reinforcement
contribution is necessary from the weld metal, and the deposition of a branch weld
with an excessive throat thickness may lead to unacceptable distortion of the main
run pipe. The engineering design should provide guidance on the sizing of branch
welds if using this type of fitting and on the need for controlled weld profiles if the
branch is on severe cyclic duty.
If set in integrally reinforced branch connections are used, fit up, jigging, and
developing an overall welding sequence, should minimise the extent of any
"sinking".

328.5.5 Fabricated laps

Add
Fabricated laps shall not be used without agreement of BP.

328.5.6 Welding for severe cyclic conditions

Add
a. Weld reinforcement shall be smooth and regular.
b. Weld reinforcement shall blend smoothly with external surface of pipe to minimise
possible stress concentration effects.
The engineering design should provide specific guidance considered necessary for
weld profiles in severe cyclic duty.

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3 May 2005 GIS 42-101
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Add

328.5.7 Proximity of welds

a. Toes of adjacent circumferential butt welds shall be no closer than four times nominal
thickness of the pipe.
b. For pipe sizes of DN 300 (NPS 12) and below, minimum acceptable separation shall be
50 mm (2 in).
c. For pipe sizes greater than DN 300 (NPS 12), minimum acceptable separation shall be
100 mm (4 in).
d. Branch and non pressure part attachment welds shall not cross longitudinal seams or
circumferential butt welds and shall be subject to toe to toe separation distance specified
for circumferential butt welds. If such intersections are unavoidable, the main weld shall be
subject to nondestructive examination prior to making attachment weld.
e. Joints involving intersection of more than two welds shall be avoided.

330 Pre-heating

330.1 General
Add
a. Oxy-fuel gas welding or cutting torches may only be used for preheating if fitted with
proprietary preheating nozzles.
b. Quenching or other means of accelerated cooling from preheat temperatures shall not be
used.

330.1.1 Requirements and recommendations

Add
If the carbon content of P1 material is greater than or equal to 0.25%, minimum preheat
temperature of 80°C (175°F) shall be required, irrespective of thickness or minimum tensile
strength.
When establishing preheat temperatures, advantage may often be taken of the lower
hydrogen potential of the GTAW process, relative to the SMAW process, in setting a
lower preheat temperature for welding. However, adequacy of the selected
temperature must be proven by welding trials/procedure qualification testing.

330.1.3 Temperature verification

(b) Add
Thermocouples may not be directly attached to pressure parts without agreement of BP.

330.1.4 Preheat zone

Modify to Read
The preheat zone shall extend 75 mm (3 in) or a distance equal to four times the material
thickness, whichever is greater, beyond each edge of weld.

Add

330.1.5 Interpass temperature

Maximum interpass temperature shall not exceed 250°C (480°F).

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

330.2 Specific requirements

330.2.4 Interrupted welding

Add
If welding is interrupted, the requirements of 328.5.1(m) shall apply.

331 Heat treatment

331.1 General

331.1.1 Heat treatment requirements

Add
(e) Post weld heat treatment shall be applied if required by the engineering design.
(f) Post weld heat treatment is required if carbon content of P1 material is greater than 0.25%.
(g) Low melting point metals, such as aluminium, lead, tin, copper, zinc, cadmium, and
mercury, and their alloys, shall not be permitted to contact steel surfaces that will undergo
hot forming, welding, or post weld heat treatment.
Possible sources of such contamination include solder, galvanised components,
clamps and fixtures, and certain types of paint.

331.1.3 Governing thickness

The engineering design should provide necessary clarification of paragraphs (a)
and (b) in the event that specific service conditions, e.g., low temperature
applications or sour duty, require alternative guidelines on governing thickness.

331.1.4 Heating and cooling

Add
a. If furnace heat treatment is applied, furnace temperature shall not exceed 400°C (750°F)
when pipework is loaded or removed.
b. Maximum heating or cooling rate above 400°C (750°F) shall not exceed 200°C (400°F)
per hour, and for wall thickness, ‘t’ mm greater than 30 mm (1 ¼ in) shall not exceed
6000/t °C (430/t °F) per hour.
The above additions are made to define heat treatment requirements more closely.

331.1.6 Temperature verification

Add
a. If practical, thermocouples shall be attached to spool pieces at minimum of six equally
spaced locations, adjacent to welds, prior to heat treatment.
b. Procedures for attachment of thermocouples by capacitor discharge welding shall be
subject to BP approval. Use of this technique shall be carefully monitored.

331.1.7 Hardness tests

Add
Additional requirement for hardness testing may be specified by engineering design.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

331.2 Specific requirements

331.2.2 Exceptions to basic requirements

Some examples of where the engineering design may deviate from the basic
requirements are:
• Use of P1 materials in low temperature piping systems designed for use below
0°C (32°F), where requirements of EEMUA 153, Appendix SA, and
paragraph 328.2.1(d) of this document should be followed.
• Use of P1 materials in low criticality applications at temperatures above 0°C
(32°F), where limiting thickness for post weld heat treatment may be relaxed
from 19 mm (3/4 in) up to maximum of 35 mm (1 3/8 in).
• If materials are employed on sour duty or in environments liable to induce stress
corrosion cracking, reference should be made to GP 06-20.

331.2.4 Delayed heat treatment

Modify to Read
If a weldment in material of P-Numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 is to be allowed to cool to ambient
temperature prior to final post weld heat treatment, intermediate post weld heating shall be
applied, as required by the following:
a. On completion of welding, joints of thickness in excess of 10 mm (0.4 in) deposited by
processes other that GMAW or GTAW shall be immediately raised to 300°C (570°F) for
1 hour per 25 mm (1 in) of thickness, with a minimum of 30 minutes. Subsequently, the
joint shall be cooled slowly under dry insulation.
b. For joints in materials containing in excess of 4% chromium and having wall thickness
exceeding 25 mm (1 in), the temperature shall be raised immediately after welding to a
value within range specified for post weld heat treatment and held at that temperature for
30 minutes. Subsequently, the joint shall be cooled slowly under dry insulation.
The above modification is made to clarify requirements related to delayed heat
treatment.
The thermal cycle associated with intermediate post weld heating is designed to
allow dispersion of potentially dangerous hydrogen concentrations in weld metal
and HAZ. This heat treatment may also result in microstructural softening in some
alloys that often further reduces the potential for hydrogen induced cracking.

331.2.6 Local heat treatment

Modify to Read
a. If local heat treatment is applied, weld shall be sufficiently heated and insulated to ensure
that (for a pipe of DN (NPS) ‘D’ and wall thickness ‘t’):
1. Specified heat treatment temperature is achieved at weld.
2. Within distance of 1.8 Dt on both sides of the weld, temperature of not less than
half of specified heat treatment temperature is attained.
b. In the case of branch attachments, temperature gradient shall be such that length of
material from each crotch heated to temperature equalling half heat treatment temperature
shall be 1.8 Dt (where ‘D’ and ‘t’ are the nominal diameter and thickness of the main
pipe and branch as appropriate) (Figure 3).
c. In a. and b., ‘D’ is expressed as DN (NPS), ‘t’ is expressed in mm (in), and temperature is
expressed in °C.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

The above modification is made to clarify the requirements for local post weld heat
treatment.

332 Bending and forming

332.1 General
If designing pipe spools, particularly in P1 materials, the potential of induction
bending should be considered to avoid use of large numbers of individual elbows
and minimise extent of fabrication welding. Multiple bends of varying angles may be
included in spools made from single lengths of parent pipe using this technique.
Engineering design should consider manufacturing tolerances and need for heat
treatment following pipe bending. Bend manufacturer procedures should be
reviewed to confirm that adequate control is being exercised in heating, cooling,
and inspection of bends.
Typical tolerances on completed bends should be:
• Ovality at cross section of bend should not exceed 5%.
• Wall thickness after bending should not be less than nominal design thickness.
• Angle of bend should be within 0.009 radians (0.5 degrees) of nominal.
Following heat treatment of cold pulled bends in low alloy steels, it is recommended
that a quality control check by means of hardness testing be performed, at least in
the early stages of production. The hardness testing should be performed on one
bend per heat treatment batch at four locations around pipe circumference using
portable hardness tester of a type approved by BP. In the absence of specific
restrictions on hardness, requirements of Table 331.1.1 may be used for guidance.

332.2 Bending

332.2.3 Corrugated and other bends

Add
a. Fabricated mitre (segmented) bends are not generally permitted.
b. Subject to agreement of BP, limited use of mitred bends in accordance with Figure 4 may
be proposed.
c. ‘Cut and shut’ design shall not be used.

332.4 Required heat treatment

332.4.1 Hot bending and forming

Add
a. The engineering design shall state requirements for heat treatment of P1 materials
following hot bending and forming.
b. The fabricator shall be required to retest materials following thermal treatment to confirm
that requirements of engineering design are satisfied after such heat treatment.
Heat treatment of P1 materials may not be necessary if hot forming is completed at
a temperature above 900°C (1650°F), and material is allowed to cool in still air.

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

335 Assembly and erection

335.1 General

335.1.1 Alignment
(a) Piping distortions
Add
1. Application of heat for correction of minor distortions shall only be undertaken with BP
approval.
2. Such heating shall be performed in accordance with approved procedure, and maximum
temperature employed shall not exceed 450°C (840°F).
3. Spot heating techniques shall not be used.
4. Under no circumstances shall materials be quenched to correct alignment.

Add

335.1.2 Bolting procedures

a. Bolting procedures should be provided for each joint or group of joints to be assembled.
b. As a minimum, these procedures shall contain the following information:
1. Required bolt load or stress.
2. Tightening method.
3. Tightening sequence.
4. Elongation measurement requirements.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Chapter VI Inspection, examination, and testing

341 Examination

341.3 Examination requirements

341.3.1 General
(a) Modify to Read
Final examination shall be performed after completion of heat treatment.

341.3.2 Acceptance criteria

(a) Modify to Read
Acceptance criteria for welds are stated in ASME B31.3, Table 341.3.2, and Table 1 of this
GIS.

341.4 Extent of required examination

Add
a. For all fluid categories, extent of required examination and inspection method employed
shall depend on criticality rating of individual piping system.
b. Method of determining criticality rating shall be specified by engineering design. Assigned
values shall be recorded in piping line lists.

342 Examination personnel

342.1 Personnel qualification and certification

Add
a. Only personnel certified in accordance with PCN, CSWIP, AWS QC1, ASNT CP-189, or
ASNT recommended practice SNT-TC-1A shall be allowed to undertake examinations.
b. In the case of ASNT SNT-TC-1A, assessment of operator competence should have been
undertaken by an external authority.
c. Other equivalent certification may be accepted at discretion of BP.
d. Personnel qualifications shall be subject to BP approval.
Under most circumstances, ‘equivalent certification’ will only be considered if the
body issuing certification meets the requirements of ISO 9712 or BS EN 473.

343 Examination procedures

Add
Examination procedures shall comply with 327.1.1.

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

344 Types of examination

344.2 Visual examination

344.2.1 Definition
Add
Visual examination shall include examination of internal surface of weld, if possible, using
suitable optical instruments.

344.5 Radiographic examination

344.5.1 Method
Modify to Read
a. X-ray techniques are preferred for shop radiography of pipework up to 25 mm (1 in) wall
thickness.
b. If use of X-rays is impractical, gamma ray isotopes may be used, subject to BP approval.
c. In each case, prior to production radiography the technique shall be qualified using source
side image quality indicator (IQI) of wire type to ASTM E747 or BS EN 462-1, whichever
is applicable.
d. Single wall, single image technique should be used if possible.
e. Lead intensifying screens and fine grain high contrast film shall be used.
f. Film density shall be 2.0-3.0 through thickest portion of weld.
g. IQI specified in accordance with BS EN 462-1 shall have radiographic sensitivity that
complies with Table 2.
h. If complete joint circumference is radiographed in a single exposure, four IQIs placed at
/2 radian (90 degree) intervals shall be used.
i. Set on branch connections if permitted by engineering design, should be subject to
intermediate radiography.
1. Film shall be on bore side of joint.
2. Radiography shall be performed when weld depth is similar to wall thickness and
before reinforcing fillet is applied.

344.5.2 Extent of radiography

(c) Spot radiography
Modify to Read
Spot radiography shall not be used for girth, mitre, or branch welds.

344.6 Ultrasonic examination

Add
a. If ultrasonic examination is required, procedures for each joint configuration and thickness
shall be subject to BP approval.
b. Such examination will normally be restricted to wall thicknesses greater than 10 mm
(3/8 in).
If fabricating pipework having wall thickness in excess of 25 mm (1 in),
consideration should be given to examination of root region if welding is partially

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

complete to depth of approximately 30% of wall thickness. This minimises the need
for through wall repairs.
Following repairs to the root and reexamination, the weld should be completed and
subjected to final examination.

Add

344.6.3 Post weld heat treated joints

a. On joints subject to post weld heat treatment, if examination is necessary both prior to and
after heat treatment, the use of a dual NDT technique may be considered.
b. While radiography might be the most appropriate form of examination during fabrication
prior to heat treatment, ultrasonics may be more relevant in some locations after heat
treatment.
c. If ultrasonics is applied following post weld heat treatment it should also be applied before
heat treatment.
Access to perform radiography may become restricted as fabrication proceeds. In
such cases, it may be appropriate to perform radiography and ultrasonics prior to
completing fabrication and apply ultrasonics after heat treatment to those areas that
are inaccessible for radiographic inspection.

345 Testing

345.4 Hydrostatic leak test

Add
a. Fabricator hydrostatic test procedure shall include:
1. Details of test fluid.
2. Minimum temperature.
3. Test pressure.
4. Pressure recording.
5. Control method and holding time.
b. Hydrostatic test procedure shall be reviewed by BP.
c. After hydrostatic testing, pipe spools that are to be stored prior to installation shall have
ends sealed to prevent ingress of dirt, moisture, or other contaminants.
If piping spools are to be stored prior to installation, due consideration should be
given to the need for the introduction of a suitable vapour phase inhibitor/biocide.
d. Flange faces shall be coated with suitable corrosion preventive.
Hydrotesting should be performed after completion of heat treatment.

Add

347 Weld repairs

a. Before starting fabrication, the fabricator and BP shall agree which types of welding
defects are to be regarded as notifiable prior to rectification.
b. Fabricator shall subsequently advise BP of need to perform such repair, which shall be
subject to approval prior to commencement of further work on defective welds.
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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

c. Detailed records of repairs shall be retained by fabricator.

d. Repair welding shall comply with approved repair procedures, unless use of original
procedure has been agreed with BP.
e. As a minimum, repair welds shall be inspected to their full extent using techniques used
for inspection of initial weld.
f. If cracking has occurred in either weld metal or heat affected zone and a repair has been
agreed:
1. The full extent of the original weld shall be re-examined on completion of the repair.
2. BP may require that additional inspection techniques be applied to the joint following
repair.
g. Weld repairs shall, if practical, be performed prior to post weld heat treatment. If a second
heat treatment is necessary, details of procedure qualification requirements shall be agreed
with BP.
Application of a second heat treatment may have adverse effects on the properties of
weld metal and some base materials. Thus, it may be necessary to consider a
qualification test using previously welded and heat treated material for qualification
of repair techniques. In such cases, additional testing of parent material should be
performed.

Table 1 – Acceptance criteria for welds (to be read in conjunction with Table 341.3.2 of ASME B31.3)

Type of Imperfection Acceptance Criteria for the Specified Service Condition

Lack of fusion 'A' for all welds.
Incomplete penetration (1) 'A' shall apply to all welds in severe cyclic or normal fluid service.
Internal porosity 'D' shall apply to all welds in severe cyclic or normal fluid service.
'E' shall be applicable to category D fluid service.
Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or 'F' shall apply to all welds irrespective of service condition.
elongated indication (1)
Undercutting 'H' shall apply to girth and, if approved, mitre groove welds in category D
fluid service.
Concave root surface (suck back) (1) Not permitted in severe cyclic or normal fluid service unless a specific
limit is set by the engineering design. A maximum of 1.6 mm (1/16 in)
shall apply to welds in category D fluid service.
Reinforcement or internal protrusion For all welds irrespective of service conditions external weld
reinforcement shall be uniform, 1.6 mm (1/16 in) to 3 mm (1/8 in) in
height and shall merge smoothly into the pipe surface.
Positive root penetration shall not exceed 1.6 mm (1/16 in) for DN 50
(NPS 2) and smaller or 3 mm (1/8 in) for larger pipe.
Note:
1. If these defects are permitted, total cumulative length of lack of root penetration, slag inclusions, or concave root shall
not exceed 10% of weld joint circumference.

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Table 2 – Acceptable radiographic sensitivity levels

(using wire type IQI to ASTM E747 or BS EN 462-1)

Thickness1 X-Radiography Gamma Radiography

mm in SWSI DWSI DWDI SWSI DWSI DWDI
4.5 0.177 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3
4.5 – 6.0 0.177 – 0.236 2.0% 2.5% 3.2% 2.6% 2.7% 3.5%
6.0 – 9.0 0.236 – 0.354 1.7% 2.0% 3.0% 2.4% 2.5% 3.2%
9.0 – 14.0 0.354 – 0.551 1.5% 1.8% Note 3 2.4% 2.5% Note 3
14.0 – 18.5 0.551 – 0.728 1.4% 1.7% NA 2.0% 2.2% NA
18.5 – 26.0 0.728 – 1.024 1.3% 1.7% NA 1.7% 2.0% NA
26.0 – 40.0 1.024 – 1.574 1.1% 1.7% NA 1.5% 1.8% NA
>40.0 >1.574 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3
1. Thickness for SWSI and DWSI is estimated single weld thickness. Thickness for DWDI is one wall thickness plus one
estimated weld thickness.
2. Sensitivity shall be no worse than the values given in this Table. Sensitivity values are based on IQI placed on film side
for SWSI and DWSI exposures and IQI on source side for DWDI exposures. Sensitivity shall be calculated using the
formula:
Thickness of thinnest wire visible in weld area
Sensitivity = Thickness1
3. Sensitivity requirement to be agreed with BP following production of test radiographs.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Figure 1 – Charpy notch locations

Weld metal centre line, FL and FL+2 mm testing is mandatory. The need for other notch locations to be tested shall be identified
by the engineering design.
<25 mm (1 in) wall thickness = charpy specimens to be taken from weld cap.
≥25 mm (1 in) wall thickness = charpy specimens to be taken from the root and cap regions.

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Figure 2 – Dimensional tolerances for fabricated pipework

CL

A B

CL

C/L FLANGE OR BRANCH

CL D
A

A
A

CL

A
E

Maximum Allowable Dimensional Tolerance

Category M and Severe Cyclic Temperature
Item Category D and Normal Service Conditions > 450°C (850°F) Rating ≥PN 150 (Class 900)
A ± 3 mm (1/8 in) maximum from indicated dimension: from face to face, centre to face, location of
attachments, etc.
B 8% maximum (for internal pressure) 2% maximum
3% maximum (for external pressure)
Flattening measured as difference between maximum and minimum O.D. at any cross section
C ± 3 mm (1/8 in) maximum lateral translation of ± 1.5 mm (1/16 in) maximum lateral translation
branches or connections of branches or connections
D ± 1.5 mm (1/16 in) maximum rotation from the indicated position, of flanges measured as shown
E 0,75 mm (0.03 in) maximum out of alignment of 0.4 mm (0.016 in) maximum out of alignment of
flanges from the indicated position, measured flanges from the indicated position, measured
across any diameter across any diameter

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Guidance on Industry Standard for Fabrication, Assembly, Erection, and Inspection of Carbon, Carbon Manganese, and
Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Figure 3 – Local heat treatment for branch connections

1.8 D1 t 1

1.8 D2 t 2

SHADED AREAS TO BE HEAT TREATED

D NOMINAL O.D OF MAIN PIPE

1
D NOMINAL O.D OF BRANCH PIPE
2
t THICKNESS OF MAIN PIPE
1
t THICKNESS OF BRANCH PIPE
2

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Figure 4 – Segmental bends

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Appendix E Reference standards

ASNT
Add
CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel.

ASTM
Add
E 747 Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping
Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology.

AWS
Add
QC1 Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors (1996 or later
edition).

Add

BSI Standards
BS EN 462-1 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1: Image
quality indicators (wire type) - Determination of image quality value.

EEMUA Standards
EEMUA 153 Process Piping-Supplement to ASME B31.3.

BP
GP 18-02 Guidance on Practice for Storage and Control of Welding Consumables.

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Low Alloy Steel Pipework (ASME B31.3)

Bibliography

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

[1] ASME B31.1 Power Piping.

[2] ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other Liquids

BP
[3] GIS 36-103 Guidance on Industry Standard for Positive Material Identification (PMI).

[4] GP 06-20 Guidance on Practice for Sour Service (GS 136-1).

British Standards Institute (BSI)

[5] BS EN 473 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel - General
principles.

[6] BS 5383 Material identification of steel, nickel alloy and titanium alloy tubes by continuous
character marking and colour coding of steel tubes.

[7] BS EN 13480 Metallic industrial piping.

[8] BS EN 14161 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Pipeline transportation systems.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

[9] ISO 9712 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel.

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