STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A STOREY BUILDING

By

Habeeb Adesola RAHEEM

(10/30GB086)

OCTOBER, 2015
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A STOREY BUILDING

By

Habeeb Adesola RAHEEM

(10/30GB086)

A Project Report Submitted To The Department Of Civil

Engineering, University Of Ilorin. In Partial Fulfillment Of
The Requirement For The Award Of Bachelor Of
Engineering Degree In Civil Engineering

OCTOBER, 2015
 CERTIFICATION PAGE

This is to certify that this project has been read and approved as having met the
requirement of the Department of civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
University of Ilorin, for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.) degree in Civil
Engineering.

Dr. O.G. Okeola DATE

Project supervisor

Dr. A.W. Salami DATE

Head of department

External Examiner DATE

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 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God almighty, the greatest engineer of the universe for His blessings and :

my parents for their complete support for me,

Arc. R.S. Alao for his councelling and spiritual support,

and my supervisor Dr O.G for shearing his experience and grooming me in good thinking.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All thanks to God the most high for his divine favour, grace and benefaction. My sincere gratitude to
goes to my supervisor Dr. O.G Okeola, who did not only supervise this project but has been a great
mentor. Special thanks to Arc R.S Alao for granting the opportunity use of the architectural drawing
for this project. My sincere appreciation goes to the entire staff of Etteh Aro and Partners Consulting
Engineers for motivating and grooming me in structural engineering to this extent.

My profound gratitude also goes to all academic and non-academic staff of the Department of Civil
Engineering and the Faculty of Engineering and Technology as a whole for their immense
contribution in the realization of the dream of this degree. Words alone cannot express how much I
love and appreciate my entire family for their support in all ramifications. Special appreciation to my
co project students with the same supervision and friends for their immense contribution to the
success of this academic programme.

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 ABSTRACT

This project involves the analysis and design of a one storey residential accommodation..
This which would be functional, economical, easy to construct and maintain for private
investors that are in real estate business to invest on.The structure comprises of simple
structural members like the solid slab, continuous beams, slender columns and pad
fouyndations.Solid slab which is a reinforced concrete slab supported around by beams, is
employed for cost effectiveness over other types due to its reduction in building load and
intended use of the structure.

The beams on the other hand comprises of short spans and equivalently minimal depth. The
limit state method of design which includes the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit
state according to BS8110 code of practice was adopted. The analysis and design was
carried out on the structural elements: the solid slab, beam, column, stair and foundation.
They were analysed, designed and subsequently detailed.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Pages

Title page i

Approval Page ii

Dedication Iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi

Tables Ix

Figures x

Notation xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 1

1.3 Justification of the Study 2

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study 2

1.5 Methodology 2

1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study 2

1.7 Description of the Study Area 3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The building team 4

2.2 Structural Analysis and Design 4

2.2.1 Cement 5

2.2.2 Aggregates 5

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 2.2.3 Concrete 6

2.2.4 Concrete mix design 6

2.3. Measurement of workability 6

2.3.1 Slump test 7

2.3.2 Compacting factor test 7

2.4 Concrete Cover 7

2.5 Reinforced Concrete Structures 7

2.6 Structural Design and Limit States 8

2.6.1 Criteria for a safe design 8

2.6.1.1 Ultimate limit state 8

2.6.1.2. Serviceability limit states 9

2.7 Characteristic and Design Loads 10

2.8 Computer System of Analysis and Design 10

2.8.1 Overview of the AutoCad and Beamax Softwares 10

2.9 Basic Structural Concepts 11

2.9.1 Slabs 11

2.9.1.1 Solid slab 12

2.9.2 Beams 12

2.9.3 Columns 13

2.9.4 Bases and Foundations 13

2.10 Detailing 14

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

6.1 Structural Planning 15

6.1.1 Preparation of the general arrangement 15

6.1.2 Preliminary definition and sizing 15

6.2 Computation of loads 15

6.3 Analysis and design of structural members 16

6.3.1 Design for solid slab 17

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 6.3.2 Design for Beams 17

6.3.3 Design for Columns 18

6.3.4 Design for foundation 18

6.3.5 Design of stair case 19

6.4 Design Information 20

6.5 Calculation Sheet 21

6.6 Analysis of sections using the Beamax. 25

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results 33

4.2 Discussion 34

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 35

5.2 Recommendation 35

References 36

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 1

Fig. 2.1 11

Fig. 2.2 12

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction

Concrete is the most important building material, playing a part in all building
structures. Its virtue is its versatility, i.e. its ability to be molded to take up the shapes
required for the various structural forms. It is also very durable and fire resistant when
specification and construction procedures are correct. As it is then known for a mass of
concrete to stay in form of the shape intended for it and be able to maintain it, it needs to
be cast in the form of the steel reinforcement.

Reinforced concrete is a combination of two dissimilar but complimentary materials, namely

concrete and steel. Concrete has considerably crushing strength, is durable, has good fire
resistance but offers little or no strength in tension but fair in shear. On the other hand,
steel has good tensile properties, poor resistance to fire (heat conduction weakens its
strength) and very good both in shear and in compression. Thus a combination of these
materials results in good tensile and compressive strength, durability and good resistance to
fire and shear. Concrete is a composite material of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and
water. Water is added and this reacts with the cement which hardens and binds the
aggregates into the concrete matrix; the concrete matrix bonds onto the reinforcing bars.

The design concept of this project is to provide the standard design specification for each
member therein the building, safe and economic in construction. To satisfy these provisions,
the major concern is the performance of the structure against the load subjected. It is then
designed according to the loading system, and its transfer to the foundation. This project
involves the analysis and design of all the structural members contained in the residential
building.

The complete building structure can be broken down into the following elements:

1. Beams: Horizontal members carrying lateral loads; either point or distributed.

2. Slab: Horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads.
3. Column: Vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally subjected to axial
load and moment.
4. Stairs: Stepped element of slab resisting vertical, lateral, and bridges the height
between floors.
5. Foundation: Support directly on the ground that spread the loads from columns or
walls so that they can be supported by the ground without failure.

1.2 Problem Statement

The distance of Saki polytechnic to staff residents pose some difficulty in transportation to
work. Also due to the accommodation challenges posed on the staff and students of the
polytechnic, it is incumbent on the polytechnic management to provide the internal

1
accommodating quarters for their staff. This project helps to identify the need for the
construction of the accommodation in the polytechnic to meet the need of the staff.

1.3 Justification of the Study

The design provided in this work proffers a standardized design of the proposed residential
building. It copes with the standard code of practice and creates uniformity in the outputs
provided; in terms of member sizes and reinforcements generated.

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

For the fact that this structure must carry the loads safely, not deform excessively and have
adequate durability, the aim of this design is also:

1. To carry out load analysis on the members and their design against the loads.
2. To provide the private investors with a standard design for adoption in the
polytechnic.
3. Added to these is the objectives is the achievement of an acceptable probability that
the structure will perform satisfactorily during its life.

1.5 Methodology

The technique adopted in this project execution is the design to limit state strength method
which includes the serviceability and the ultimate limit states according to the standard (BS
8110) code of practice adopted. The analysis and design was carried out in the manual
method of analysis of indeterminate structures, and the yield line method of loading.
Because the structure under design is composed of structural members which act together
to support the load and transmit them down to the foundation, the design is based on the
determination of the appropriate size of the members and their skeletal steel
reinforcement. This involves the stages below:

1. Preparatory stage: This involves the preparation of the GA (general arrangement) of

the structural members, and siting them appropriately.
2. Definition and preliminary sizing of the members, and load estimation and their
distribution.
3. Analysis and design of the members as regards the load subjection.
4. Structural detailing: drawing showing the pattern of the members in sizes and the
reinforcements within them in compliance with the design and standard.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study

The scope of this project lies in the structural design and detail of a storey building. And it is
limited to the structural design of its members and generation of their reinforcements. It
takes in to account realization of the building as a frame structure to successfully support its
loads and the analysis and design of the members: slabs, beams, columns, and foundations
for reinforcement arrangement. The limitation of the work does not encompass the test on
concrete or reinforcement, neither does it test on the soil strength but assumed values of
the strengths within standard limit are used.
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1.7 Description of the Study Area

The Polytechnic, Ibadan generally regarded as Poly Ibadan is a higher institution of learning
in Ibadan in Oyo State, Nigeria, founded in 1970. By its establishment, The Polytechnic,
Ibadan became a successor of the erstwhile Technical College, Ibadan which was founded in
1960, the year of Nigeria’s independence to provide for students’ training and development
of techniques in applied science, environmental science, engineering and commerce as well
as in other spheres of learning. The Polytechnic has been producing high level manpower
that has been making valuable contributions to the social and economic development of the
country.

In 1975/1976 session, the polytechnic adopted the faculty system of structuring the
academic departments hither to run, solely on department basis. The conception was to
make for easier work co-ordination and management. At present, there are five faculties
namely: Engineering, Science, Environmental Studies, Financial and Management Studies
and Business and Communication Studies.

By the amendment to the principal Edict of The Polytechnic which came into effect on 17
March 1987, four Satellite Campuses of the Polytechnic were created. They took off during
1981/82 session and were sited at Eruwa, and Saki,. However, with the creation of Osun
State, the Campus at Iree and Esa-Oke has become the property of Osun State Government
and are today known as Osun State Polytechnic Iree and Osun State College of Technology
Esa-Oke.

Fig 1.1: Map of Nigeria showing Oyo state.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The building team

Building projects as a whole is made up of many fragmented units with different

professionals performing different functions because of the diversity and complexity of
building operations. They share some sort of feedback relationship because the work of
each professional group is depended or related to the other; and are classified and
explained as follows (Okeola, 2014):

1. Owner or Developer: In business term, this is known as the client and may be an
individual or group of persons, local authority, and government or in general anybody
recognised as a legal entity. The client engages the services of a designer which is
usually an architect to carry out his wishes.
2. Architect: This is the person who in front of law has full right to act as design
procedure by interpreting the client requirement into specific design and generally
take over the task of seeing that they are carried to the logical conclusion. Right from
the take off of the project, he is responsible to act and supervise on behalf of the
client.
3. Structural Engineer: The engineer carries out structural analysis and design of every
member of building part depending on scope and complexity. They are usually private
consultants’ commission by the client or architect for the project.
4. Mechanical and Electrical Engineer (M and E): The engineer is responsible for the
design of electrical and mechanical services. The design should be completed with
details and specification that are readily interpreted by the contractor.
5. Quantity Surveyor (QS): They carry out quantities of all item of work along with cost
implication. They prepare the bill of engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME)
used in tendering by interested contractors.
6. Contractor: The contractor carries out interpretation and turns the architect design
into reality. They can engage the services of sub-contractor and specialist to contribute
to the successful execution of the project.

2.2 Structural Analysis and Design

The functional process in design is the planning carried out by the architect to determine
the arrangement and layout of the building to meet the client’s requirements. The
structural engineer then determines the best structural system or forms to bring the
architect’s concept into being. Construction in different materials and with different
arrangements and systems may require investigation to determine the most economical
answer. Architect and engineer work together at this conceptual design stage (Mc Ginley,
2003).

Once the building form and structural arrangement have been finalized the design
problem consists of the following:
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 1. Idealization of the structure into load bearing frames and elements for analysis and
design

2. Estimation of loads

3. Analysis to determine the maximum moments, thrusts and shears for design

4. Design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for slabs, beams, columns and
walls using the results from the analysis in moment obtaination.

5. Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules.

2.2.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement is the commonest type in use for concrete works. The raw
materials from which it is made are lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These constituents
are crushed and blended in the correct proportions and burnt in a rotary kiln. The clinker is
cooled, mixed with gypsum and ground to a fine powder to give cement. The main chemical
compounds in cement are calcium silicates and aluminates.

When water is added to cement and the constituents are mixed to form cement paste,
chemical reactions occur and the mix becomes stiffer with time and sets. The addition of
gypsum mentioned above retards and controls the setting time. This ensures that the
concrete does not set too quickly before it can be placed or too slowly so as to hold up
construction.

2.2.2 Aggregates

The bulk of concrete is aggregate in the form of sand and gravel which is bound
together by cement. Aggregate is classed into the following two sizes:

1. Coarse aggregate—gravel or crushed rock 5 mm or larger in size

2. Fine aggregate—sand less than 5 mm in size

Natural aggregates are classified according to the rock type, e.g. basalt, granite, flint.
Aggregates should be chemically inert, clean, hard and durable. Organic impurities can
affect the hydration of cement and the bond between the cement and the aggregate. Some
aggregates containing silica may react with alkali in the cement causing the concrete to
disintegrate. This is the alkali-silica reaction. The presence of chlorides in aggregates, e.g.
salt in marine sands, will cause corrosion of the steel reinforcement. Excessive amounts of
sulphate will also cause concrete to disintegrate.

To obtain a dense strong concrete with minimum use of cement, the cement paste should
fill the voids in the fine aggregate while the fine aggregate and cement paste fills the voids
in the coarse aggregate. Coarse and fine aggregates are graded by sieve analysis in which
the percentage by weight passing a set of standard sieve sizes is determined. Grading
limits for each size of coarse and fine aggregate are set out in BS882:1983: Specification for
Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. The grading affects the workability; a lower

5
water-to-cement ratio can be used if the grading of the aggregate is good and therefore
strength is also increased. Good grading saves cement content. It helps prevent
segregation during placing and ensures a good finish.

2.2.3 Concrete

Concrete is a composite inert material comprising of a binder course (cement) aggregates

and water. There are basically two types of concrete;

1. Light weight concrete

2. Dense concrete

Light weight concrete is the concrete that weighs less than 1920kg/m 3 and are made in
densities down to 160kg/m3. This group of concrete includes the light weight aggregate
concrete.

Dense concrete is the common form of concrete for reinforced concrete work and the
average density is 2400kg/m3. This concrete is composed of the heavy grated coarse
aggregate (granite).

2.2.4 Concrete mix design

Batching of concrete can be by either weight or by volume. Concrete mix design consists in
selecting and proportioning the constituents to give the required strength, workability and
durability. Mixes are defined in concrete by types;

1. Designed mix, where strength testing forms an essential part of the requirements for
compliance.

2. Prescribed mix, in which proportions of the constituents to give the required strength
and workability are specified; strength testing is not required.

The water-to-cement ratio is the single most important factor affecting concrete strength.
For full hydration, cement absorbs 0.23 of its weight of water in normal conditions. This
amount of water gives a very dry mix and extra water is added to give the required
workability. The actual water-to-cement ratio used generally ranges from 0.45 to 0.6. The
aggregate-to-cement ratio also affects workability through its influence on the water-to-
cement ratio, as noted above. The mix is designed for the ‘target mean strength’ which is
the characteristic strength required for design plus the ‘current margin’. The higher the
quantity of cement in the entire masses of concrete, the stronger the concrete. The mix for
reinforced concrete is then given as the minimum 1:2:4 which give the dense concrete of
density 2400kg/m3.

2.3. Measurement of workability

The workability of a concrete mix gives a measure of the ease with which fresh concrete
can be placed and compacted. The concrete would flow readily into the form and go around
and cover the reinforcement, the mix should retain its consistency and the aggregates

6
should not segregate. A mix with high workability is needed where sections are thin and/or
reinforcement is complicated and congested.

The main factor affecting workability is the water content of the mix. Admixtures will
increase workability but may reduce strength. The size of aggregate, its grading and shape,
the ratio of coarse to fine aggregate and the aggregate-to-cement ratio also affect
workability to some degree.

2.3.1 Slump test

The fresh concrete is tamped into a standard cone which is lifted off after filling and the
slump is measured. The slump is 25–50 mm for low workability, 50–100 mm for medium
workability and 100–175 mm for high workability. Normal reinforced concrete requires
fresh concrete of medium workability. The slump test is the usual workability test specified.

2.3.2 Compacting factor test

The degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work is measured. The

apparatus consists of two conical hoppers placed over one another and over a cylinder. The
upper hopper is filled with fresh concrete which is then dropped into the second hopper and
into the cylinder which is struck off flush. The compacting factor is the ratio of the weight
of concrete in the cylinder to the weight of an equal volume of fully compacted concrete.
The compacting factor for concrete of medium workability is about 0.9.

2.4 Concrete Cover

The standard states that the actual cover should never be less than the nominal cover minus
5 mm. The nominal cover should protect steel against corrosion and fire. The cover to a
main bar should not be less than the bar size or in the case of pairs or bundles the size of a
single bar of the same cross-sectional area. The water-to-cement ratio and minimum
cement content as specified, and good workmanship is required to ensure that the steel is
properly placed and that the specified cover is obtained.

Nominal cover to all reinforcement to meet a given fire resistance period for various
elements in a building is given in the Limit state design to meet the standard as fire protection.

The cover depends on the exposure conditions as shown below:

1. Mild-concrete is protected against weather.

2. Moderate-concrete is sheltered from severe rain, concrete under non aggressive water,
Concrete in non-aggressive soil.
3. Severe-concrete exposed to severe rain or to alternate wetting and drying.
4. Very severe-concrete exposed to sea water, de-icing salts or corrosive fumes.
5. Extreme-concrete exposed to abrasive action.

2.5 Reinforced Concrete Structures

7
Concrete is arguably the most important building material, playing a part in all building
structures. Its virtue is its versatility, i.e. its ability to be molded to take up the shapes
required for the various structural forms. It is also very durable and fire resistant when
specification and construction procedures are correct. As it is then known for a mass of
concrete to stay in form of the shape intended for it and be able to maintain it, it need be
framed in a form of reinforcement.

Reinforced concrete is a composite material of steel bars embedded in a hardened concrete

matrix; concrete, assisted by the steel, carries the compressive forces, while steel resists
tensile forces. Concrete itself is a composite material. The dry mix consists of cement
and coarse and fine aggregate. Water is added and this reacts with the cement which
hardens and binds the aggregates into the concrete matrix; the concrete matrix sticks or
bonds onto the reinforcing bars.

The design concept of this project is to provide the standard case specification for each
member therein the building, safe and economical design. To satisfy these provisions, the
major concern is the performance of the structure against the load in subjection. It is then
designed according to the loading system, and load transfer to the earth support. This
project involves the analysis and design of all the structural members contained in the
proposed residential building. The residential building proposed as staff quarters is to serve
the residential household purpose for the polytechnic staff.

2.6 Structural Design and Limit States

The criterion for a safe design is that the structure would not become unfit for use, that is,
it would not reach a limit state during its design life. This is achieved, in particular, by
designing the structure to ensure that it does not reach its limit bearable. The structure
should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection, cracking or vibration are thus
controlled.

For the structure to be durable, it must not deteriorate or be damaged excessively by the
action of substances coming into contact with it. Particular emphasis is laid on durability for
this concrete structure, the design for the ultimate limit state, check for serviceability
(deflection) and all necessary precautions to ensure durability are not excluded.

2.6.1.Ultimate limit state

The whole structure or its elements should not collapse, overturns or buckles when
subjected to the design loads.

1. Strength

The structure must be designed to carry the most severe combination of loads to
which it is subjected. The sections of the elements must be capable of resisting the axial
loads, shears and moments derived from the analysis. The design is made for ultimate loads
and design strengths of materials with partial safety factors applied to loads and material
strengths. This permits uncertainties in the estimation of loads and in the performance of

8
materials to be assessed separately. The section strength is determined using plastic
analysis based on the short-term design stress-strain curves for concrete and reinforcing
steel.

2. Stability

Clause 2.2.2.1 of the code states that the layout should be such as to give a stable and
robust structure. It stresses that the engineer responsible for overall stability should ensure
compatibility of design and details of parts and components. Overall stability of a structure
is provided by shear walls, lift shafts, staircases and rigid frame action or a combination of
these means. The structure should be such as to transmit all loads, dead, imposed and wind,
safely to the foundations.

3. Robustness

The code states that the planning and design should be such that damage to a small area or
failure of a single element should not cause collapse of a major part of a structure. This
means that the design should be resistant to progressive collapse. The code specifies that
this type of failure can be avoided by taking the following precautions.

The structure should be capable of resisting notional horizontal loads applied at roof level
and at each floor level. The loads are 1.5% of the characteristic dead weight of the structure
between mid-height of the storey below and either mid- height of the storey above or the
roof surface. The wind load is not to be taken as less than the notional horizontal load.

2.6.2. Serviceability limit states

The serviceability limit states are discussed in BS8110: Part 1, section 2.2.3. The code states
that account is to be taken of temperature, creep, shrinkage, sway and settlement. The
main serviceability limit states and code provisions are as follows. The deformation of the
structure should not adversely affect its efficiency or appearance. Deflections would be
calculated, but in normal cases span-to-effective depth ratios can be used to check
compliance with requirements.

Cracking should be kept within reasonable limits by correct detailing. Crack widths can be
calculated, but in normal cases cracking can be controlled by adhering to detailing rules
with regard to bar spacing in zones where the concrete is in tension. In analyzing a section
for the serviceability limit states the behaviour is assessed assuming a linear elastic
relationship for steel and concrete stresses. Allowance is made for the stiffening effect of
concrete in the tension zone and for creep and shrinkage.

2.7 Characteristic and Design Loads

The characteristic or service loads are the actual loads that the structure is designed to
carry. These are normally thought of as the maximum loads which will not be exceeded
during the life of the structure. In statistical terms the characteristic loads have a 95%
probability of not being exceeded.

9
The characteristic loads to be used in this design due to the standard code of practice are as
follows:

1. The characteristic dead load Gk is the self-weight of the structure and the weight of
finishes, ceilings, services and partitions;

2. The characteristic imposed load Qk is caused by people, furniture, and equipment on

floors and snow on roofs. Imposed loads for various types of buildings are given in
BS6399: Part 1 and are adhered to in this design.

Design load = F X f Eqt. 2.1

Where F is the characteristic load

f Is the partial safety factor for loads

The partial safety factor f takes account of:

1. Possible increase in load

2. Inaccurate assessment of the effects of loads

2.8 Computer System of Analysis and Design

The use of computer for the analysis and design of structure is known as Computer Aided
Design (CAD). Computer Aided Design-CAD is defined as the use of computer systems to
assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or the optimization of a design. CAD software is
used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and create a database for construction or
manufacturing.

Computer programs are developed by a team of structural engineers and software

developers with considerable time and effort spent on the development of the program for
various software to operate and function for specific purposes. They are co worked on for
the Engineers know the nature of design and the software developer know the programs
well.

2.8.1 Overview of the AutoCad and Beamax Softwares

The Autocad software is the graphical computer aided application for drawing. It has been
adopted for use in this project for its versatility in the use for drawing. It has been used for
the used for the preparation of the architectural layout, and also adopted for the drawings
which include the general arrangement and the detailing.

The Beamax application on the other hand is a software used in the calculation of the
bending mom ents and shear forces along a structural member. It uses the concept of
member spans and length, load system; point and distributed loads, and the types of
supports; simply placed or rigid supports.

10
The values of length, load and type of support are inputted in the software, and the shear
force, bending moment and the deflection values along side with the diagrammatic pattern
are generated.

2.9 Basic Structural Concepts

All structures are composed of interconnected elements such as slabs, beams, columns,
walls and foundation. These elements collectively enable the internal and external loads
acting on the structure to be transmitted down to the ground safely.

This project involves the assessment of the loading on the strucure, which includes self
weight to which the hostel would be subjected to during its design life. The computer
method and manual design method would be used to calculate individual design loads
acting on each element. The design loads would be used to calculate the bending moments,
shear forces, and deflections at critical points along the elements.

The difference in Manual design of structures and Computer Aided Design (CAD) methods
originates from the approximation of result associated with the CAD and use of CAD has
subsequent reduction on the time used for design work (Ashiru 2007).Computer Aided
Analysis and Design of Structures when compared with Manual design method, relevant
observations would be seen in the accuracy of the CAD design method (Ajibola 2009).

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally carry
uniformly distributed loads. Slabs may consist of precast units or be of in-situ concrete cast.
The behavior of slabs under load, in respect of end condition and over intermediate
supports, is similar to that of beams. Slabs may be analysed using the following methods:
(i)Elastic analysis,

( ii )Design coefficients method, and

(iii)The yield line and Hillerborg strip methods.

Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and are classified
according to the method of support as shown in figure 1.

Figure 2.1: (a) One-way floor slab; (b) two-way floor slab. (Mc Ginley, 2003)
i. Solid slab

Solid slabs are the slabs that are supported at the edges by the help of beams before the
columns. It is adopted in this project because the structure is intended for residential
purposes; that is, support lesser load at minimal span of slabs. Not greater than 6m span at
1.5KN/m2 imposed load.

ii. Beams

Beams are horizontal members carrying lateral loads and like any other structural member
would be designed to resist the ultimate bending moments, shear forces and torsional
moments. The loads on beams, which are laid horizontally, give rise to tensile, compressive
and shear stresses. Loading on a beam may be a single or a number of point loads or
otherwise be equally distribution along its length or any combination to these. In any event,
vertical-loads result in vertical sag or deflection and it is the magnitude and disposition of
the loading, which determines the maximum deflection and the deflected shape of the
beam.

The existence of the beams being cast monolithically with the slabs makes them appear in
two sections:

1. Rectangular section with tension steel only and this generally occurs as a beam section
in a slab.
2. Flanged sections of either T or L shape with tension steel and with or without
compression steel.

The flanged sections are the beam sections in the slab that cater for the compression in the
beam action. T shape flange appears at continuous edges of the slab, while L shape, at the
discontinuous edges. Beam sections are as shown in Figure 2. Beams are designed to have
steel top and bottom to carry links to resist shear failure (Macginley, 2003).
Figure 1.2: (a) Rectangular beam and slab, tension steel only; (b) rectangular beam, tension
and compression steel; (c) flanged beams. (Macginley,2003)

iii. Columns

Columns are vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally subjected to axial
load and moment. Columns are reinforced with longitudinal bars to increase their load
carrying capacity and short plain concrete columns are capable of carrying axial load.

Columns are laid vertically. Short plain concrete columns are capable of carrying axial load,
as the stress produced are compressive only and the short length avoid any sideways
buckle. Columns are reinforced with longitudinal bars to increase their load carrying
capacity. Columns are often slender and there is introduction of bending into column with a
consequent tensile stress. Concrete columns therefore need to be reinforced to avoid
unsightly cracking or a collapse condition.

iv. Bases and Foundations

The load transfer from the superstructure to the soil is obtained through appropriate
foundation works. Foundations are horizontal or vertical members supporting the entire
structure and transmitting the loads to the soil below, they are substructures supporting the
superstructure of columns, beams, walls, slabs and roof (Oyenuga, 2011). Foundations are
pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread the loads from columns or walls
so that they can be supported by the ground without disrupting the structure.There are
different types of foundation (Mosley and Bungey, 2007):

1. Pad foundation: Provided to support structural columns, they are sometimes provided
with a steel grillage.
2. Strip foundation: Provided for load bearing walls and for rows of columns spaced
closely.
3. Raft foundation: They are required on soils of low bearing capacities or where
structural columns are so close in both directions. They are useful in reducing
differential settlement on variable soils.
4. Piled foundation: These are convenient method of supporting structures in water
existing areas.

The foundation design is assumed to be safe if the permissible stress of the soil rock is not
exceeded, but to allow for variations and uncertainties, a safety factor should be applied to
the calculated failure stress of failure load applied to the ground to determine the allowable
or design bearing capacity (Tormhinson, 1996).

2.10 Detailing

The general arrangement drawing gives the overall layout and principal dimensions of the
structure. The structural requirements for the individual elements are presented in the
detail drawings. The output of the design calculations are sketches giving sizes of members
and the sizes, arrangement, spacing and cut-off points of the reinforcing bars at various
sections of the structure. Detailing translates this information into a suitable pattern of
reinforcement for the structure as a whole. Detailing is presented in accordance with the
Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete.

The bar schedule is prepared from a complete detail drawing, bearing the form and shape
code for the bars conforming with the specification of bending dimensions and scheduling
of bars for the standard.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
The design process adopted involves defining and recommending types and cross sections
of structural members necessary to attain structural stability and maintain aesthetical
qualities. The structure is analysed as a frame structure, with the slabs taken as
continuous, simply supported and cantilevered as they appear. And the beams are
analysed in conjunction with the columns such that the effects of the loads on both
structural members are determined before design. These make exactly t h e design
p r o c e s s easier to apply, shorten design time and lessen the possibility of making errors.
On this note, the system of load transmission in a structure is followed in the design of
the members and the steps taken in carrying out this project are as listed below:

1. Structural planning.
2. Computation of loads.
3. Analysis and design of structural members.
4. Analysis of sections using the Beamax.
5. Detailing of the sections of the members according to the design.

6.1 Structural Planning

6.1.1 Preparation of the general arrangement

This stage involved establishing the general arrangement of the structure from the
dimensions of the architectural plan. The provision and placement of the members where
they are functionally needed and sited where they are safe, economic, and do not impair
the aesthetical qualities of the building. All the members are such sited effectively and one
hiding them within all other construction members (block wall) except already wanted
exposed. This in other words is the placement and arrangement of the frame members
which ensure the firm stand of the building without failure.

6.1.2 Preliminary definition and sizing

As at when the general arrangement is prepared, the members are obviously defined as
whether continuous, simply supported or cantilevered. In addition to this definition is the
slab ways; one or two ways spanning slabs. This is obtained from the relation . ly is the
dimension of the longer span, and l x is of the shorter span of the slab. The slab is then
defined by if the relation is greater than 2, such slab is spanning one way in design, while on
the other hand; less or equal to 2, two ways slab.

6.2 Computation of loads

Analysis of the structure begins with the evaluation of the structures own weight and the
loads to be supported (as regards the purpose of the building). Such loads vary in magnitude
and position, and are of two types; dead and imposed load loads.

i. Dead load

This is due to the structures self weight plus its finishes (ceiling, tiles, and partition walls).
This is estimated as the product of the concrete density and the cross section (member)
volume plus the finishes.

Dead load = Density x Member volume

ii. Live load

This is due to the load of other materials (transient or mobile) of contruction and the load
wchich the building would be supporting in its service. For the purpose of the building;
residential, the British standard code of practice specifies the use of a live load of 1.5 KN/m2.

Because the structure is designed using the limit states, the load factor for the load
combination (dead and live load) takes account of unconsidered possible increase in load,
inaccurate assessment of load effects, unforeseen stress distribution and the importance of
the limit state being considered. For this purpose, the factor of safety used is illustrated as;

Design load, n = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

Where Gk = characteristic dead load

Qk = characteristic live load

6.3 Analysis and design of structural members

There are forms of which one way spanning slabs, and beams can be, which determine the
analysis approach on them. The forms generally are:

1. Simply supported beams,

2. Continuous beams, and
3. Cantilever beams.

1. Simply supported beams and one-way slabs are analyzed and moment and shear force
are obtained by the reactions at its two supports.
2. Continuous beams are the beams which have more than two supports, making it
continuous over at least one of its supports (have more than one span). The Hardy Cross
moment distribution method is adopted for beam analysis in obtaining the shear forces
and bending moments along the spans of the beams.

In analysis, the method assumes all the supports to be fixed (allowing no rotation), and the
moments are estimated. The estimation is achieved by successive approximations through
the use of arithmetic divisions and multiplications. The spans along a member get their
individual own distributed factor of the member stiffness.
D. F = K ………………………………………. Eqt.3.1

Where D. F = Distribution factor

K = member stiffness

I = moment of inertial of member

n = number of members at joint

L = span or length of the member

The fixed end moment is calculated and the joint out of balance is distributed according t6o
the distribution factors of each span. Half of the distributed moment is carried over to the
other end of the span where all the carried over moments are algebraically summed up and
redistributed. The final moment is calculated from

M= M +M +M ………………………………………. Eqt.3.2

Where M = fixed end moment

M = carried over moment

M = distribution moment

The iteration is terminated when the distribution moment is significantly small.

3. Cantilever beams are such beams therein whereby only one end of it is supported and the
other end is free (unsupported). Cantilever beams are analyzed as they appear.

6.3.1 Design of solid slab

The slabs contained in this project are of minimal spans less than 6meters, and are thus
designed as solid slabs. As the design load is assumed on the slabs, with reference to the
shorter spans, moments M are generated to the centers and supports. Hence, in obtaining
the area of steel; design, the following steps are taken.

Determine K= ˂0.156

Calculate = 0.5 + 0.25 − .

< 0.95

Determine Z =

Calculate area of reinforcing steel required, As =

.

6.3.2 Design of Beams

The collection of load transferred to each span of beam is estimated as KN/M from the
sheared load from the slab and its own self weight plus wall load. The moment and shear
force along spans and across supports are estimated using the moment distribution method
at every section of the beam.

At supports, the beam section is rectangular and is designed as such. Design moment M, is
the largest support moment along the beam, and the ultimate moment of resistance is M u.
If ˃ , no compression reinforcement is required, otherwise provide compression steel.

M = 0.156f b d ,

d = h − cover − (diameter of bar assumed).

At spans, the beam section is flanged; T when at continuous edge, and L at discontinuous
edge. The difference in location of these flanges makes the flange width different.

L beam, b = b +

T beam, b = b +

Lz = 0.7lo lo = actual length of longest span

Design moment M = largest span moment in the beam

Mu = β f b d K=

Then check for deflection and shear.

6.3.3 Design of Columns

Columns bear the loads from beams to the foundations of the structure in terms of bending
moments and shear forces. They are designed as axial, uniaxial and biaxial depending on the
symmetrical nature of the beams they support in terms of load. In this project, only biaxial
columns exist and would be designed as such. The design process is outlined as follows:

1. Determining the end conditions of the columns, to determine if columns are short or
slender.
2. Calculation of the column axial load, from the beam shear force and the self weight of
column.
3. Calculation of the biaxial moment, based the bending moment subjected from the
beams.
4. Design of main reinforcement as recommended.

6.3.4 Design of foundation

Foundations receive the load from the superstructure through the columns and transfer it
uniformly to the hard soil strata safely. For the nature of loads supported and assumed
strength of soil, the column pad footing is used throughout the design. Pad foundation was
analyzed and designed with an assumed soil bearing capacity of 190kN/m 2 which is generally
used by the physical planning unit and works department of the school. Footing thickness of
300mm was used.

The foundation surface area required was calculated from the service load and the earth
pressure determined from the ultimate load. Moment was determined from the Net earth
pressure. The steel area for both x and y directions was then determined. Punching shear
was also determined while considering the critical perimeter and the area within critical
perimeter. Final check for punching shear and shear stress was carried out to ensure that
the initially assumed depth of 300mm and shear is adequate. The Foundation was analyzed
and designed as follows (McGinlay, 1990).
1. Calculate the axial load from superstructure at ultimate limit state.
2. Calculation of Base Area
3. Calculation of Net earth pressure
4. Bending Moment
5. Calculation steel area in both x-x and y-y direction
6. Calculation of Punching Shear around critical perimeter and critical area
7. Calculation of shear stress
8. Final check for punching shear and shear stress

Calculation of the pressure distribution P

P= ±

Where B and D are the dimensions of the base; B =D for square, and D > B for rectangular
base. Net pressure at ultimate limit state is
.
Pnet = ± − λh

Where λ

hpc = height of footing base

Design for main reinforcement

6.3.5 Design of stair case

In the design, the stair was designed to span longitudinally between two floors that is two
flights between two floors with an intermediate half landing. The number and dimension of
the riser, the tread and waist of the stairs given in the architectural drawing and are
designed as thus. The first and second flights were designed by first determining the slope
factor for the stair and the design load for both stair and landing.

Subsequently the span was calculated and while considering a meter width the moment was
calculated and the area of steel determined for both main and distribution bars. Finally
deflection check was carried out to ensure the structure is safe.

1. Slope Factor
2. Calculation of Design load for stair and landing
3. Effective span
4. First Flight Moment
5. Second Flight moment
6. Area of Steel

load analysis is then determined from:

Self weight = weight of waist + weight of steps

= waist x slope length + ( ) riser x number of riser x unit weight

Design for reinforcement as in slab design

6.4 Design Information

Table 6.1: Design information

Client Oyo State Polytechnic, Saki
Architect Arc. R.S. Alao
Designed by Raheem H.A.
Intended use of structure Residential Accomodation
Reference design code BS8110:Structural use of concrete part 1 to 3
Fire resistance 1 hour fire resistance
Cover Slab = 20mm
Beam and column = 25mm
Foundation = 40mm
Load 1.5 KN/m imposed load
Subsoil conditions Allowable bearing pressure = 190 KN/m2
Foundation type Pad footing
Material Strength Data Steel strength fy = 410 KN/mm2
Concrete strength fu =25 N/mm2
Concrete self weight = 24 N/mm3
Drawing Units Millimeters
6.7 Design Calculation Sheet

References Calculations Outputs

 Design Parameters
Slab thickness, h = 150mm
Cover c = 20mm
Effective depth, d = h – c – Ø
= 150 − 20 − 6 d = 124mm
Load Assemblage:
BS 648 Dead load:
Selfweight = 0.15 × 24 = 3.6 KN/m2
Partition wall = = 2.5 KN/m2
Finishes + Services = 1.2 KN/m2 G
BS 6339 - 1 = 7.3 KN/m
Imposed load = 1.5 KN/m2
BS 8110 - 1 Q = 1.5KN/m
3.14 Ultimate Design load, n = 1.4G + 1.6Q
= 1.4(7.3) + 1.6(1.5)
n = 12.62 KN/m
Wall load = wall finishing x 3m(height) x 1.4(factor) wall
= 3.47 × 3 × 1.4 = 14.57 KN/m = 14.57KN/m

BS 8110-1
Table 3.14 SOLID SLAB DESIGN
Two ways slab conditions and moment generation
L Case Msx Msx Msy Msy
L
PANEL -ve +ve –ve +ve
1 1.3 4 14.17 10.48 9.24 6.98
2 One way slab
3 1.1 4 11.50 8.63 9.24 6.98
4 One way slab
9 1.9 1 12.42 9.36 6.11 4.59
15 Cantilevered slab

PANEL 1 (Two ways spanning Continous slab)

Span moment(KNm) Support moment(KNm)

Short Edge 14.17 10.48
Long Edge 9.24 6.98

Short Span
Moment M = 14.17 KNm
d = 124 mm
 b = 1m strip
K= = 0.0369
K < 0.156
No compression reinforcement is
needed,

L = 0.5 + _ 0.25 −
. Use L = 0.95
.
= 0.957 > 0.95
Z = L d = 0.95(124) = 117.8 mm
A = = 275.3 mm Provide T12
@250c/c BTM
452 mm2
Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2
Slab section is
Provided span-depth ratio = = 31.69
good.
Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 26 = 52 > 31.69
Deflection Passed
Short support, Long span, Long support
For the deflection is passed along the short (main)span,
provide Provide T12@250c/c BTM 452 mm2 along and
across spans.

PANEL 2 (Simply surpported one way spanning slab)

One way slab

L = 3925 mm
L = 1425 mm
L 3925
K= =
L 1425
= 2.75 > 2

Span moment M = w = 12.62 x 3.925 KN/m

w = 49.53 KN/m
. .
M= = 12.57 KNm

Beam reaction: R + R = wl
 .
R =R = = = 24.77
K < 0.156
K= = 0.0644
No compression reinforcement is
needed.
.
L = 0.5 + _ 0.25 − .
Use L = 0.922
= 0.922 < 0.95

Z = L d = 0.922(124) = 114.3 mm
A = = 239 mm
Provide T12 @250c/c BTM 452 mm2

PANEL 3 (Two ways spanning Continous slab)

Span moment(KNm) Support moment(KNm)

Short Edge 11.5 8.63
Long Edge 9.24 6.98

Short Span
Moment M = 11.5 KNm
d = 124 mm
b = 1m strip
K < 0.156
K= = 0.03
No compression reinforcement is
needed.
.
L = 0.5 + _ 0.25 − .
Use L = 0.95
= 0.965 > 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(124) = 117.8 mm

A = = 212.2 mm
Provide T12 @250c/c BTM 452 mm2
Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2
Provided span-depth ratio = = 31.69 Slab section is
Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 26 = 52 > 31.69 good.
Deflection Passed
Short support, Long span, Long support
For the deflection is passed along the short (main)span,
provide Provide T12@250c/c BTM 452 mm 2 along and
across spans.

PANEL 4 (Simply surpported one way spanning slab)

One way slab

L = 6650 mm
L = 2025 mm
L 6650
K= =
L 2025
= 3.3 > 2

Span moment M = w = 12.62 x 6.65 KN/m

w = 83.92 KN/m
. .
M= = 43.0 KNm
Beam reaction
R + R = wl
.
R =R = = = 85.0
K < 0.156
K= = 0.112
No compression reinforcement is
needed.
.
L = 0.5 + _ 0.25 − . Use L = 0.85
= 0.85 < 0.95

Z = L d = 0.85(124) = 105.4 mm
A = = 887 mm
 Provide T12 @250c/c TOP & BTM (452 mm2)

Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2

Provided span-depth ratio = = 31.69

Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 26 = 52 > 31.69
Deflection Passed

PANEL 9 (Two ways spanning Continous slab)

Span moment(KNm) Support moment(KNm)

Short Edge 12.42 10.48
Long Edge 6.11 4.59

Short Span
Moment M = 12.42 KNm
d = 124 mm
b = 1m strip
K < 0.156
K= = 0.03
No compression reinforcement is
needed.
BS 648 L = 0.5 + _ 0.25 −
.

BS 6399 . Use L = 0.95

= 0.965 > 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(124) = 117.8 mm
A = = 229.2 mm
Provide T12 @250c/c BTM 452 mm2
Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2
Provided span-depth ratio = = 31.69
Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 26 = 52 > 31.69

Deflection Passed
Slab section is
Short support, Long span, Long support good.
For the deflection is passed along the short (main)span,
provide Provide T12@250c/c BTM 452 mm 2 along and
across spans.

PANEL 15 (Cantilevered slab)

K < 0.156

L = 1980 mm
L = 600 mm Use L = 0.95
L 1980
K= =
L 600
= 3.3 > 2

Loading:
Ultimate design load w = 12.62 KN⁄m per m run
Wall load, P = 15.06 KN⁄m per m run
Moment about support:
w(600mm)
M = P(600mm) +
2
12.62 (600mm)
= 15.06 (600mm) +
2
M = 11.31 KNm Slab section is
K= = 0.029 good.

No compression reinforcement is
needed.
.
L = 0.5 + 0.25 − .
= 0.967 > 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(124) = 117.8 mm

A = = 208.7 mm
Provide T12 @250c/c TOP & BTM 452 mm2

Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2
Provided span-depth ratio = = 4.84
Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 26 = 52 > 4.84
 Deflection Passed

STAIR CASE DESIGN

Stair Dimensions:
Tread(T) = 300mm
Riser(R) = 150mm
Waist(W) = 150mm
(R + T )
Slope factor =
T
(150 + 300 )
=
300
= 1.12
Stair loading:
Concrete own weight = 24 × 0.15 = 3.6 KN/m
Screeding and finishes = 1.65 KN/m
= 5.25 KN/m

Weight of steps = 0.5 × 0.15 × 24 = 1.8 KN/m G

Dead load = (5.25 × 1.12) + 1.8 = 7.67 KN/m = 7.67 KN/m
Imposed load: Residential = 1.5KN/m
Ultimate imposed load F = 1.4(7.67) + 1.6(1.5) Q = 1.5KN/m
F = 13.14 KN/
First Flight
Length of stair case, = 9 steps + ( )

= 3355mm
F 13.14 X 3.36
M= = = 14.83KNm
10 10
At a breath b = 1000mm
M
K= = 0.0386
f bd
.
L = 0.5 + 0.25 − .
= 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(124) = 117.8 mm

A = = 312 mm
Provide T12 @250c/c TOP & BTM 452 mm2

Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2
Provided span-depth ratio = = 27.1
Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 20 = 40 > 27.1
 Deflection Passed

Second Flight
Length of stair case, = 9 steps + ( )

= 3355mm
F 13.14 X 4.31
M= = = 18.9KNm
10 10
At a breath b = 1000mm
M
K= = 0.0635
f bd
.
L = 0.5 + 0.25 − .
= 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(124) = 114.6 mm

A = = 412 mm
Provide T12 @250c/c TOP & BTM 452 mm2

Deflection Check
Using a modification factor of 2
Provided span-depth ratio = = 34.8
Limit span-depth ratio = 2 × 20 = 40 > 34.8
Deflection Passed

BEAM DESIGN
BEAM 14
Loading
Beams bear loads from slabs in ratios, as in yield line
pattern.
Beam 14 1(A-C)
1(A-B) = Panel 1 load + wall load + beam self weight
= 26 KN/m
1(B-C) = Panel 4 load + wall load + beam self weight
= 23 KN/m
Analysis
Moment distribution method
Member stiffness K = 4 end span, 3 interior span
KAB = 0.76 , KBC = 1.48
Distribution factor
.
DFAB = . .
= 0.34
.
DFAB = . .
= 0.66
Fixed End Moment
FEM = FEMAB 33.46 KNM, FEMBA = -33.46KNM
FEMBC = 7.9 KNM , FEMCB – 7.9 KNM.
Joints A B C
Members AB BA BC CB
Distribution factor 1 0.34 0.66 1
Fixed end moment 33.46 -33.46 7.9 -7.9
Out of balance 33.46 -25.56 -7.9
moment
Balance moment -33.46 25.56 7.9
Distribution -33.46 8.69 16.87 7.9

Carried over moment 4.35 -16.73 3.95 8.44

4.35 -12.78 8.44
Distribution -4.35 4.35 8.43 -8.44
Moment summation 0 37.15 37.15 0

Figure 2: Beamax analysis of Beam 14

Support moments MA = 0, MB = 37.15 KNm, MC= 0

Shear forces
VAB = 26 (3.93/2) + (0 – 37.15)/3.93
= 41.64 KNm
VBA = 60.54 KNm , VBC = 41.65 KNm, VCB = 5.05 KNm
Span moment MAB = 0.5 (41.64 x 1.6)
= 33.31 KNm
MBC = 1.2 KNm
Beam design as in slab, but a breadth b = 225 mm
Beam Span is designed as flanged; T- continous edge, F-
discontinous edge, and the support as rectangular section.
Reinforcement Design
Span Reinforcement (Flanged section)

M = 33.31KNm
At a breadth b = 225mm
.
Flange width, b = = 500
M
K= = 0.016
f d
.
L = 0.5 + 0.25 − .
= 0.98

Z = L d = 0.95(407) = 387 mm

A = .
= 222 mm
Provide 2T16 BTM 402 mm2

Support Reinforcement (Rectangular section)

M = 37.2KNm
At a breadth b = 225mm
M
K= = 0.040
f bd
.
L = 0.5 + 0.25 − .
= 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(407) = 387 mm

A = .
= 247 mm
Provide 2T16 TOP 402 mm2

For Shear Link: Provide 2 legs T10@ 250mm spacing.

Beam 17
Figure 3 : Beamax analysis of Beam 17

BEAM 1

Figure 4: Beamax analysis of Beam 1

BEAM 3

Figure 5: Beamax analysis of Beam 3

BEAM 7

Figure 6: Beamax analysis of Beam 7

Beam 19
Figure 7: Beamax analysis of Beam 19

COLUMN DESIGN
Loading
Column self weght = 0.225 X 0.225 X 24 X 1.4 X 3.15
= 5.36 KN
Maximum Beam bending moment = Beam 2 + Beam 20
= 24 + 60 = 84KNm
Design
Member Stiffness
Beam 2 = 0.166(225)450 = 8.3 X 10
Beam 20 = 0.109(225)450 = 5.3 X 10
Minimum moment, 0.05Nh = 0.05 X 400 X 0.23 = 4.6KN
400 X 10 − 0.35(20)225(225)
A = = 177 mm
(0.7 250 − 0.35 20)

Provide 4T12 402 mm2 for all columns.

For Shear Link: Provide 2 legs T10@ 250mm spacing.

PAD FOUNDATION DESIGN

For the assumed soil pressure, P = 190KN/m2

Maximum load from column = 243KN

243 X 1.1
A = = 1212 mm
150 X 1.2
Provide base area of 1200 X 1200 X 300mm (1.44mm )
243 X 1.1
f = − 0.3(24)1.4 = 175.5 KN/m
1.2 X 1.2
M = 0.62 X 0.5 X 5.75 = 30.5 Nm
M
K= = 0.027
f bd
.
L = 0.5 + 0.25 − .
= 0.95

Z = L d = 0.95(407) = 387 mm

A = .
= 584 mm
Provide T12 @ 150mm spacing BOTH WAYS
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results

From the design of the members, the output generated are the reinforcement sizes, spaces
and pattern of their placement. The reinforcement generated are given as:

I. Slab
Main Reinforcements: 12mm diameter bar at 250mm spacing
Distribution Reinforcements: 12mm diameter bar at 250mm spacing

II. Beam design results

Bottom Tensile reinforcement: two 16mm diameter bar(rectangular section).
Top compression: 16mm diameter bar(flanged section).
Link : 2 legs of 10mm diameter bar at 200mm spacing

III. Column design Results

Four 12mm diameter vertical bar, and
Link : 2 legs of 10mm diameter bar at 200mm spacing

IV. Foundation

Table 4.1: Foundation Design Result

Column Base Analysis
Base B1
Base Area(mm) 1440
Service Load(kN/m2) 243
Ultimate Load(kN/m2) 175.5
Depth(mm) 300
Earth Pressure(kN/m2) 190
Moment x-x 48.58
Asreq x-x(mm2) 584
Asprov x-x(mm2) 754
Bar Size(mm) Y12
Spacing(mm) 150
Moment y-y(kN/m) 43.18
Asreq y-y(mm2) 499
Asprov y-y(mm2) 502
Bar Size(mm) Y12
Spacing (mm) 225
Minimum steel area(mm2) 450
Punching Shear Stress(kN/m2) 0.011
Critical Shear(kN) 0.395
Shear Stress(kN/m2) 0.045
 4.2 Discussion
From the result generated of the design, it is estimated that the reinforcement is
generalized upon individual member for uniformity. That is , for all slabs 12mm bar for main
and 12mm for distribution. Liewise for beams , columns and the pad footing as given in the
result above.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The proposed Staff residence has been analyzed and designed using both manual method
and software analysis as stated in the objective and scope of this project. The members:
slab, beam, stairs, column, and column pad have also been detailed. Solid slabs have been
used throughout because of the small sizes of the slab panels and residential function to
serve.

5.2 Recommendation

Having worked on this design project, it would be recommended afterwards that:

1. Private investors should be encouraged through tax exception to build more private
residents in the school to alleviate the problem of off campus accommodation and to
meet the goals of the government in providing a conducive learning environment in
Nigeria institutions.
2. Incorporation manual to computer methods of design should be encouraged so as to
allow in-depth analysis and understanding to give way for all package utilization and
correct software faults.
3. It also would be recommended that when the construction is done to the specification,
it is expected that it would be durably stabilized.
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