Topic 2.1 Cell Structure Checklist. Biology.

Exam from 2015

Topic Course Objectives Pupil Speak Textbook Revised
pages

2.1.1

Identify eukaryotic cells from their organelles. 67-72

Label cell organelles from images.

Describe the structure and functions of

thenucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, rough and
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
golgi vesicles and lysosomes.

Describe the structure and function of the cell wall

in plants, algae and fungi.

Describe the structure and function of the cell

vacuole in plants.
2.1.2

Identify prokaryotic cells from their organelles. 75-76

Know relative sizes of different cells.
Label cell parts from images.
Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells.
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.

2.1.3

Use the calculation for magnification correctly. 58-66

Explain the principles of magnification and
resolution.
Describe what cell fractionation is.
Explain how ultracentrifugation works.
Convert between units e.g mm-​ μm
Explain how to calibrate an eyepiece graticule.
Explain how to measure cell size using an
eyepiece graticule.
Learn how to calculate the size of a specimen
and magnification from drawings and
photographs.
Explain how an electron microscope works.
Explain the differences between a transmission
electron microscope and a scanning microscope.
Describe the limitations of the transmission and
scanning electron microscopes.
2.2
Discuss the advantages of cellular differentiation. 73-74
Describe how cells are arranged into tissues. and
Describe how tissues are arranged into organs. 77-81
Describe how organs are arranged into organ systems.
Describe what mitosis is.
State when DNA replication takes place.
Explain the importance of mitosis.
Describe the three stages of the cell cycle.
Describe what happens during interphase.
Explain how mitosis is controlled.
Describe how cancer and its treatment relate to the
cell cycle.
Describe replication in prokaryotes and viruses.
2.3

Label the structure of a cell surface membrane. 84-97

Describe the structure of the cell surface membrane.
Describe the functions of the various components of
the cell surface membrane.
Explain the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane
structure.
Explain what diffusion is and how it occurs.
Explain what affects the rate of diffusion.
Distinguish between facilitated diffusion and
diffusion.
Describe the nature of osmosis.
State the water potential of pure water.
Describe the effect of solutes on water potential.
Explain how water potential affects water movement.
Explain what happens when animal cells and plant
cells are placed into pure water.
Explain the process of active transport.
Describe the conditions required for active transport.
Describe the part villi and microvilli play in absorption.
Explain how the products of carbohydrate digestion
are absorbed in the ileum.
Explain the role of diffusion, active transport and
co-transport in the process.
2.4
Describe the main defence mechanisms of the body.
Explain how the body distinguishes between its own 102-118
cells and foreign cells.
Describe the first line of defence against a disease.
Explain the process of phagocytosis.
Describe the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis.
State the definition of an antigen.
Describe the two main types of lymphocyte.
Explain the role of T cells in cell-mediated immunity.
Explain the role of B cells in humoral immunity.
Explain the roles of plasma cells and antibodies in the
primary immune response.
Explain the role of memory cells in the secondary
immune response.
Explain how antigenic variation affects the body’s
response to infection.
Describe the structure of an antibody.
Describe the functions of antibodies.
Describe the nature of monoclonal antibodies.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to target
specific substances and cells.
Describe the nature of vaccines
Describe the features of an effective vaccination
programme.
Explain why vaccination rarely eradicates a disease.
Discuss the ethical issues associated with vaccination
programmes.
 119-121
Describe the structure of the human
immunodeficiency virus.
Explain how the human immunodeficiency virus
replicates.
Explain how the human immunodeficiency virus
causes AIDS.
Describe the treatment and control of AIDS.
Explain how the ELISA test works.
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.