DESIGN OF SANITARY WASTE WATER SYSTEM:

SANITARY SEWER DESIGN

 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

INTRODUCTION:

The basic functional elements of a conventional sewerage system include:

House connections - collecting wastewater from houses.
Network of sewer systems - for collection and conveying the wastewater.
Treatment plant - for processing wastewater.
Receiving environment (water or land) - for disposal of the treated wastewater.

SANITARY SEWER: BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

Wastewater flow -industrial, commercial & residential

Hydraulic-design equation
Sewer pipe materials
Minimum pipe sizes
Minimum and maximum velocities
Slopes and cover
Evaluation of alternative alignments or designs
Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances

ASSUMPTIONS:

Only sanitary sewer system is designed & the system is separate sewer system.
Wastewater is transported by gravity and discharged to STP.
A percentage of total average water demand in each zone is taken equal to wastewater flows
from that zone:
Industrial 90%
Residential 70%
Institutional 70%
Commercial 70%
Following peak factors are considered in wastewater calculation:
Industrial 2.1
Institutional 4.0
Commercial 1.8
Residential 3.34 [Figure]
Since new sewers were laid out, Manning’s n = 0.013 is used.
Minimum pipe size of 6 inch (150 mm) is used.
Minimum velocity for self cleansing is taken 2 ft/sec (0.6 m/s) & maximum velocity for
avoiding scouring of pipe is taken 10 ft/sec (3 m/s).

STEPS FOR DESIGN OF TRUNK SEWER:

From the plan of the Industrial Village the layout of wastewater sewer network is prepared.
All the junctions (nodes) of branch sewers/main sewers with the Trunk sewer are identified and
marked.
Each sub area or service area (in hectors) contributing to each junction/node is calculated for
determining infiltration rate allowance for each sub area.
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

Population/unit used under each sub area is calculated.

Total water consumption (L/d) for each sub area is calculated.
Average wastewater flow per day for each type of unit is calculated,
Average ww flow (per day) = multiplying factor for respective areas * peak factor * time factor *
water consumption rate of the unit per day
PEAK ww flow per day for each unit is calculated,
Peak ww flow per day = avg. ww flow per day * peak factor
Infiltration allowance (m3/ha-d) for each sub area using calculated size of the sub area is
found from Figure,
Infiltration and in flow (I/I) = infiltration allowance (m3/ha-d) * area (ha)
Cumulative Peak flow contributing to each node is calculated,
Total Flow, Q (m/sec) = total peak ww flow towards each node + Infiltration and inflow
Size of the pipe segment in between two successive nodes is determined using manning
formula,
Pipe Diameter, D (m) = 1.548 [nQ/ √S] 0.375---------- (1)
The criteria for minimum slope (S) is obtained from Table.
“QFull” is calculated using Dactual in equation- (1).
Velocity, Vfull is calculated using manning’s equation,
Vfull = (1/n) * (D/4)2/3 * S1/2
 (Q/QFull) is calculated. Using Figure, (d/DFull) and (V/VFull) are found out.
V is determined and checked with V – minimum (self-cleansing velocity) and V – maximum
(non-scouring velocity). V is revised if necessary.

STEPS FOR PREPARING LONGITUDINAL PROFILE OF TRUNK

SEWER:

From available contour diagram of the area, ground surface elevation at each node along the
trunk sewer trench line is found.
Sewer pipe invert elevation at each end (upper and lower) for each segment of pipe is found,
Invert elevation of sewer pipe at upper end = Ground Elevation – 2 m cover – Pipe thickness (50
mm) – Diameter of the pipe
Sewer pipe Crown elevation at each end is calculated,
Crown elevation of sewer pipe at upper end = Invert Elevation + Diameter of the pipe
Longitudinal profile showing details of ground elevation, tentative position of manholes,
invert crown etc. for all nodes is drawn.

MANHOLE POSITION

Manholes are located at

1. Changes in direction
2. Changes in slope
3. At junctions
4. At intermediate points spacing not exceeding 300 ft
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

Calculation of Wastewater Flow

Here,
Line 4 consists of node 4 and node 5 and the contributing sub area is A6 which is a commercial
area. So the peak factor of this area is 1.8.
As the percentage of wastewater flow of commercial area is 70-80%,we assume
Percentage of average water demand to be considered for WW generation = 75%

Avg. unit flow of this area

Bank= 3.3m3/day
Shopping mall= 3.63 m3/day
Restaurant= 23.76 m3/day
Police station=3.168 m3/day
Parking lot = 0.083 m3/day
Fuel pump=.825 m3/day
Cinema hall= 5.445 m3/day

Peak wastewater flow= Avg. unit flow*peak factor*% of wastewater flow.

So peak wastewater flow of

Bank=3.3*1.8*.75=4.455 m3/day
Shopping mall=3.63*1.8*.75=4.9005 m3/day
Restaurant =23.76*1.8*.75=32.076 m3/day
Police station=3.168*1.8*.75= 4.2768 m3/day
Parking lot = 0.083*1.8*.75 = 0.112 m3/day
Fuel pump=.825*1.8*.75= 1.11375 m3/day
Cinema hall= 5.445*1.8*.75=7.35075 m3/day

Total peak wastewater flow=4.455+4.9005+32.076+4.2768+0.112+1.11375+7.35075

=54.285m3/day
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

Entering flow from Line 3 = 808.76 m3/day

Cumulative wastewater flow = 808.76+54.285 =863.045 m3/day

Again for Line 4 (Node 4 to Node 5),

Contributing Area of A6 = 316350 m3
= 316350 / (3.28^2*10^4)
= 2.9405 ha

Average Infiltration Rate = 8.75 m3/ha.d

Infiltration and in flow = 8.75*2.9405 = 25.729 m3/day

Design of Trunk Sewer

For Pipe 5 (Connecting N5 and N6):

Cumulative Wastewater flow = 890.574 m3/d
Cumulative Infiltration flow = 231.285 m3/d
Total wastewater flow, Q= 890.574+231.285 = 1121.859 m3/d = 0.013 m3/s
Pipe length = 410 ft =124.968 m
Elevation at N5=25.5 m and Elevation at N6=25.2 m
Ground Slope=(25.5-25.2)/124.968 =0.0024
n = 0.013
Assuming pipe slope, s =0.0039
Using Manning’s equation,
Exact diameter of pipe, D = 1.548 * (nQ/√S) 0.375
= 1.548 [(0.013 * 0.0013)/√0.0039]0.375
= 0.169 m
= 169 mm
rial

Provided pipe diameter, Dactual= 200 mm

(1/0.375)
Full flow, Qfull = (D/1.548) * (√S/n)
2.67 2.67
= [(200/1000) /1.548 ] * (√0.0039/0.013)
= 0.02 m3/s
Now, Vfull = (1/n) * (D/4)2/3 * S1/2
= (1/0.013) * [(200/1000)/4]2/3 * 0.00391/2
= 0.652 m/s
So, Q/Qfull= 0.013/0.02
= 0.634

From Hydraulic Element Graph,

For, Q/Qfull= 0.634
We get,
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

D/Dfull= 0.58
V/Vfull = 1.08
So, V = 1.08 * Vfull
= 1.08 * 0.652
= 0.704 m/s; which is greater than 0.6 m/s (minimum velocity)
So, pipe diameter is OK.

Invert and Crown Elevation Calculation for longitudinal profile

For pipe segment 1,

Ground surface elevation at, upper end = 29m & lower end = 27.5m
Pipe diameter = 200 m
Pipe length = 199.69 m
Pipe slope = 0 0076
Minimum sewer pipe cover = 2m
So, the pipe upper surface elevation at upper end = (29-2) =27m
The pipe upper surface elevation at lower end = 27-(0.0076*199.69) = 25.48m
Cover at lower end = (27.5-25.48)= 2.02 m which is greater than 2m.
Invert elevation of sewer pipe at upper end = Ground elevation – 2m cover - pipe thickness
(50mm) – pipe diameter
Crown elevation of sewer pipe = Invert elevation + pipe diameter
So, for pipe 1,
Invert elevation at upper end = 29-2-0.05-0.2 = 26.75m
Crown elevation at upper end = 26.75+0.2=26.95m
Invert elevation at lower end = 27.5-2.02-0.05-0.2 = 25.23m
Crown elevation at lower end = 25.23+0.2=25.43m
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

Waste water flow of Residential, Commercial and Industrial area Calculation

Line From To sub Description Avg.unit Avg.unit Peak % of Peak Cumulative

area flow flow Factor wastewater wastewater peak flow
(LPD) (m^3/d) flow flow (m^3/d)
(m^3/d)
1 N1 N2 A1 School 29700 29.7 4 75 89.100 312.444
Library 1485 1.485 4 75 4.455
Gymnasium 1320 1.32 1.8 75 1.782
Guest house 990 0.99 1.8 75 1.337
Club 5940 5.94 1.8 75 8.019
A2 Parking 83 0.083 1.8 75 0.112
R2 82890 82.89 3.34 75 207.639
residence
2 N2 N3 A3 Bungalow 6080 6.08 3.34 75 15.230 696.159
R1 104400 104.4 3.34 75 261.522
residence
Mosque 4950 4.95 4 75 14.850
A4 Post office 2475 2.475 1.8 75 3.341
Public toilet 550 0.55 1.8 75 0.743
Local 5280 5.28 1.8 75 7.128
market
Convention 5940 5.94 1.8 75 8.019
hall
Dormitory 29050 29.05 3.34 75 72.770
Parking 83 0.083 1.8 75 0.112
3 N3 N4 A5 Hospital 82500 82.5 1.8 75 111.375 808.760
Parking 83 0.083 1.8 75 0.112
Park 825 0.825 1.8 75 1.114
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

4 N4 N5 A6 Bank 3300 3.3 1.8 75 4.455 863.045

Shopping 3630 3.63 1.8 75 4.901
mall
Restaurant 23760 23.76 1.8 75 32.076
Police station 3168 3.168 1.8 75 4.277
Parking 83 0.083 1.8 75 0.112
Fuel pump 825 0.825 1.8 75 1.114
Cinema hall 5445 5.445 1.8 75 7.351
5 N5 N6 A7 MD office 169 0.169 2.1 90 0.319 890.574
Canteen 83 0.083 2.1 90 0.157
Parking 1125 1.125 2.1 90 2.126
Sales and 44 0.044 2.1 90 0.083
display
Maintenance 5737.5 5.7375 2.1 90 10.844
office
Raw material 88 0.088 2.1 90 0.166
storage
Truck 1200 1.2 2.1 90 2.268
washing
Testing lab 3438 3.438 2.1 90 6.498
Power 420 0.42 2.1 90 0.794
starion
Quality 688 0.688 2.1 90 1.300
control
A9 Fire station 1485 1.485 2.1 90 2.807
Storage 88 0.088 2.1 90 0.166
6 N6 N7 A8 Admin 937.5 0.9375 2.1 90 1.772 3569.098
buliding
Engineering 675 0.675 2.1 90 1.276
section
Medical 2700 2.7 2.1 90 5.103
center
Security 225 0.225 2.1 90 0.425
office
Splitting & 225000 225 2.1 90 425.250
drying
Desalting & 315000 315 2.1 90 595.350
liming
Coloring & 568875 568.875 2.1 90 1075.174
polishing
Deliming 300000 300 2.1 90 567.000
Measurement 3188 3.188 2.1 90 6.025
& packaging
Finish 88 0.088 2.1 90 0.166
storage
ETP 520 0.52 2.1 90 0.983
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

Calculation of Infiltration

Peak Total
Infiltration
Contributing Area Area Total Infiltration Cumulative
Line From To and Inflow
area (ft^2) (hectors) Area Factor Infiltration
(m^3/d)
(m^3/ha*d) (m^3/d)

A1 267900 2.490147
1 N1 N2 4.5034578 8.75 39.405 39.405
A2 216600 2.013311

A3 461775 4.292227
2 N2 N3 7.929153 8.75 69.380 108.785
A4 391275 3.636926

3 N3 N4 A5 373350 3.470312 2.0486 8.75 17.925 126.711

4 N4 N5 A6 316350 2.940493 2.940493 8.75 25.729 152.440

A7 774000 7.194378
5 N5 N6 9.0222524 8.75 78.945 231.385
A9 196650 1.827874

6 N6 N7 A8 883650 8.213582 8.2135819 8.75 71.869 303.253

 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

Design of Trunk sewer

Total Exact Actual Q

Wastewa pipe V/
Infiltration wastew pipe (full) Q/ Vfull V
Pipe (m^3/d) ter Slope Dia. d/D Vful Comment
ater Dia. (m^3 Qfull (m/s) (m/s)
(m^3/d) (mm) l
(m^3/s) (m) /s)

1 39.405 312.44 0.0041 0.0076 0.096 200 0.029 0.142 0.27 0.73 0.91 0.664 Ok

2 108.785 696.159 0.0093 0.0054 0.140 200 0.024 0.386 0.42 0.92 0.767 0.706 Ok

3 126.711 808.76 0.0108 0.0045 0.153 200 0.022 0.492 0.5 0.99 0.700 0.693 Ok

4 152.44 863.045 0.0118 0.0042 0.160 200 0.021 0.553 0.54 1.02 0.677 0.690 Ok

5 231.285 890.574 0.0130 0.0039 0.169 200 0.020 0.634 0.58 1.08 0.652 0.704 Ok

6 303.253 3569.098 0.0448 0.0036 0.272 300 0.058 0.772 0.65 1.11 0.821 0.911 Ok
 Design of Sanitary Waste Water System

Elevation of Sewers

Ground Elevation of Sewer Pipe Sewer Pipe

Cover (min
Surface pipe upper Invert Crown
Length 2m)
Elevation surface Elevation Elevation
of Diameter
Slope
Sewer (mm) At At At At At At At At At At
(m) Upper Lowe Upper Lowe Upper Lowe Upper Lowe Upper Lowe
End r End End r End End r End End r End End r End
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
200
199.69 0.0076 29 27.5 27 25.48 2 2.018 26.75 25.23 26.95 25.43

173.78 200 0.0054 27.5 26.75 25.48 24.54 2.02 2.206 25.23 24.29 25.43 24.49
64.02 200 0.0045 26.75 26.5 24.54 24.26 2.21 2.244 24.29 24.01 24.49 24.21

182.93 200 0.0042 26.5 25.5 24.26 23.49 2.24 2.012 24.01 23.24 24.21 23.44

125 200 0.0039 25.5 25.2 23.49 23 2.01 2.2 23.24 22.75 23.44 22.95

52.59 300 0.0036 25.2 25 23 22.81 2.2 2.189 22.75 22.46 22.95 22.76