Oral Prep

Power distribution
 Draw a power distribution diagram
 What planned maintenance is done on the power distribution system?
 Daily maintenance : Do lamp test on M.S.B , check insulation readings on 440 and 220
distribution system. Check all measuring instrument for malfunction., check if one group of
machinery is on stby start. Check if no objects kept in front or back of switchboard, check
ventilation near switchboard in operational. Check lighting on switchboard.
 Monthly: change over machinery after trying automatic change over, try out switchboard
alarms and trips, like preferential trip, reverse power trip, check ACB arc chutes, after
drawing out breakers, try ES1 And ES2 group of remote trips,, using a vacuum cleaned
remover dirt and dust from starter panels
 What is a shore supply? What is it used for?
 Used when ship enters dry-dock or in port if maintenance of the main generator are
required.
 Shore supply panel should have a earthing connection to the ship’s hull, a phase inductor
lamps, isolating switch, fuses or circuit breaker, Terminal connection , name plate on the
panel indicating the ships power specification. Checks shore cable for condition and
insulation certificate if possible.
 After connection of shore cable on the shore supply box, first check if phase sequence is
alright, one lamp dark and one bright according to as stated on the panel, confirm
magnitude of voltage on the msb shore connection voltmeter, keep the emergency
generator on manual, the shore supply breaker is interlocked with the ship breaker, so
before changing over first close all breakers of sequential start circuits, than switch off the
ships breaker and then switch of shore breaker, check insulation and voltage correct.
 Switch of essential loads since there is a limited capacity on shore breaker, 300 amps
normally.
 How do you connect to shore supply? What are the main things you should check before
connecting? Where would you connect?
 What fault prevention methods are used and how are they tested?
 Phase indicating lamps, circuit breakers, earthling connection to hull, voltmeter, interlock
to main breaker.
 What trips are in place on a distribution system?
 Breaker overload : Low frequency – 95 % - 5 sec
Over current – 105 % - 5 sec,
 Breaker Trip : Short circuit current trip
Under Voltage Trip
Over voltage Trip
Reverse Power Trip
Emergency stop / manual stop.
Bus Abnormal Alarm – Low frequency 90% - 5 sec
Low Volt -95 % - 5 SEC
High Volt - 105 % - 5 sec
Low Frequency – 95 % – 5 sec / pre trip
High frequency - 105 % 5 sec
Automatic load shift and breaker disconnect: 70% load -10 min and due to Heavy load 90 %
-15 sec.
Why is an under voltage trip needed?
  To prevent the closure of the breaker by mistake, or the generator that is coming on load
during parallel operation, It also provides protection against loss of voltage while machinery
is connected to the switchboard.
 What is a preferential trip?
 Preferential trip is a kind of electrical arrangement on ship which is designed to disconnect
the non-essential circuit i.e. non-essential load from the main bus bar in case of partial
failure or overload of the main supply
 How do you manually sync generators?
.The main things that are kept in check for synchronizing a generator are :
 Frequency
 Voltage
 Load
 Phase
After Bringing the generator that is to be synchronized(In-coming) to the desired
parameters. Turn on the synchronizing relay and keep a close look at the needle.
 The needle in the synchroscope will move at a varying speed initially. Adjust the
speed of the generator by obtaining a steady slow motion of the needle in the clock
wise direction.
 Once the needle is moving at a steady speed, depress the breaker close button when
the needle has traveled three-fourth of its way. Energize the breakers when the needle
reaches a position similar to the 11' o clock position of a clock.
 After doing this, check the parameters of the on-coming generator. They should be
same as those of the leading generator. i.e 440 Volts and 60 hertz

 What is a synchroscope? Why must it be switched off after use?

 A synchroscope measure and display the frequency difference and phase angle between
two power. It plays a vital role in ensuring that the two power supplies which are being
synchronized are "in phase" with each other.
 You can leave the sync scope in the circuit, but it tells you very little after synchronization
because the bus will keep the generator in sync except for an anomaly in generator
operation or system conditions. The sync scope would stay pinned at the top, the lights
would be off, and the voltage and freq meters would show the bus conditions. Therefore it is
usually turned off after sync.
 What does it mean if the synchroscope is moving fast in an anticlockwise direction?
 If the incoming generator's frequency is more than that of the bus bar, the pointer rotates in
the "Too fast" clockwise direction. The machine then needs to be slowed down. If the
frequency of the incoming machine is less that that of the bus bar, the rotation of the
pointer is in the opposite "Too Slow" direction.
 What does it mean if the synchroscope has stopped in the 6 o’clock position?
 The positions are usually compared with the markings on the clock. Thus a 3 'O'clock
position would indicate that the voltages are apart by an angle of 30 degrees. The 6 'O'clock
position would indicate that the sources are apart by 180 degrees. When the pointer is at
the 12'O'clock position, it indicates that the difference in phase angle between the two
sources is zero. The breaker connecting the two sources can now be closed.
 Does the synchroscope show the direction of the generator shaft?
 No, It shows the phase difference, and frequency difference between two sources.
 What are the dangers of trying to put a generator on the board that isn’t synchronised?
  If synchronized when generator running slow the incoming machine would draw motoring
current which may operate its reverse power relay and trip the breaker of the generator
already on the busbar due to overload.
 When not in synchronism at time of closing the Breaker, The voltage phase difference will
cause large circulating current between the machines.
 This will result in large magnetic forces to pull the generator into synchronism i.e rapid
acceleration and de acceleration of the other rotor.
 What should happen if you try to do this?
 Deformation of stator windings, Heavy movement between stator and frame, Failure of
diodes ,twisted rotor shaft, damaging the surge protector.
 What are the procedures following a blackout?
 Although we have a PMS system which would start the stby generator, taking on load will
take time and blackout can happen. Do not panic when such a situation happens,
 Bridge : as soon as blackout happens engine telegraph handle has to be put on stop,, and
position of the vessel needs to be recorded, Master need to be informed , and proper look
out need to be carried out, look out for other ships in the area.
Engine room : Attend all the alarms and try to get power back, by running the stby
generator.
Chief engineer should be called and informed about the situation.
Aux Boiler need to be started.
If ship is UMS sequential starting of machinery will take place, First fuel oil pumps and
steering gear started, below diagram shows sequential starts of machinery
Start domestic fridge, and air condition plant ,check all machineries. Check cause of black
out and bring generator on stby as soon as possible.

 What do transformers do and how do they work?

 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by
electromagnetic induction, without a change in frequency. It can be voltage or current.
 Electrical energy is converted in to a magnetic field and when a magnetic field moves across
a wire a voltage is induced into that wire so electrical energy is converted back in the
secondary windings.

What are bus couplers for? Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the
other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. Bus coupler is a
breaker used to couple two busbars in order to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers
associated with that busbar. It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.

 Why use breakers instead of switches?

 A Breaker will not create hazardous arcs, so you don’t need to interrupter the power
supply, while can cause Hazardous arcing.
 What is a PMS? What does it do?
 The marine power management system is a complete switchboard and generator control
system. It handles various configurations of generators driven by diesel engine,
 What measures are in place to limit fault currents on high and low voltage switchboards?
 Earth lamps connected to the main switch board, instrument type earth detectors, NER
Neutral earthing resistors connected to the earth on HV system.
 What is an earth fault? How can it affect the running of the ship?
 An earth fault is due to a break in the insulation, allowing the conductor to touch the hull or
an earthed metal enclosure. The size of the fault depends upon the overhaul impendence
left in the circuit under fault condition.
 Majority of earth faults occur within the electrical equipment due to an insulation failure or
a loose wire, which allows the live conductor to come in contact with the metal enclosure,
 To protect against the danger of electrical shock and fire that may results from earth faults,
the metal enclosure and other non- current carrying metal parts of electrical equipment
must be earthed between the enclosure and ships hull, to prevent it from attaining a
dangerous voltage with respect to earth, the earthing of enclosure will ensure that the
equipment will always remain at zero volts. Because it would be at a same potential.
 How do we know if there is an earth fault? With the help of earthing lamps and earth
indicators.
 How can you locate earth faults?
 First try and disconnect loads which are more prone to low insulation like the galley hot
plates , hearters, deck and engine room lighting, hand lamps. If earth fault still remains then
selective switching of group starter panels and distribution switch boards , will be needed to
rectify the fault. If still earthing remains interchange the transformer.
 Why are earth fault detection meters more effective than earth lamps?
 The major disadvantage is that they are not very sensitive and will fail to indicate the
presence of high impendence earth fault. It limits the maximum earth fault monitoring
current to 60 amp compared to the instrument type which limits it to 1 Amp
 How to earth lamps work? How do you know you have a fault?
 One end of the lamps are connected to each phase on the bulbar, and the other end of the
lamp is common connected to earth thru a test switch. When the system is healthy than the
lamp glows with equal half brilliance, if a earth fault occurs on one line than the lamp
connected to the line goes dark or dim, the other lamps will experience higher voltage so it
will glow bright.
 What test equipment should be used to trace earth faults?
 A (Insulation resistance tester )mugger with a dc voltage of 500 volts.
 What are essential, non-essential and emergency loads?
Essential services are those that are required for the safety of personal and for the safe
navigation and propulsion of the ship they include certain supplies for navigation and
propulsion of the ship, they include navigation aids , machinery spaces, control station and
steering gear.
Non essential loads_ loads that have no effect on the safe navigation and main propulsion
unit when they are cut off, like air condition system, galley equipment, some blower fans,
Cargo gear or cargo plants, purifier air compressor, lighting etc..
 What is a Instrument type Earth fault indicator ?
 An earth fault instrument indicator connects a small DC voltage to the distribution system,
Any resulting DC current is a measure of the insulation resistance of the system.
 Why are generators, transformers and distribution boards generally rated in kVA?
 Copper losses ( I²R)depends on Current which passing through transformer winding while
Iron Losses or Core Losses or Insulation Losses depends on Voltage.
That’s why the Transformer Rating may be expressed in kVA,Not in kW.
 The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the
machine can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred in the machine
gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit prescribed by the insulation
class.
 What is a mains failure relay?
 Description of the auto mains failure relay functions:
The Main failure relay is used to start a generator on a mains power failure, and transfer
the load when the engine’s operating criteria has been met.
On restoration of the mains (utility) supply, the engine is returned to standby mode.
 Is there such thing as over voltage? If so, what is it?
  Over voltage on a generator is typically caused by one or a combination of the following:
Faulty Voltage Regulator.
 Frequency of the generator is not properly set. Too high of RPM's will cause an over voltage
 Located on the Voltage Regulator, there should be a Voltage Adjustment Potentiometer.
This is an adjustable electronic component that can vary the voltage output.
 Stator problems either on the stator power windings or the stator excitation winding
 Recommend to check the voltage potentiometer 1st and adjust if needed. If that does not
resolve the problem, next would be to check the frequency output and high RPM's. If still a
problem, recommend checking all sensing and control wire connections from the stator
windings back to the voltage regulator. Next would be to replace the voltage regulator. Last
would be the stator windings are shot and need to be re-wound
 Are the electrical systems on a normal low voltage ship earthed?
 No- most of the ship use insulated neutral system, when the Neutral is insulated at the
generator and there is no return path back to the generator. This is used to keep power
available to the ship at all times as a blackout could affect essential loads from tripping in
the event of a earth fault, causing that particular machinery to trip as it could be dangerous
for the ship. Eg steering gear.

 What would one fault on one phase of a neutral insulated system cause to happen? What
would two faults cause to happen? Would you know there was two faults?
 A single earth fault would not provide a complete circuit so no earth fault current would
flow. If a second earth fault occurred on another line in the insulated system the two earth
faults together would be equivalent to a short circuit fault,( via the ships hull ) and the
resulting current would operate a protection device, and trip the equipment.
 What are harmonics? How are they reduced?
 Harmonics are currents or voltages are a result of non-linear electric loads,with
frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency being
50 or 60Hz For example, if the fundamental power frequency is 60 Hz, then the
2nd harmonic is 120 Hz, the 3rd is 180 Hz, etc,
 Harmonic treatment can be performed by two methods: filtering or cancellation.
A harmonic filter consists of a capacitor bank and an induction coil. The filter is
designed or tuned to the predetermined non-linear load and to filter a
predetermined harmonic frequency range
 The classic example of a non-linear load is a rectifier with a capacitor input filter, where the
rectifier diode only allows current to pass to the load during the time that the applied
voltage exceeds the voltage stored in the capacitor, which might be a relatively small portion
of the incoming voltage cycle.
 What is the acceptable minimum limit for insulation resistance on a low voltage system?
1 mega ohm
 What factors contribute to deterioration of insulation in an electrical system?
 Excessive wear in the area becoz rise in temp lowers the resistance of the insulator.
 Dirt and grime on the wire, cables not secured causes wear
 Ingress of water, build up of dirt and grease.

Generators
 What planned maintenance is done on a generator? What safety precautions should be
taken before doing maintenance?
Following Points are to be considered while Carrying Out Maintenance on Alternators:
Before starting any maintenance work on the alternator, all safety precaution should be
taken and the alternator should be shut and locked down. Also, post notice and ply cards on
relevant places and alternator heater to be isolated.
Clean the alternator ventilation passage and air filter.
 Check the Insulation resistance of stator and rotor winding.
Air gap between stator and rotor to be checked and maintained between 1.5 to 2 mm.
Automatic Voltage Regulator to be checked and cleaned off oil and dust.
The lube oil level of pedestal bearing to be maintained and renewed as per planned
maintenance.
A vacuum cleaner can be used to remove dust accumulated in the inner parts of
alternator.
The terminal box cover gasket to be checked for proper oil and water tightness.
All the connection in the terminal box to be tightened properly.
Cable gland to be checked for integrity.
Forced Ventilation around alternator must be maintained all the time.
Check heater for proper operation.
The foundation bolts of the alternator to be checked for tightness.
How does a generator work?
The motion of the residual magnetism in the field of the rotating armature, produces a
electromagnetic field in the armature rotor, the Field and the armature produces a 3 phase
rotating ac output, which is rectified in the rotating rectifier, and fed to the main field, the
Main armature cuts this field and produces an alternating 3 phase output , which is send to
the distribution system.
 What is an AVR? What does it control?
Automatic voltage rectifier is used to correct the fluctuating output on the main busbar due
to voltages surges and load shedding, and alter the field current in order to maintain
terminal voltage.
The AVR senses the low voltage condition at the output and directs the current back to the
exciter field, which induces a higher magnetic field in the armature of the exciter, which
produces a larger magnetic field for the main field to cut, and hence the output at the main
armature terminal increase, it keeps doing this till the voltage is stabilized,
The voltage sensing unit transforms down, rectify and smoothens down the output voltage
of the generator, and compares it with a voltage value which is produced by a reference
circuit of zeners and resistors, and produces a error signal , which is used to fire the thyristor
to control the dc excitation voltage.

 What two types of rotor construction are generally used with rotating field armatures?
An alternator is basically a type of a.c generator also known as synchronous generator, for
the simple reason that the field poles are made to rotate at synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P
for effective power generation.
There are mainly two types of rotor used in construction of alternator,
Salient pole type.
Cylindrical rotor type.
The salient pole type of rotor is generally used for slow speed machines having large
diameters and relatively small axial lengths. The cylindrical rotor is generally used for very
high speed operation and are employed in steam turbine driven alternators like turbo
generators.
How do you manually control the speed of a generator? By the governor speed control
 What does the governor control?
 The engine governor controls engine speed an droop
 What is droop?
Droop is expressed as a percentage of the original speed setting from no load to full load The
normal recommended percentage of droop is 3% to 5%.
% of droop = (No load frequency – Full load frequency ) /Full Load frequency X 100%
What is a trimmer?
A trimmer is used to adjust the generator’s rated output voltage. Its a manual voltage input
sensitivity on the AVR, The trimmer is used to adjust the DC input to the rated voltage.
 What is a power factor?
 Power factor is the percentage of electricity that is being used to do useful work. It is defined
as the ratio of ‘active or actual power’ used in the circuit measured in watts or kilowatts (W or
 KW), to the ‘apparent power’ expressed in volt-amperes or kilo volt-amperes (VA or KVA).
 In AC circuits, the power factor is the ratio of the real power that is used to do work and the
apparent power that is supplied to the circuit.
 How to we improve power factor?
 Power factor correction can be made in two ways, Reduce the amount of reactive energy,
Eliminate unloaded motors and transformers Avoid supplying equipment with voltage in
excess of the rated voltage and Compensate artificially for the consumption of reactive energy
with power factor capacitors. synchronous motors and synchronous Condensers or Power
factor correction is achieved by the addition of capacitors in parallel with the connected motor
circuits and can be applied at the starter, or applied at the switchboard or distribution panel.
 What trips are on a generator engine? L.o low pressure trip, CW HT trip < Over speed trip,
alarms, l.o low pressure, cooling water high temp, starting air pressure , low f.o pressure, l
leak off alarm,
 What is needed to run a generator? Starting Air, L.O priming pump, F.O circulating pump,
F.O supply pump. Turning bar in position,
 No voltage causes on a generator?
 No residual voltage in the AC exciter, Short circuited elements in the rotating rectifier, short
circuits varistor, broken wire are short circuit in the rotating rectifier ,open circuit in the
exciter field, or low insulation in the windings. Silistors could have become damaged.
 Where is the residual magnetism in a generator? In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic
power increase with the increase of the current flow thru coils. When current is reduced to
zero , still those coils have magnetic power left in it.
 How do you field flash? If there is loss of residual magnetism field flashing is done by
connecting Start generator ,Use a 12 volt battery and apply a voltage for less than a second
to the exciter field input keeping the polarity same as the field ,
 How can you share load manually between 2 generators? What equipment would you
monitor while you do this? By decreasing the governor control of the generator with
higher load, and the same time increasing the governor control of the generator of the lower
load while keeping a eye at the watt meter.
 Which controls are adjusted to ensure proper kW and kVAr load sharing takes
place? How do they work?
 Adjust prime mover governor until kW loading is correct
 Adjust field excitation current until current sharing is correct.
 Load Sharing Of Alternators In Parallel
 Alternators in parallel must always run at the same speed. After a machine has been
paralleled and is required to take up its share of the load, this will not be achieved by
adjusting the field excitation current. Although the increase in e.m.f. will cause a
current to flow in the busbars, and this will show on the machines ammeters, this is a
reactive current that lags the e.m.f. by 90o and produces a reactive (kVAr) but not
kW. Its only effect is to alter the operating power factor of the alternator.
 More power may be obtained at the bus bars from the incoming alternator only by
supplying more power to its prime mover. This increase of steam or fuel supply is
achieved by altering the governor setting either electrically or manually.
 Every time you try and connect the generator manually, it keeps tripping back out. What
could be the problems?
  The under voltage trip circuit gets activated, loose connection in the trip circuit, uneven
closing of the main contacts.
 What is reverse power? How is it caused?
 When two generator running in parallel and the prime mover on one generator fails , that
generator now starts motoring and draws power from the bus bas instead of giving power to
it, this is called reverse power and could overload the busbar and cause a trip in the power
system
 What are the diodes for in the excitation circuit?
 The exciter armature produces a 3 phase ac output which is rectified by the rotating diodes
to produce a dc voltage for the main field
 2 generators are on the board running at 62Hz. How would you reduce their frequency?
 Reducing the speed of the governor
 What is sequential starting and when should this occur?
 After a black out of the main power, the stby generator it taken on load, sequential starting
is used to start load to the generator in a sequence in order to not overload it with all load
coming in together, sequential starts with instant power to the steering gear, F.O circulating
pump, f.o supply pump, main fire pump ,( 5 sec) main l.o pump, ( 15 sec) all other pumps, 25
sec Central C.F.W pump 1,2,&3, after 35 sec main C.S.W. pump, (40 sec )vent fans
 What is a compounded AC generator?
 What factors govern the overall voltage response of a generator to sudden load changes?
The transient reactance is the main cause of the slow response to sudden load
change.(Should respond to a voltage change of up to 15% and bring it back down to within
2.5% within 1.5 seconds)
 What types of sensors would you expect on a generator?
 l.O Pressure switches, temperature switches, leak off alarms, speed sensors, thermistor,
thermo couples, pt100 sensors,
 How do the temperature sensors control aspects of the engine such as JW cooling and EX
temp?
 J.C.W has two temperature sensor high alarm, and high trip,
 Exht temperature for each unit, and for the T/C outlet
 What temperatures and would you expect to see for EX temp 380 – 450 depends on the
load,, JW cooling temp 70 , and trip set at 95 and lube oil temp?
 What pressures would you expect to see for fuel oil and lube oil?
 What control measures are in place to share load evenly between 2 generators with
different maximum powers? E.g 2 different engines with 2000kW and 1500kW
 Basically when we adjust droop means how much speed drops from no load to full load, If
droop is the same, than generator load is shared according to capacity percentage, like if
one generator is 2000 kw and one generator is 1500 kw than load will be shared
proportionally.
 What is an oil mist detector? How can this be tested?
 What is the relationship between poles, frequency and speed?
 The synchronous speed of an induction motor is based on the supply frequency and the
number of poles in the motor winding N=120f/p
 What does turning gear do and when should it be used?
 The turning gear is used to turn the engine during maintenance and before sailing.
 If an alarm was set off on a generator, would the generator shut down? No alarm does not
trip the generator but gives a pre warning of a abnormal condition, and a trip would also
give out an alarm to show the fault of the trip.

Emergency Generator and Switchboard

  Emergency generator regulations and what it does?
Small generator used to supply the emergency power to the essential services in the event
of a power failure. It should be loacated outside the Main and aux machinery spaces,
uppermost of the continous deck and not fwd of the collision bulkhead, should be able to
supply power even at a list of 22 and a hald degree and a trim on 10 deg,
Should have sufficient fuel with a flash point of not less than 43 deg ,should be able to start
and connect automatically in the event of a power failure within 45 sec
Should be able to be started at low temp of 0 degree,
Its JCW system should be treated with anti freeze to be able to be used during very low
temp.
 What tests would you do on the emergency generator? How often?
 Should be tried out every week, emergency generator must be kept in manual mode while
trying out, and its main breaker kept off, after starting is voltage and frequency should be
checked, alarms and trips of the generator tried out every 3 months, ( low l.o pressure, low
l.o press trip, leakoff alarm,overspeed trip, high temp cooling water alarm,
 How can you start an emergency generator? Keep on manual mode, keep breaker in
manual mode, check sump oil and gear oil levels, check battery fully charger and switch off,
change hydraulic start circuit to 300 bar, press start on generator control panel
 How do you test the automatic start on an emergency generator?
 Simulate start switch inside the ESB or switch off bus tiebreaker between MSB and ESB.

 How long should it take to start after a blackout? 45 sec/ should be started and connected
 How often should the emergency generator be tested? Every week
 What services does the emergency generator supply? Divided into two sections , 440 volts
section supply to the bilge pump, one of the two steering gears, fire pump, emergency air
compressor, navigation equipment,sprinkler system, 220 section, emergency lighting,
navigation aids, navigation lights panel, fire alarm and detection panel,day light signalling
light and ships whistle, radio communication, and internal communication, water tight
doors.
 Where are emergency exit lights and signs powered from? Partly from the msb and partly
from the emergency switch board.

Propulsion
 Types of speed control? All marine vessels need some sort of speed control system to
control and govern the speed of marine diesel engine used for propulsion. It would be really
impractical and dangerous to have a ship without speed control mechanism fitted on it, and
can lead to accidents such as collision or grounding.
The speed control mentioned above is achieved with the help of a governor. Main role
of a governor is not to increase or decrease the speed which can be done via fuel control
system but once the speed of the engine has been set, the job of the governor is to
maintain that despite the variations in load. In other words the governor controls the speed
variation and keeps the speed within restrained limits despite these variations. There are 2
types of gorvernor mechanical type and electronic type.
 What are the main types of thrusters on ships? How do they work?
 We have seen bow and stern thrusters working with propellers and controlled pitch
propellers to provide as smooth manoeuvring as possible. But how about a mechanism that
performs the work of all these mechanisms? Azimuth Thruster is an arrangement in which
the the propeller is placed in pods that can be rotated in any horizontal direction. This
eradicates the use of a rudder. The stem of the thrusters accommodates shafts that are
connected to a motor located inside the ship.
  What is pulse width modulation? Why is it converted back into AC? Draw a typical wave
form for PWM.
 PWM uses a IGBT to control the variable voltage and frequency required to control the
speed of a motor. To converts the fixed frequency at the input by rectifying it to dc
smoothens it and reconverts it back to variable ac frequency.
 Explain commutation.
 The voltage generated in the armature, placed in a rotating magnetic field, of a DC
generator is alternating in nature. The commutation in DC machine or more specifically
commutation in DC generator is the process in which generated alternating current in the
armature winding of a dc machine is converted into direct current after going through the
commutator and the stationary brushes.
 What is regenerative braking? What types of drive system can this be used on?
When the supply is cut off for a running motor, it still continue running due to inertia. In
order to stop it quickly we place a load (resistor) across the armature winding and the motor
should have maintained continuous field supply so that back e.m.f voltage is made to apply
across the resistor and due to load the motor stops quickly. This type of breaking is called as
“Regenerative Breaking”
What interlocks might be in place for the PM breaker to close?

Motor Starters
 Draw a typical circuit diagram for a motor with a direct on line starter.
 What is the control circuit? What does it do?
motor starter control circuits used to start and stop three-phase motors. It incorporates
interlocks , overload and short circuit protection to the motor,it helps in remote and local
operation of the motor, it monitors the current drawn by the motor.
 What is the typical starting current for an asynchronous motor with a DOL starter?
 Starting current is about 5 to7 times the normal running current, and 1.5 times the rated
torque.
 How would you change the direction of a 3 phase motor using components and not just
switching the lines around?
 By using two magnetic contactor which is wired in both options and controlled with a circuit
for fwd and reverse direction. And interlocked to operate at one at a time.
 Causes of tripping?
 Overcurrent, single phasing, overloading, and stopping due to short circuiting.
 What is an OCR? Over Current Relay.
 In an over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current
flows through this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move
the moving element of the relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than
deflecting force. But when the current through the coil increased, the magnetic effect
increases, and after certain level of current, the deflecting force generated by the magnetic
effect of the coil, crosses the restraining force, as a result, the moving element starts moving
to change the contact position in the relay.
 What is a differential OCR?
Why doesn’t the OCR trip during starting? In an over current relay, there would be essentially a
current coil. When normal current flows through this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil
is not sufficient to move the moving element of the relay, as in this condition the restraining force is
greater than deflecting force. But when the current through the coil increased, the magnetic effect
increases, and after certain level of current, the deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of
the coil, crosses the restraining force, as a result, the moving element starts moving to change the
contact position in the relay.
 What can cause an OCR to fail?
 If you use the wrong current rating the current coil may burn
 Why is the manual resetting of an OCR important?
 Manual resetting makes you aware of the fault in the equipment, otherwise the auto trip
might be taken as stop, and when restarted assuming it was stopped normally.
 What is the inverse time characteristic?
 Time of operation of relay is inversely proportional to actuating current., so with low fault
current the time it takes for a breaker to trip is longer than if we have a high amount of fault
current.
 What is a fuse?
 A safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the
current exceeds a safe level.
 What should the rating of the fuse be?
 Always follow NEC guidelines for applying low-voltage fuses. Generally, the MINIMUM fuse
size should be based on 125% of the circuits full load current. Time-delay fuses should be
used for inductive loads and fast-acting fuses used to protect non-inductive loads.
 What fuses should a motor with a running current of 15A and a starting current of 90A
have?
Around 19 amps. With a time delay fuse.
 What is the difference between a fuse and OCR?
 Fuse will melt when its rated current is crossed, and cannot be reused, OCR can be rest if
tripped, OCR is adjustable current rating fuse is not.
 How can you reduce the starting current of a motor?
 By using a reduced voltage starter like star—delta starter, and autotransformer.
 Start-Delta starter: It is a starting method that reduces the starting current and
starting torque. The device normally consists of three contactors, an overload relay
and a timer for setting the time in the star-position (starting position). For the starting
period (time set by the timer), the motors windings are connected in start (Y) and then
the connection is changed to delta during normal run. Because of the start connection,
the starting current is 1/3rd of the DOL (Direct-On-Line) starting; however the starting
torque is also 1/3rd of the DOL starting torque. For this type of starting, the motor
windings must have both ends (2 terminals for each phase, total 6 ends) terminated in
the terminal.
 Soft starter: A soft starter is an electronic device which controls the voltage during
the starting period with having thrusters in the main circuit. As the motor voltage is
low during start with soft starter starting, the starting current and starting torque is
also low. It contains the motor protection capability and hence separate motor
protection relay is not required. It is also used to control the motor start/stop. Soft
starters can be used for both LV and MV voltage motors.

 What is the starting current for a star-delta starter?
 It is 1/3 of the starting current as it is started in star first and then changed over to delta,
 What is the time delay when switching between star and delta?
 If Star connection has sufficient torque to run up to 75% or %80 of full load speed, then the
motor can be connected in Delta mode. A time delay is used to let the motor to pick up
torque so that when the speed increases the current reduces, and changes to delta.
 What happens if a motor gets stuck in star configuration
 The motor would run hot as star windings are designed for the reduced current and not for
DOL current? Possible earth fault/phase to phase fault if no protection?
  What happens if all 3 contactors get stuck in? There will be no control over the motor thru
the control circuit,
 Draw a typical circuit diagram for a star-delta motor starter or an autotransformer motor
starter.
 What is the starting current for an autotransformer starter with a tapping of 50%? The
starting current can be adjusted according to the starting current required by tapping the
auto transformer. However, in an autotransformer starter, the line current and motor
current are not the same. Using a motor with a 600% inrush current and connecting to the
50% voltage tap of the autotransformer, the motor current will be 300% (50% of 600%), but
the line current will be only 150% (25% of 600%). No other type of reduced-voltage starter
can supply, for example, the torque of a 300% current start while drawing only 150% current
from the line.
 Describe how a soft start starter works.
 Soft starter is another form of reduced voltage starting, when the two scr are connected in
a series parallel configuration and the triggering is controlled for the voltage output and is
connected in series with the main line voltage.
 What kind of under voltage protection is there in a motor starter?
 Low Voltage Protection (LVP), which prevents automatic restarting of equipment after a
power failure, is usually not possible with a manual starter. This means, if the power fails,
the power contacts remain closed (toggle or button in ON position). When the power is
restored, the motor automatically restarts itself. This could create a dangerous situation,
depending on the application. Because of this feature, manual starters are generally used on
smaller loads where low voltage protection is not needed.
 What are the problems with starting a large motor?
 Most large induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large motors are
started that way, they cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to large
starting current surges. To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are
started at reduced voltage and then have full supply voltage reconnected when they run up
to near rotated speed.
 What are the relationships between star and delta regarding current and voltage?
 When replacing contacts in a starter, how many would you replace and why?
 Will renew all Six contacts 3 moving and three stationary contacts. To prevent uneven
contacts surface , which could cause a single phasing.
Motors
 How does a motor work?
 A motor has two parts rotor and stator, the stator has three sets of winding , when supply
is applied to the stator it produces a magnetic field, called the synchronous speed, this
magnetic field induces EMF into the stationary rotor which is made up of copper bars
connected in parallel and short circuited at both ends, the emf produced in the rotor has the
same direction a given in flemming right hand rule the interaction of the two fields
produces a torque which makes the rotor rotate.
 What planned maintenance is done on a motor?
Insulation of the motor, greasing of the motor , cleaning of the motor and complete
overhaul along with renewal of bearings.
 How can you improve the power factor of a motor?
 By adding capacitors in parallel with the line voltage in the starter.
 What is a synchronous motor? Motor which run on synchronous speed, or a constant
speed as the stator. an electric motor having a speed exactly proportional to the current
frequency.
  What is an asynchronous motor? An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric
motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque, is obtained by
electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding
 Why would it be beneficial to do an IR test on a motor while the motor is still hot?
 For insulators , an increase in temperature will cause their resistance to decrease, while in a
conductor the increase in temperature causes the resistance to increase.
 How would you overhaul a motor that has been flooded with sea water? Wash the motor
with fresh water, and dry it with hot air, till the insulation improves.
 What would a clamp ammeter read if it was clamped around a 3 core cable connected to a
motor known to be carrying 100A?
No, you cannot use a clamp meter around a 3 core cable at the same time. Current flowing
back through the neutral wire will effectively cancel out current flowing through the live
wire, and it will read 0 amps
A basic ammeter uses the electromagnetic field generated by an electrical circuit to move a
needle in proportion to the electrical current
How could you detect if a motor is single phasing?
The following are the effects of single phasing:1) Due to single phasing the current in the
remaining two phases increases and it is approximately 2.4 times the normal current
value.2) Single Phasing reduces the speed of the motor.3) The motor becomes noisy and
starts vibrating due to uneven torque produced in the motor.4) If the motor is arranged for
standby and automatic starting then the motor will not start, and if the overload relay
provided fails to function then the motor may burn.5) The windings will melt due to
overheating and can give a fatal shock to the personnel.6) It may cause overloading of the
generator.
 How do you change the bearings on a small motor? Open up both end covers after marking
both ends correctly, removing the rotor , using a puller extract both the bearings , replace
the spare bearings by heating them, box back the rotor in place with both end covers and
rotate with hand to see if motor is freely turning.
 How often should an electric motor be cleaned? According to a planned maintenance the
motor is overhauled and bearings are renewed, overhauling depends on the useage of the
motor , however cleaning of the outside fins and cooling fan of the motor is done once a
year.

Circuit Breakers
 Which kind of circuit breaker is mainly used on a low voltage switchboard?
 ACB ( air circuit Breaker )
 What kind of maintenance is done on a circuit breaker?
Record breaker serial number and number of operations.,check that the breaker is open and safely
isolated, Perform a visual inspection of the breaker and remove dust and contaminants from the
interrupter housing, insulation, and mechanism. Do not use compressed air, On all sleeve, needle,
and roller bearings apply 2 or 3 drops of Mobile No. 1 oil. Operate the breaker slowly to be sure there
is no binding or friction and that the movable contact of the interrupter can move to the fully opened
and fully closed position.

What are the main features of a circuit breaker?

The fundamental characteristics of a circuit-breaker are:

 Its rated voltage Ue - This is the voltage at which the circuit-breaker has been designed to
operate, in normal (undisturbed) conditions.
  Its rated current In - This is the maximum value of current that a circuit-breaker, fitted with a
specified overcurrent tripping relay, can carry indefinitely.
 Its tripping-current-level adjustment ranges for overload protection (Ir [1] or Irth [1] ) and for
short-circuit protection (Im) [1]
 Its short-circuit current breaking rating (Icu for industrial CBs; Icn for domestic-type CBs).

What is the most important rating on a circuit breaker? Why?.

Short Circuit Breaking Current of Circuit Breaker

 This is the maximum short circuit current which a circuit breaker can withstand before it.
Finally cleared by opening its contacts.
 What is the main advantage of a circuit breaker over other devices?
 Circuit-breakers respond quicker than fuses.
 Circuit-breakers are more reliable.
 Circuit-breakers are more sensitive.
 Unlike fuses which only operate once and need to be replaced a circuit-breaker can be
reset.
 A breaker on the switchboard won’t close. What could be the problem?
 No voltage : fuse blown, faulty wire or grounded wire. Low voltage : due to loose
connection means there has been no discharge of the closing springs, which is what
mechanically closes the main contacts, due to improper adjustment of limit switches. Trip
latch is not resetting after trip, check to see if breaker is charged ,.charging motor faulty.

High Voltage

 Why is high voltage used? Explain how to safely isolated a transformer.

 The demand for electrical power has gone up in many ships especially with those useing DE
propulsion when current becomes to high its not practical to use the 440 volts supply,
Higher voltage is needed to reduce the current, Any Voltage used on board a ship if less than
1kV(1000 V) then it is called as LV (Low Voltage) system and any voltage above 1kV is termed
as High Voltage. Typical Marine HV systems operate usually at 3.3kV or 6.6kV. Passenger
Liners like QE2 operate at 10kV.
 Isolated equipment must be earthed down
 How is earthing achieved on a HV system?
 To minimise the size of earth current a NER ( neutral earthing resistor) is a added in series
with the earth.
 How do you use a HV testing probe to prove a circuit is isolated? Is used to prove dead
after disconnection and isolation,the tester must be tried out before and after such test by
checking it with a proven supply, tester has a long insulated handle with a HV
indicator,finger guard and handle,and has a brass tip.
 What kinds of circuit breakers are used on a HV system?
 For HV type the breakers used are Air Break, Oil Breaker, Gas break using SF6 or vacuum
break.
 How do ACB’s dissipate an arc?
 The arc is algongated and send up the arc runner where it is send to the arc chutes where it
is split up in the splitter plates and cooled off.
 What is a CEM?
 Circuit main earth–means the earthing equipment applied before the issue of, and at a
position recorded in, a SAFETY DOCUMENT
 What is a NER?
 Neutral earthing resistor
  Why is a NER used? Used to connect the resistor in series with the earth to reduce the
earthing current to lower than the generator rated current.
 What is a sanction to test?
 What voltage is considered high voltage? More than 1000 volts
 What voltage would be used to IR test on a 3.3kV HV system? 4.3 m ohm
 What is the most common planned maintenance for on a HV system?
 Why is a HV system not isolated from earth?
 What is the acceptable minimum limit for insulation resistance on a HV system?
 one megohm per kV plus one Test results should be compared with previous readings and
with readings taken for similar equipment. Any values below the NETA standard minimums
or sudden departures from previous values should be investigated.
 Steering gear

What is the steering gear? What does it do?

A Steering Gear is the equipment provided on ships to turn the ship to left (Port side) or to right
(Starboard side) while in motion during sailing. There are Two Types of steering gear : Rotary
vane type and Ram type.
For regular ships the rudder must be able to turn 35 degree on one side to 35 degree to the
other side and to meet the rules concerning angle velocity, the rudder must be able to turn
from 35 degree to 30 degree on the other side in 28 seconds. This is called the minimum angle
velocity.Designed such that single failure does not put the steering gear out of function.
Emergency steering: the procedure for emergency steering should be easily seen in the wheel
house and steering gear compartment.
The emergency steering is done by 1) switching off the Auto pilot and the non- follow up push
button on the starter cabinet or directly on the directional valve on the steering gear keeping
an eye at the rudder angle indicator Rudder commands are received from bridge. by phone
Describe the main features on the steering gear.
Arranged to restart automatically when power is restored after a power failure
Can be operated from the navigation bridge, in the event of a power failure to any one of the SG
power units, an Audible and visual alarm will be given of the bridge.
SG control provided both in the W/H and SG compartment.
SG control system will be supplied from its own separate power circuit, coming from the SG
starter in the SG room. Or directly from the switch board busbar.
Short circuit protection shall be provided only for SG control supply circuit,
Communication provided from nav bridge to SG room.
Low level alarm for each hyd tank.
Alarms : overload , No volt, Phase failure, Low tank level, auto pilot power failure alarm
provided, Short circuit protection alarm , main power failure alarm.
Short circuit protection if provided must be rated not less than twice the starting current of the
motor.

ELECTRICAL STOPPER It stops the hydraulic pump when the position of the rudder
turning is at an angle of 36o. It automatically cuts of the supply because it is the maximum
turning angle of rudder. (It normally operates at 35o angle).

Electrical motor overload alarm Whenever hydraulic motor or helesaw pump motor draws
excessive current during bad weather, the steering should not fail. Instead it gives and alarm
about excessive current being drawn by the motor. Continued recurrence of this alarm could
mean that the electrical motor might burn
POWER FAILURE ALARM The full power failure alarm will be raised if the power fails
in black out condition. Emergency power should be arranged within 45 seconds and the
emergency generator must be capable to give power for at least 30 minutes for big ship and
10 min in case of small ships (ships<10,000 ton displacement).

What maintenance is carried out on the ships steering gear?

 What are the 2 main types of steering gear? Rotary vane and ram type
 What are the regulations regarding steering gear?
 How would you know if a steering gear motor was single phasing? (Theres no OCR)
Phase fail alarm will activate.
 Where will at least 1 steering gear motor be powered from?
From the emergency Generator or emergency source of power.

 Over current protection for steering-gear systems .

Protection against excess current including starting circuit if provided shall be for not less than
twice the full load current of the motor.
Steering and Drills : within 12 hrs before Departure , the ships steering gear must be checked
and tested by the ship crew: which includes : Both steering gears, or main and aux steering gear
2) Remote SG control system, from navigation bridge, emergency power supply, the rudder
angle indicator, Remote control system Control system power failure, SG power unit power
failure alarm, automatic change over and other automatic equipment. Full rudder movement,
communication between nav and SG room., emergency steering drill every 3 months
 Batteries
 What safety precautions should be taken before work is done on a battery?
 Use proper PPE, keep non insulated tool away from the battery, enter only after proper
ventilation in the room, old batteries should not be stored in the battery room.
 What is considered a typical voltage for a fully charged lead acid battery? 2.1 v to 2.5 v
 What is an acceptable number for the specific gravity for a fully charged lead acid
battery?1.280 and discharge is 1.8V and 1.100
 What is an acceptable number for the specific gravity for a discharged alkaline battery?
 The electrolyte used in the NiCad battery is a 30 percent solution of potassium hydroxide
(KOH) in distilled water. The specific gravity of the electrolyte remains between 1.240 and
1.300 at room temperature. It must be noted that no appreciable changes occur in the
electrolyte during charge or discharge. Because of this, the battery charge cannot be
determined by a specific gravity check of the electrolyte. The electrolyte level should be
maintained just above the tops of the plates.
 What is an acceptable number for the specific gravity for a charged alkaline battery?
 Should the specific gravity change for either battery? Yes for lead acid battery , in alkaline
battery no appreciable changes occur in the electrolyte during charge or discharge.
 What batteries used to supply on ships? Lead acid battery
 What first aid treatment should you apply if someone is splashed with acid or alkaline
from a battery?
 As quickly as possible, flush the contaminated area with lukewarm, gently flowing
water for at least 30 minutes, by the clock.
 If irritation persists, repeat flushing. DO NOT INTERRUPT FLUSHING. If necessary,.
 Under running water, remove contaminated clothing, shoes and leather goods (e.g.,
watchbands, belts). Discard contaminated clothing, shoes and leather goods.
 Transport the victim to an emergency care facility immediately.
  Why should lead acid and alkaline batteries never be stored near eachother? Because the
rapid electrolytic corrosion to metal work an damage to both batteries is certain .
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using lead acid batteries over alkaline
batteries?
 Lead acid cell : Needs fewer cell to reach a particular voltage, very limited life, priced
reasonably, battery discharge on a open circuits, need regular attention to keep charge
going, to get uninterrupted power battery should be fully charged. And it becomes
discharged if kept discharged over a long period of time.
 Alkaline battery : Retains its charge if kept in open circuit and is not effected if kept
discharged for a long time, but comparatively more expencive, need greater no of cell for a
particular voltage , it requires less attention and go on for hours with out charging.

Transformers
 What do transformers do?
 A transformer is an electrical device used to convert AC power at a certain voltage level to
AC power at a different voltage, but at the same frequency.
 What kind of maintenance is done on a transformer?open circuit and short circuit test.
 What precautions should be taken when isolating a transformer to do carry out maintenance
on?
 What is an isolating transformer?
 An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a source of
alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating the powered
device from the power source, usually for safety reasons.
 How would you IR test a transformer?
  First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.

  Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation

resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings.
Bridge Equipment
 What is an ECDIS?
 An Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a computer-based navigation
system that complies with IMO regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper
navigation charts.
 What is an SVDR? What information is fed into an SVDR?
 Voyage data recorder, or VDR, is a data recording system designed for all vessels required to
comply with the IMO's International Convention SOLAS Requirements (IMO Res.A.861(20))
in order to collect data from various sensors on board the vessel. It then digitizes,
compresses and stores this information in an externally mounted protective storage unit.
Simplified voyage data recorder (S-VDR), as defined by the requirements of IMO
Performance Standard MSC.163(78), is a lower cost simplified version VDR for small ships
with only basic ship's data recorded.
 Like the black boxes carried on aircraft, VDRs enable accident investigators to review
procedures and instructions in the moments before an incident and help to identify the
cause of any accident.

The information recorded in the unit(s), sometimes also called Black box for ship, may
include the following information:

 Position, date, time using GPS

 Speed log – Speed through water or speed over ground
 Gyro compass – Heading
 Radar* – As displayed or AIS data if no off-the-shelf converter available for the Radar video
 ECDIS* – A screen capture every 15 seconds and a list of navigational charts in use every 10
minutes or when a chart change occurs
 Audio from the bridge, including bridge wings
 VHF radio communications
 Echo sounder* – Depth under keel
 Main alarms* – All IMO mandatory alarms
 Hull openings* – Status of hull doors as indicated on the bridge
 Watertight & fire doors* status as indicated on the bridge
 Hull stress* – Accelerations and hull stresses
 Rudder* – Order and feedback response
 Engine/Propeller* – Order and feedback response
 Thrusters* – Status, direction, amount of thrust % or RPM
 Anemometer and weather vane* – Wind speed and direction

 The SVDR is in alarm while the ship is in port. What could be the problem?
The data will be full and it need to be unloaded from the storage device.
 What is a radar? How does it work?
 RADAR – (Radio detection and ranging), are used in navigation, to locate navigation aids,
tracking other vessels. Radar determines distance to an object by measuring the time
required for a radio signal to travel from a transmitter to the object and return.
 What should happen to bridge equipment during a blackout?
 It should be supplied with transitional power from battery for 30 minutes.
 What is a Doppler log? How does it work?
 Doppler speed logs work on the principle of the Doppler effect, which is a shift in
frequency between a transmitted signal and a received signal caused by the motion of
a vessel over the sea bottom –
 What is an echo sounder?
 Echo sounding is a type of SONAR used to determine the depth of water by transmitting
sound pulses into water. The time interval between emission and return of a pulse is
recorded, which is used to determine the depth of water along with the speed of sound in
water at the time.
 The echo sounder is on in port but nothing happens, what could be the problem?
 To shallow water, dirty articles obstructing the transducer.
 What tests would you do on a GMDSS?
 Battery test , check it without main power source.
 Draw a typical circuit for navigation lights. How would you know if there is a fault?

 What is auto pilot? How does it work? Auto pilot is used to keep the ship on a pre
determined course ,by using a gyro compass & gps feed.
 What equipment is required to work in order for a ship to sail?
 What is AIS? Should it be switched off in port?
 Automatic identification system , It is used for safe navigation and is used By VTS to steer
the ship in congested areas, like Singapore, in port is also gives information of all vessels
around it so it could be used for that information.
 What are NUC lights and where are they powered from?
 Not under command lights used when the main propulsion of the ship fails and the capt has
no control on the ship, switch situated at the nav panel signalling control.
  Not under command lights , Navigation and signalling lights coloum

Fire Fighting and Fire Safety

 What fixed installations can be used on a ship?
 Co2, sprinkler system, hypermist system,
 What type(s) of extinguisher can be used on an electrical fire?
 DCP, CO2
 What type(s) of extinguisher can be used on a fuel oil fire?
 Ans- Mechanical foam, DCP, Co2
 How do you use a water fire extinguisher?
 Carry extinguisher near the fire, Keep extinguisher towards the fire, Remove safety pin and
Strike the plunger to pierce the co2 cartridge , the pressure created on the upper most part
of the container cause the water from the dip tube to pass and throw as a jet. 6meters for
60 sec.
 What precautions should be taken when using CO2?
 After the instruction given by the master or chief engineer to release co2, before leaving
engine room make sure all Access from the engine room must be closed , Now all crew
member should go to their muster station for head count, after head count follow the duties
according to muster list like closing vent, doors flaps dampers quick closing valves for the
fuel line, trip the main generators and start the emergency generator, start the fire pump for
boundary cooling, after head count taken and all found accounted for, Now from the
control station the chief engineer can open cabinet and the alarm will sound and ventilation
will trip in the engine room, now operate the pilot cylinder and master valve to release the
co2,
 Who is in charge of the operation of the ships CO2system?
 Only chief engineer and second engineer are permitted to release co2,with the permission
of the master.
 What is the ETO’s role in a fire onboard a ship?
 Support team, will assist in closing ventilations , trips , and in charge of all electrical
connection in the area.
 What kinds of fire detector heads are used and how are they tested?
 Smoke detector , flame , Heat manual call point,
 Smoke : tested using the smoke test spray, heat : tested by the heater blower, Flame : tested
with a UV lamp flickering , Manual call Point ; Use test key to activate alarm.
What kinds of detection components are used other than smoke, heat and flame
detectors?
 Flame detector detect in the 185-235 nm UV and 4.4 μ IR frequency ranges.,smoke test gas and
heater with a blower for heat detector.
 How often should the fire detection system be tested?
All detectors have to be tested within a span of 3 months,so tested by testing part of each
zone per week for 12 weeks.
 You find a fire in the galley. Go through the procedures of what you would be expected to
do in this event?
 Press the closest fire alarm by breaking the glass, switch off the power to the galley
equipment by pressing the emergency stop near the exit of the galley, try to find the type
and source of of fire,switch offthe power to the galley which is located near the enterance of
the galley, if you have a suituable extinguisher use it to extinguisher the fireor use a fire
blanket ,, if fire cannot be controlled leave the area after closing both the fire doors, inform
bridge about the type and location of the fire, report to your station and proceed according
to assigned duties.
 What tests should be carried out on a BA set before using it?
  Before useing an alarm test should be carried out, open the cylinder valve , check the
pressure in the bottle at the pressure gauge, it should show 200 bar, now close the cylinder
valve and see if pressure holding and not dropping more that 10 bar in a minute, if ok press
demand valve and let pressure drop to 55bar an alarm sounds which gives a indication to
leave the space, if found working well test is complete.
 What are the main causes of engine room fires?
57% of all engine room fires are due to the leaking oil hitting hotsports , 9% due to electrical
fire due to short circuit, insulation failure, 11% due to hot work in engine room, 14%
component failure,
 What pumps can be used to supply water to the fire main?
 bilge , ballast pump, sanitary, or general service pump, provided they are not used for
pumping oil.
 Where are the fire pumps supplied from?
 Have independent sea suction
 Where would you usually find the emergency fire pump?
 The emergency fier pump should be located away from the class aA machinery s and away
from the main fire pump, the space should be separated by a bulkhear and sufficiently
insulated, and with a air lock between both doors and atleast being fire proof.

Lifesaving apparatus
 How much water ration per person is in a lifeboat?
 500ml/per person per day.for 3 days
 What kinds of flares are there on a lifeboat and how many of each?
 3 kinds hand flares 6 nos, rocket parachute flare 4 nos each, and boyant smoke signal, 2 nos
 What is a sea anchor and what is it used for?
 What is a TEMPSC?
 “Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft “ It is a form of lifeboat typically installed
on seagoing vessels "
 What is the maximum time it should take to launch a fast rescue craft?
 Each rescue boat must be ready for launching in not more than 5 minutes.
 What checks should take place before entering and lowering a lifeboat?
 Check all hooks are engaged before hoisting or lowering
 Check that all loose ropes, wires and fittings are clear before lowering
 or raising a lifeboat. Check that all lines, fittings and connections are secure before lowering or raising.
Check that all connections are secured to the correct attachment. Battery connection removed.
 What would you do if you heard 3 short blasts and 1 long blast on the ships whistle?
Fire and Continuous ringing of the General Alarm bell for 10 seconds and
Emergency continuous sounding of the ship's whistle for 10 seconds

Abandon Ship 7 or more short blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm bell,
followed by one prolonged blast

Man 3 prolonged blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm bell
Overboard
Dismissal from 3 short blasts on the ship's whistle and General Alarm bell
Drill
First aid
What kind of injuries could arise from electricity?
Electric current can cause injury in three ways: Cardiac arrest due to the electrical effect on
the heart. Muscle, nerve, and tissue, Destruction from a current passing through the body &
Thermal burns from contact with the electrical source

How would you treat someone having a heart attack?

If you think someone is having a heart attack: Have the person sit down, rest, and try to keep
calm.Loosen any tight clothing.Ask if the person takes any chest pain medication, If the pain does
not go away promptly with rest or within 3 minutes of taking medication call for emergency medical
help.
How do you control bleeding?
Remove any obvious dirt or debris from the wound. Stop the bleeding Raise the injured part above
the level of the heart. Help the injured person lie down, preferably on a rug or blanket to prevent
loss of body heat. If possible, elevate the legs. Don't remove the gauze or bandage. If the bleeding
seeps through the gauze or other cloth on the wound, add another bandage on top of it. And keep
pressing firmly on the area. Leave the bandages in place and get the injured person to the
emergency room as soon as possible.
What is the first thing you should do if you find an unconscious casualty?
When someone looks like they’re asleep but they’re unable to respond to noise or body contact, it’s
likely they’re unconscious. What you need to do - Unconscious and breathing adult Open the airway,
Place one hand on the casualty’s forehead and gently tilt their head back. As you do this, the
mouth will fall open slightly.Place the fingertips of your other hand on the point of the
casualty’s chin and lift the chin, Look, listen and feel for normal breathing – chest movement,
sounds and breaths on your cheek. Do this for no more than ten seconds, Put them in the recovery
position  This will keep their airway open. Kneel down next to them on the floor. The next
three steps are for if you find the casualty lying on their back. If you find them lying on their
side or their front you may not need all three.

1. Place their arm nearest you at a right angle to their body, with their palm facing upwards.

2. Take their other arm and place it across their chest so the back of their hand is against their
cheek nearest you, and hold it there. With your other hand, lift their far knee and pull it up
until their foot is flat on the floor.

3. Now you’re ready to roll them onto their side. Carefully pull on their bent knee and roll
them towards you. Once you’ve done this, the top arm should be supporting the head and the
bent leg should be on the floor to stop them from rolling over too far.

Hazardous Areas

 What does “intrinsically safe” mean?

 An equipment or a device i said to be intrinsically safe when the equipment is unable to
cause a spark or explosion when a thermal or electrical energy is passing thru them in a
hazardous area.
 What is a hazardous area?
 Are zones where the probability of an explosive gas –air mixture being present and therefore
a likely hood of an explosion occurring.
 A piece of equipment has “EEx d IIC T6” written on it. What do these figures mean?
  Standards
Ex = equipment corresponds to a type of protection covered by British standards, and EEx correspondence
to European standards. D for explosion proof, ii stands for surface, and c type of gas hydrogen propane
etc..
 What are zones?
 Zone 0 = where a gas/air mixture is continuously present, Zone 1 = where a Gas/ air
mixture is likely to occur in normal operation. Zone 2 =Where a gas /air mixture is not likely
to occur and if it does not for a long time. Areas not classified in zone 0, 1 and 2 are
considered non hazardous area or safe area.

 What do the temperature groups mean?

While considering the protection against electrical arcs and sparks igniting a
flammable atmosphere, consideration needs to be given to the surface temperature
of equipment. (Most electrical apparatus dissipates some heat!) Flammable
materials are categorized according to their ignition temperature. Again, rather than
work with an infinite range, six temperature classes are defined as follows: wont
ignite below this temperature range, T1- 450 deg, T2- 300 deg, T3- 200 deg, T4 -135
deg, T5- 100 deg, T6- 85 deg.
What kind of hazardous area equipment would you expect to find in use in a paint store?
EEXd Flame proof light fittings, ventilation blower , sprinkler system
. 1. G. System— safety trips.
Scrubber high level/ low level, deck seal high/ low level, high O2 content, high blower casing
temperature, TRIPS- high casing temp, low or no flow scrubber water, low or no flow deck
seal water, O2 content 8% trip on gas carriers 0.08 ( 80 milibar) and vacuum -0.07 bar( 70
milibar )
Deck seal (IG)
prevent back flow of gases from tanks to ER. Acts as NRV. Dry, wet,semi wet.
IG use on tanker, scrubber, PV valve setting when it lifts.
Inerting of cargo tanks. Scrubber- cooling and washing of carbon. PV valve setting 1400 mm
water head @ prside and 250 mm water head @ vacuum side.
What is the reason of oil content monitor of Bilge separator giving false alarm? Oil sticking
or a layer of oil deposited over time on the 15 ppm oil monitor sensor
Describe an oil mist detector.
Sampling tubes, fan , rotator arm, measuring tube, sampling tube, lamp source, mirrors,
photo cells.
What is humidifier and dehumidifier purpose, working and requirements?
increase or decrease humidity of air supplied through AC system. dehumidifying by means of
heating saturated air. Humidifying by injection of steam or water spray. 40-60% humidity,
comfort zone
What is an incinerator? Principle of operation?
M/C for burning waste oil sludge rags garbage and sewage in a furnace.

WIDS (Water Ingress Detection System) is designed for detecting the presence of water and bilge in
all empty spaces. It is made up of Lidec L20-70DW liquid level detector which can be connected
directly to a central alarm unit. This system offers an independent solution for safety. At 0.5 m and
mot more than 2 m.

To elaborate further BNWAS has a three stage alarm system. Once operational, the BNWAS
within 12 minutes will initiate a visual indication on the bridge. If not reset, the BNWAS will
sound a 1st stage audible alarm, in the bridge, 15 seconds after the visual indication was
initialized.

If the alarm is still not acknowledged within 15 seconds of the first stage alarm, the BNWAS
will sound a second stage remote audible alarm in Master’s cabin or other qualified OOW’s
location. If the second stage alarm is not acknowledged within 90 seconds, it will sound a
third stage alarm at the location of further crew members who are capable of taking action. If
after any stage the alarm is reset, it will again activate after 12 minutes of last indication.
Such great features make BNWAS( Bridge Navigational Watch alarm system )inevitable
part of bridge watch keeping and prove to be a great aid in mitigating the risks to ship
owners.
Boilers
 What types of sensors would you expect on a boiler?
 What safety devices would you expect to find on a boiler?
 Low water alarm ,L.L.water ararm boiler trip,

Refrigeration and AC
 Name the electrical components usually found in a refrigeration or AC
 .system.compressor, dryer oil separator, expansion valve, condenser , eveaporator, blower,
solenoid valves , temp sensor, pressure sensor, difff pressure sensor,
 What is a compressor?
 It a machine used to compressor the refrigerant to its condensing pressure.
 If a compressor is switching on and off – is it fair to think the problem is the motor itself?
What else could be the problem?
  What could be happening to the motor from constantly switching on and off? Due to the
high starting current will cause the motor to get hot, and cause insulation failure.
 If the contactor is stuck closed, what could this cause? The motor would not stop and would
have no control from the control circuit.
 Why would a compressor run hot? Undercharged system due to loss of continuous runnig,
air in the system,

Miscellaneous Electrical
 What is a short circuit fault? How do you test for this? When there is a low resistance path
due to insulation breakdown or to conductors touching each other.
 Fuse of the equipment will melt on high short circuiting current. ,
 Can use a insulation resistance meter to check the condition of the insulator.
 What is an open circuit fault?
 How do you test for this? When the continuality of a circuit is broken, can use a multi meter
this fault can be traced.
 How would you safely isolate a piece of equipment? e.g. a Transformer
 Switching off the main power , confirm with a voltmeter if circuit is dead, switch off supply
and remove the fuses, and display warning n ply card notice “ DO NOT OPERATE” IF HIGH
VOLTAGE connect a Earth wore between the equipment and ground.
 What is a live line tester? live line tester is a voltage detector ideal for live line testing on
systems up to 1100V DC.
 What is a UPS? What does it do? Uninterrupted power supply, is used in monitoring and
computer system to give backup supply in case of a main power supply failure. Uses a
battery and a inverter.
 What services rely on UPS systems? Computer and automation services SVDR,
 What is a diode? = A semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow
of current in one direction only. Anode and cathode
 What is a transistor?= a semiconductor device with three connections, capable of
amplification in addition to rectification. Collector emmiter base.
 What is a thyristor? = a four-layered semiconductor rectifier in which the flow of current
between two electrodes is triggered by a signal at a third electrode. Called gate.
 What is a PI index? = Polirization index is a variation of the IR test. It is the ratio of IR
measured after voltage has been applied for 10minutes (R10) to the IR measured after one
minute (R1),
 What is IR testing? What voltages should be used?
 The insulation resistance (IR) test (also commonly known as a Megger) is a spot insulation
test which uses an applied DC voltage (typically either 250Vdc, 500Vdc or 1,000Vdc for low
voltage equipment <600V and 2,500Vdc and 5,000Vdc for high voltage equipment) to
measure insulation resistance in either kΩ, MΩ or GΩ. The measured resistance is intended
to indicate the condition of the insulation or dieletric between two conductive parts, where
the higher the resistance, the better the condition of the insulation.
 How does an IR tester work? Using dc 500volts insulation meter and spot insulation test
 Where are earth faults most likely to occur? Galley hot plates, deck lighting,
accommodation cabins, hot water calorifier heater, or any heater used in engine room.
Hand lamps.
 In what circumstances is working on live equipment permitted? No person is permitted to
work in live circuits unless the equipment is covered with insulating material and prevents
danger from electrocution,
 unless it is unreasonable under all circumstance for it to be dead. Or if it is reasonable to be
there when it is live,
  wearing proper PPE and insulated tools.
 How can you test a fuse? With a multimeter doing a continuity test.
 How does a fluorescent light work?
 Fluorescent lamps work by ionizing mercury vapor in a glass tube. This causes electrons in
the gas to emit photons at UV frequencies. The UV light is converted into standard visible
light using a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube.
 WORKING Starter switch has a neon lamp with bimetallic strip. In the choke the magnetic
field grows and shrink with AC cycle. Tungsten filament heats up as the current goes thru,
Starter neon lamp heats up a bimetallic switch, the Bimetalic switch heats up and pop it
Off, in the choke the magnetic field collapses causing a spike of voltage ( Inductive kick ),
Voltage spike forces ions all the way through the lamp,If magnetic field which collapsed was
not a peak the lamp will not light, The lamp automatically returns to preheat stage,
magnetic field will again collapses whith a larger spike, this makes the lamp warm to keep
the arc going, The ballast also limits current to prevent shorts, becoz as the lamp get
warmer the resistence keep droping, current would keep raising till the lamp destroy itself.
 What would you expect was wrong if a fluorescent light kept flashing when it was
switched on? The neon starter was defective causing the magnetic field in the choke to
raise and collapses but not warm enough to ionise the mercury.
 What is the capacitor for in a fluorescent light circuit?
 The ballast initially resists the increase in current. This causes the current to lag behind the
voltage, making the circuit inefficient. The Capacitor is there to make the circuit more
efficient by bringing the two back in phase. To improve power factor.
 What happens if you remove the starter from a fluorescent light while it is lit?
 The lamp will keep burning but will not restart again.
 Do ammeters on the MSB panel and on starter panels carry full load currents? How?
 The circuit is connected to current transformer which reduces the secondary current to max
5 amps in full range, this is proportional to full load current.
 What is a current transformer? The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument
transformer” that is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding
which is proportional to the current being measured in its primary.
 What is low location lighting?
 The low location lighting is an unique system that allows all evacuation routes to stay
illuminated, thereby communicating a clear, continuous and unambiguous 'means of
escape' message which lead to a safe place.
 What types of sensors would you expect to find around the ship? Limit switches, level
switches, pressure switches, temperature switches, proximity switches, bimetallic switches,
thermocouple,
 How do you test these?
 What is the alarm system? What does it do? How does it work?
 Alarm & monitoring system with process control and power management. Consists of alarm
and monitoring, of all machinery safeties , bilges liquid levels, tank levels , fire detection,
reefer monitoring, Air conditioning, Power management , propulsion control, ballast
control.

Miscellaneous

 What is cathodic protection?

 Its a protection where a more powerfull external current is applied to suppress the natural
electro chemical action on the wetted surface of the Hull, Reference electrode measure the
potential of the hull, A reading is sent to the control panel, The output current of the Anode
 is raised or lowered automatically, Each Anode is protected with a dielectric shield. Hence
the Hull receives a optimum level of protection.
 What is a watertight door? Explain how a watertight door is safely operated. Where can
they be operated from?
 Watertight doors are special types of doors found on the ships which prevent the ingress of
water from one compartment to other during flooding or accidents.
 Watertight doors drill on ships
 1.Drills for the operation of watertight doors shall take place every week. Also the
doors should be checked before leaving the port.
2.All watertight doors, both hinged and power operated should be operated daily
during the rounds.
3.The door should be able to operate from both local and remote places. I.e. bridge
and ship control center.
4.If door is operated from remote location, there should be an audio and visual alarm
during closing,
5.There should be indication of both open and close on the remote place of operation.
 Solas Regulations Regarding Closure of Watertight Doors
(As per Solas regulation, SOLAS chapter II-1, watertight doors from regulation
14 to regulation 25)
 1.All the power operated doors must be capable of closing simultaneously from
bridge and Ship Control Center (SCC) in not more than 60 seconds when the ship is in
upright condition.
2.The door shall have an approximate uniform rate of closure under power. The
closure time, from the time the door begins to close to the time it closes completely
shall be in no case less than 20 seconds or more than 40 seconds with the ship in
upright condition.
3.In case of hand operation of the door, during power failure, the door must be closed
within 90 seconds.

 What is a permit to work? When should they be used?
 Permit To Work-: Issued by an authorised person to a responsible person who will perform
the task of repair/maintenance Generally valid only for 24-Hrs. Has at least five sections.
FIRST section states the nature of work to be carried out. SECOND section declares where
electrical isolation and earthing have been applied and where Danger /Caution notices have
been displayed. THIRD section is signed by the Person receiving the Permit acknowledging
that he is satisfied with the safety precautions taken and the Isolation / Earthing measures
adopted. FOURTH section is signed by the Permit-holder that the work has been
completed/suspended. FIFTH Section is signed by the Issuing authority cancelling the Permit

 What should be done prior to obtaining a permit to work? Risk assessment to be

completed, tool box meeting to discuss how the work intend to be done,
 What permit might you need for working up the ships mast? What safety equipment would
you use? Working aloft permit, risk assessment
 What precautions should be taken before doing work in an enclosed space?
 How would you control an oil spill?
 What is an oily water separator?
 What is lifting gear? How is it rated? How is it tested? What is the colour coding scheme?
  Deck cranes, provision devits, liferaft davits, engine room cranes come under lifting gear,
rated in tons a SWL, colour coding is SWL from 0.1 to 1.9 = blue, 2.0 – 4.9 tons = yellow,
5.0 to 9.9 tons = Green and above 10 tons=Red.
 Chief engineer tells you to do work on a lift and you don’t have a permit to work. What do
you do?
I would refuse till a proper risk assessment and Permit to work was completed.

Difference between governors fitted on main propulsion engine and Generator.

All marine vessels need some sort of speed control system to control and govern the speed of
marine diesel engine used for propulsion. It would be really impractical and dangerous to have a ship
without speed control mechanism fitted on it, and can lead to accidents such as collision or
grounding.
The speed control mentioned above is achieved with the help of a governor. Main role of a
governor is not to increase or decrease the speed which can be done via fuel control system ( similar
to an accelerator on your car) but once the speed of the engine has been set, the job of the governor
is to maintain that despite the variations in load. In other words the governor controls the speed
variation and keeps the speed within restrained limits despite these variations.
As per IACS each main engine is to be fitted with a speed governor so adjusted that the engine
speed can not exceed the rated speed by more than 15%.

Generator on board a ship needs to maintain constant frequency. To maintain constant frequency
the prime mover should run at constant speed. So the governor fitted on this type of prime mover
should be able to maintain constant speed to maintain constant frequency. As per IACS each
generator should be fitted with speed governor which will prevent transient frequency variation in
the electrical network in excess of + or - 10% of the rated frequency.

so it can be concluded that governor fitted on main engine is a constant load governor. It maintains
constant load at different speed setting set by the fuel lever. Where as a governor fitted on a
generator is a constant speed governor. It maintains the engine rated speed despite of load
variations.

Overcurrent relay
An "Over current Relay" is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds a
preset value. In a typical application the over current relay is used for over current protection,
connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level.
When the relay operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize a trip coil in a Circuit
Breaker and trip (open) the Circuit Breaker.:
Overload relay:
"Overload relays are electrical switches typically employed in industrial settings to protect electrical
equipment from damage due to overheating in turn caused by excessive current flow. Overload
relays are provided for protecting components connected to an electrical circuit in the event the
current flowing through the circuit exceeds a predetermined level. An overload relay monitors the
current flowing in the protected circuit and sends a signal to cause a contactor in the protected
circuit to open when the current flowing in the protected circuit is higher than a preselected level."