Granite Aggregates Granite Aggregates Are Crushed Hard

Republic of the Philippines
City of Taguig
Taguig City University
Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City
Types of Aggregates
1. Granite aggregates Granite aggregates are crushed hard

rock of granular structure, being the most common on
Earth. Granite rock comes from magma that erupted on
the ground surface and then hardened. Good properties of
granite make it the most popular building material.
2. Limestone aggregates Limestone aggregates are a product

of the crushing of sedimentary rock – limestone, which is
composed mainly of calcite (calcium carbonate – СаСО3).
Limestone aggregates (sometimes called lime or dolomite
aggregate) is one of the main types of aggregates that
besides the gravel and the granite types is used in road
construction and in production of reinforced concrete
objects.
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. Secondary aggregates Secondary aggregate comes from

crushing construction waste – concrete, bricks, and asphalt. This
type of aggregate is made with the same equipment as other
types of aggregates. The main benefit of secondary aggregate is
its low cost: on average, it is two times cheaper than the granite
type.
3. 5. Slag aggregates Slag aggregates are obtained by

crushing of smelter slag or by special treatment of fire-
liquid slag melt (molten slag aggregates). Currently there
are many types of concretes that are developed and used
in construction that include metallurgical slags both as a
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binding component and as fillers. The cost of products

from slag concretes is 20-30% lower than traditional ones.
4.
5.
6. 2. Gravel aggregates Gravel aggregates are aggregates
acquired as the result of sifting quarried rock and by
crushing natural stone rock. In strength, gravel aggregates
are inferior to granite aggregates, but they also have their
advantages: their radioactive background is usually very
low and they are cheaper than granite aggregates. Gravel
aggregates are used for foundations and concretes and in
products made of reinforced concrete and in road
construction.
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7.
USES OF AGGREGATES
1) PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS

A) ROADS / EXPRESSWAYS
(30,000 T / KM EXPRESSWAYS)
– Crushed gravel for the foundation layer

– Untreated gravel for the base layer
– Fine gravel, filler sand for the surfacing layer
B) RAILWAYS
(10,000 T / KM HIGH SPEED LINE)
Gravel for sub-base and ballast
C) DIKES, SILLS, DAMS
– Blocks of 1 to 6 tons, or more depending on the current or the swell.
2) CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS AND STRUCTURES
A) BRIDGES, TUNNELS
– Gravel and sand for concrete (2 T per 1 m3 of concrete)
3) BUILDING PROJECTS
STRUCTURES CAST ON SITE
– Fine gravel and sand for ready to use concrete

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6) PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES
– Fine gravel and sand for prefabricated concrete
7) FACINGS
– Fine gravel and sand for prefabricated concrete

– Stone for coatings
– Sand for facade plaster
8) DECORATION
– Building stone
– Facing stone
DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS AND SYSTEMS
TRENCHING
– All types of fill

– Gravel
FOOTPATH COATING
– Colored fine gravel

– Fine gravel for exposed aggregate concrete
– Paving stone
PROERTIES OF AGGREGATES
1. COMPOSITION
Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalies in cement and cause
excessive expansion, cracking and deterioration of concrete mix should never be used.
Therefore it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is presence of any such
constituents in aggregate or not.
2. SIZE & SHAPE

The size and shape of the aggregate particles greatly influence the quantity of cement
required in concrete mix and hence ultimately economy of concrete. For the preparation of
economical concrete mix on should use largest coarse aggregates feasible for the
structure. IS-456 suggests following recommendation to decide the maximum size of
coarse aggregate to be used in P.C.C & R.C.C mix.
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3. SURFACE TEXTURE
The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles and cement paste
depends upon the surface texture, surface roughness and surface porosity of the
aggregate particles.
If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond strength develops. In porous surface
aggregates, the bond strength increases due to setting of cement paste in the pores.
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24 hours at a temperature of
100 to 1100C, to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated dry surface
aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates.
1. COMPOSITION
Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalies in cement and cause
excessive expansion, cracking and deterioration of concrete mix should never be used.
Therefore it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is presence of any such
constituents in aggregate or not.
2. SIZE & SHAPE

The size and shape of the aggregate particles greatly influence the quantity of cement
required in concrete mix and hence ultimately economy of concrete. For the preparation of
economical concrete mix on should use largest coarse aggregates feasible for the
structure. IS-456 suggests following recommendation to decide the maximum size of
coarse aggregate to be used in P.C.C & R.C.C mix.
3. SURFACE TEXTURE
The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles and cement paste
depends upon the surface texture, surface roughness and surface porosity of the
aggregate particles.
If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond strength develops. In porous surface
aggregates, the bond strength increases due to setting of cement paste in the pores.
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24 hours at a temperature of
100 to 1100C, to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated dry surface
aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates.
Specific gravity values are also used while designing concrete mix.
5. BULK DENSITY
It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume. It is
generally expressed in kg/litre.
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6. VOIDS
The empty spaces between the aggregate particles are known as voids. The volume of
void equals the difference between the gross volume of the aggregate mass and the
volume occupied by the particles alone.
7. POROSITY & ABSORPTION

The minute holes formed in rocks during solidification of the molten magma, due to air
bubbles, are known as pores. Rocks containing pores are called porous rocks.
Water absorption may be defined as the difference between the weight of very dry
aggregates and the weight of the saturated aggregates with surface dry conditions.
8. BULKING OF SAND
It can be defined as in increase in the bulk volume of the quantity of sand (i.e. fine
aggregate) in a moist condition over the volume of the same quantity of dry or completely
saturated sand. The ratio of the volume of moist sand due to the volume of sand when dry,
is called bulking factor.
9. FINENESS MODULUS
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative percentages of
aggregate retained on each of the standard sieves ranging from 80 mm to 150 micron and
dividing this sum by 100.
10. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF AGGREGATE

The surface area per unit weight of the material is termed as specific surface. This is an
indirect measure of the aggregate grading. Specific surface increases with the reduction in
the size of aggregate particle. The specific surface area of the fine aggregate is very much
more than that of coarse aggregate.
11. DELETERIOUS MATERIALS

Aggregates should not contain any harmful material in such a quantity so as to affect the
strength and durability of the concrete. Such harmful materials are called deleterious
materials. Deleterious materials may cause one of the following effects
 To interfere hydration of cement

 To prevent development of proper bond
 To reduce strength and durability
 To modify setting times
12. CRUSHING VALUE

The aggregates crushing value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under gradually applied compressive load. The aggregate crushing strength value
is a useful factor to know the behavior of aggregates when subjected to compressive
loads.
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13. IMPACT VALUE

The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact. The impact value of an aggregate is sometime used as an
alternative to its crushing value.
14. ABRASION VALUE OF AGGREGATES

The abrasion value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to wear when it
is rotated in a cylinder along with some abrasive charge.

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Republic of the Philippines

1. Granite aggregates Granite aggregates are crushed hard

2. Limestone aggregates Limestone aggregates are a product

. Secondary aggregates Secondary aggregate comes from

3. 5. Slag aggregates Slag aggregates are obtained by

binding component and as fillers. The cost of products

1) PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS

– Crushed gravel for the foundation layer

Gravel for sub-base and ballast

C) DIKES, SILLS, DAMS

– Blocks of 1 to 6 tons, or more depending on the current or the swell.

2) CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS AND STRUCTURES

– Gravel and sand for concrete (2 T per 1 m3 of concrete)

STRUCTURES CAST ON SITE

– Fine gravel and sand for ready to use concrete

– Fine gravel and sand for prefabricated concrete

– Fine gravel and sand for prefabricated concrete

DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS AND SYSTEMS

– All types of fill

– Colored fine gravel

2. SIZE & SHAPE

2. SIZE & SHAPE

7. POROSITY & ABSORPTION

10. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF AGGREGATE

11. DELETERIOUS MATERIALS

 To interfere hydration of cement

12. CRUSHING VALUE

13. IMPACT VALUE

14. ABRASION VALUE OF AGGREGATES

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