Simposium

1
PIQUES
PIQUES yy CHIMENEAS:
CHIMENEAS:
Diseño,
Diseño, Construcción
Construcción yy Operación
Operación
Ph. D., P. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI
tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org
Consultor INTERCADE
Junio 2008
Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

2
5. REVESTIMIENTO DE PIQUES Y
CHIMENEAS
(Shaft & raise lining)

3
SOME GEOMECHANICS &

ROCK MECHANICS

4
ROCK STRESS
• Vertical stress.
– Proportional to the weight of overburden.
– May influence the horizontal stresses.
• Horizontal stress (of concern here).
– Varies from location to location.
– Minimum: elastic theory / Poisson’s ratio.
– Maximum: residual or active tectonic stress.
• Ratio of horizontal to vertical stress vary.
– Usually between two and three.

5
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING

STRESS ON SHAFT LINING
• Fracture pattern of rock.
• Rock anisotropy.
• Shaft diameter.
• Method of shaft sinking.
–Drilling & blasting, or boring.
• Exposure time without support.
• Type and filling of rock joints.
• Aquifer head.

6
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH
•In non-cohesive soils (φ = 50 and c < 10 kPa)
σh = σv Ka
Where: σh – horizontal stress, σv – vertical stress,
and Ka – coefficient of active stress.
•In cohesive soils (φ = 250 and c>10 kPa

σh = σv Ka - 2c (Ka)1/2
Where : c – cohesion, φ – int’l friction angle.

7

8
More Complex Approach

• Define the properties of the rock that are
relevant.
• Example: RMR, Rock Mass Rating.
– See following diapositive.
• Example: Rock Q – rating.
– See references.
• Factors considered include:
Strength of intact rock; discontinuity: density,
condition, orientation; ground water, blasting
damage, in-situ stress …

9
Rock
Mass
Rating
An
Example

10
EXCAVATIONS: STAND-UP TIME VS.

OPEN SPAN
Bieniawski, 1988
11
ROCK MASS CLASSES FOR TBM
APPLICATIONS
Laufer 1988, modified

12
Q - RATING

13
“Q” VALUE
(MSUS – MAX STABLE UNSUPPORTED SPAN)
RQD Jr Jw
• Q= ------------ x -------- x ---------
Jn Ja SFR
Where: 1. Estimate of rock
RQD – Rock Quality Designation. block size.
Jn - Joint set number. 2. Discontinuity shear
Jr - Joint roughness number. strength.
Ja - Joint alteration number. 3. Condition of active
Jw - Joint water reduction factor. stress around the
SFR - Stress reduction factor. excavation.

14
“QR” VALUE FOR SHAFTS

Apply adjustment factors (cumulative):
1. Wall condition adjustment factor.
2. Discontinuity orientation adjustment factor.
3. Weathering and alteration adjustment factor.
Note:
Qr does not predict stand-up times. These need
to be based on RMR rating.

15
STABILITY OF SHAFT EXCAVATION

(AFTER MCCRACKEN & STACEY)

16
EL TENIENTE: ESMERALDA MINE

17
Read
Read Ka
Ka as
as aa function
function of
of
(1)Q-rating,
(1)Q-rating, or
or
(2)RMR
(2)RMR

18
Stress coefficient, n
Note:
Ka’ = n Ka
See the next slide for details of application

19

20
THICKNESS OF SHAFT LINING

(FOR CONCRETE)
Calculated as:
Where:
di – thickness of lining, m.
d – inside shaft diameter, m.
Rc- compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
(use the safety factor of 3).
n – coefficient reflecting the work conditions (Table 17.4.2)
p – calculated outside pressure on lining, MPa.

21

22
CONCRETE LINING THICKNESS
Rc- compressive strength of concrete, MPa

n – coefficient reflecting the work conditions
p – calculated outside pressure on lining, MPa
23
Notes
1. Does not apply to preliminary rock support.
2. Max. unsupported height may vary from 15 to
25 m (see RMR / Q plot).
– Governed by rock quality.
– May be limited by regulations.
3. Preliminary support may improve stability of
shaft excavation.

24
TYPES OF SHAFT LINING

• Shield, caisson.
• Tubbings: cast iron, concrete.
• Concrete: precast, poured in-place.
• Liner plates: bolted, welded.
• Ribs and lagging.
• Shotcrete.
• Rock bolts, grouted.
• Mechanical rock bolts.
• Rock bolts, wire mesh, steel straps.
• Ground stabilization: grouting, freezing.

25

26
WHAT LINING?
• Hydrologic conditions.
• Shaft function.
• Planned shaft life.
• Shape of shaft section.
• Construction cost.
• Availability of construction materials.

27
TYPES OF LINING
• Timber.
• Brick or concrete blocks.
• Concrete.
• Reinforced concrete.
• Tubing (cast iron or pre-cast elements).
• Shotcrete, wire mesh.
• Rock bolts.
• Combination of the above.

28

29

30
TIMBER LINING
• Seldom used.
• Can be “full”.
– Sets closely one over another.
– Used in difficult ground conditions.
• Separate sets.
– If sufficient to cope with ground conditions.
• Each 8 to 15 mm a bearing sets are installed to
tie the lining to surrounding rock.

31

32
BRICK / CONCRETE BLOCK LINING

Brick lining Concrete block lining
1. – Brick, 2. – Wedge block, 3. – Seams filled with mortar

Labor and time intensive, not water tight, low strength

33
CONCRETE LINING
(THE MOST POPULAR)
1. - Concrete
2. - Seams
Less labor intensive, less seams, higher strength

34
CONCRETE LINING
• May be fully mechanized.
– Slip forms or collapsible steel forms)
and a slickline for concrete transport.
• Good bond with the surrounding rock.
• High strength thus less excavation.
• Sensitivity to rock mass movement.
• Difficult repairs.
• Time delay in developing the strength.

35
MORE ON CONCRETE
• Mix prepared on surface close to the shaft.
• Lowered to the site via slicklines.
• Strength 17 to 25 MPa; 35 MPa max.
• Range of thicknesses.
– Minimum thickness of lining 0.2 m, max 0.8 m
• Note: seams.
– Each 4 to 5 m if collapsible steel forms used
– Longer sections (less seams) if sliding forms
are used.

36
SHOTCRETE LINING
• Applicable to dry shafts with good rock.
• Suitable for blind or small dia shafts.
– If the use of concrete forms is difficult.
• Several variants possible.
– Straight or reinforced shotcrete.
– Shotcrete with bolts and/or mesh.
• Attractive properties.
– Good binding with rock.
– High strengts.

37
TUBBING: DIFFICULT GROUND

38

39
CONCLUSIONS
Most likely choice: Other decisions:
– Vertical shaft. • Drill or sink the shaft?
– Circular shaft.
• Shaft diameter.
– Combination one.
• Shaft depth.
– Concrete lined
shaft. • Type of rock.
– Steel sets.

40

41

42

43
SHAFTS: MISCELLANEOUS
• Steelwork / timber sets
– Type and spacing of buntons.
– What are buntons?
• Shaft alignment
– How big a pillar do we have to leave to avoid /
minimize rock movement?
• Emergency escape route
– Ladders? Cost? Falling debris?
– Emergency hoists?

44

45
CONCRETE LINING THICKNESS

46
“CONVENTIONAL” SHAFT SINKING

47
SIMULTANEOUS SINKING AND LINING

• Sinking and lining done in one work cycle.
– Lining erected upwards (blocks, bricks).
– Lining lowered downwards (underhanging
tubing).
• No need for temporary rock support.
• Lining can be delayed for up to 10 m (?) in
competent rock.

48
PARALLEL SINKING & LINING

( IN SEPARATE SECTIONS)
• High capital expenditure.
• Used in large diameter and deep shafts.
• High sinking rate.

49

50
SEQUENTIAL SINKING AND LINING

• Shaft sunk in sections of up to 50 m deep.
– Actual length depends on rock quality.
• Temporary lining installed during sinking.
– To prevent rock falls & accidents.
• Lining of the section done when the sinking
stops.
• Slow sinking rate.
• Low capital expenditure.
• Suitable for small dia & shallow shafts.

51
CONVENTIONAL SINKING
…DRILL-BLAST-VENT-MUCK-LINE…
• Simultaneous sinking and lining.
– All work in the same section of the shaft.
• Delayed lining.
– Sinking and lining done at the same time bu
tin different shaft sections.
• Separate sinking and lining.
– Sinking first and then lining.

52
SHAFT INTEGRITY: MINING

• Compensating axial tension and compression
stresses along the shaft with use of two or more
faces.
• Working symetrically around the shaft,
minimizing shaft tilt and shear.
• Minimizing subsidence by backfilling or/and
leaving a core pillar.
• Designing shaft lining to accomodate
movements.
• Monitoring axial deformation, tilt and bending
during operation.

53
Shaft lining through water bearing strata

designed to tolerate subsidence
Source: SME Hbk

54
FLEXIBLE SHAFT LINING

• Sliding joint reduces friction and seals the shaft
through water bearing zones.
• Expansion joint in the lining at the mining
horizon absorbs axial compression.
• Compressible courses placed 30 to 50 m apart
allow the shaft to yield or bend.
– BUT the shaft looses watertightness!
• Weak mortar serves as a compressible course
and facilitates masonry repair.

55
MORE …
• Annular cushion of fly ash at the mining horizon
absorbs lateral expansion and vertical
compression.
• Outer ring of concrete seals fractured strata and
prevents shear from intersecting faults.
• Monitoring movements to indicate dangers in a
timely manner.

56
SHAFT LINING: REGS

(1) If a shaft is to be lined with timber, an
employer or contractor must ensure that:
(a) the timber is suitable and of adequate
strength; and
(b) the lining is installed and maintained to a
distance of not less than 15 metres from the
bottom of the shaft.

57
CONT….
(2) If a shaft is to be lined with concrete or steel and
concrete, an employer, contractor or owner must:
(a) ensure that the lining is of suitable construction
and is strong enough to withstand the maximum load
that may reasonably be anticipated;
(b) specify a reasonable maximum distance to be
permitted between the lower extremity of the lining and
the shaft bottom and notify the chief mines inspector of
that distance; and
(c) ensure that the lining, whether temporary or
permanent, is installed and maintained to a distance
from the bottom of the shaft that is not less than the
distance specified pursuant to clause (b).

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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

SOME GEOMECHANICS &

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

•In cohesive soils (φ = 250 and c>10 kPa

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

More Complex Approach

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

EXCAVATIONS: STAND-UP TIME VS.

Laufer 1988, modified

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

“QR” VALUE FOR SHAFTS

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

STABILITY OF SHAFT EXCAVATION

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

EL TENIENTE: ESMERALDA MINE

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

See the next slide for details of application

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

THICKNESS OF SHAFT LINING

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

CONCRETE LINING THICKNESS

Rc- compressive strength of concrete, MPa

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

TYPES OF SHAFT LINING

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

BRICK / CONCRETE BLOCK LINING

1. – Brick, 2. – Wedge block, 3. – Seams filled with mortar

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Less labor intensive, less seams, higher strength

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

TUBBING: DIFFICULT GROUND

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

CONCRETE LINING THICKNESS

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade

“CONVENTIONAL” SHAFT SINKING

Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - tgolosinski@expo.intercade.org - Consultor Intercade