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Objectives
The general problem is to plan rail routes using GIS technology, considering the effect of various
economic, geological and technical factors. The main objective of this work is finding best alignment of a
proposed new railway line in Hilly terrain of Arunachal Pradesh by exploring the potential of GIS based
spatial multi-criteria decision making methods. After obtaining all possible rail routes with locations the
optimum network which satisfies all requirements is identified.
ENVI
This is a Image processing software can be used for image processing and supervised classification of
satellite images.
Overview of methodology
The methodology contains two parts one is data collection and other data analysis. In Data Collection
process, Topography maps and Geology maps should be collected from different agencies or prepared in
house using satellite imagery like Landsat-8.
Following is the band combination table for Landsat 8 image.
WAVELENGTH RESOLUTION
No. BAND (µm) (m)
1 Band 1-Coastal Aerosol 0.43 – 0.45 30
2 Band 2 – Blue 0.45 – 0.51 30
3 Band 3 – Green 0.53 – 0.59 30
4 Band 4 – Red 0.64 – 0.67 30
5 Band 5 – NIR 0.85 – 0.88 30
6 Band 6 – SWIR 1 1.57 – 1.65 30
7 Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11 – 2.29 30
Band 8 – 0.50 – 0.68 15
8 Panchromatic
9 Band 9 – Cirrus 1.36 – 1.38 30
10 Band 10 – TIR 1 10.60 – 11.19 100
11 Band 11 – TIR 2 11.50 – 12.51 100
Landsat-8 has 11 bands that stretch between the visible, near infra-red, and the Thermal regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Landsat- 8 is radio metrically more sensitive than earlier Landsat platforms.
The spectral signal of it is measured and presented across a much greater range (0.43 – 12.51 um) and
also provide 16 bit data. Colour composite images could show the classification and distributions of rock
types. The Near Infrared (NIR) wavelength is one of the most commonly used wavelengths on
multispectral sensors because vegetation reflects so strongly in this portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum that this information proves very useful when performing vegetation analyses. RGB Composite
image creation as follows:
Bands (7, 5 and 3) gave a false color image composite with an enhanced image with the rocky outcrops
shown in shades of purple and blue. Many structural features are visible with good atmospheric
penetration, this band combination is similar to the 5, 6, 4 band combination but vegetation shows up in
more vibrant shades of green, rock classification and urban areas as well as some kinds of soil could be
identified. Band 5 measures the near infrared, or NIR. This part of the spectrum is especially important
for ecology because healthy plants reflect it – the water in their leaves scatters the wavelengths back
into the sky while Bands 6 and 7 cover different slices of the shortwave infrared, or SWIR. They are
mainly useful for differentiating wet earth from dry earth, and rocks and soils that look similar in other
bands, often have strong contrasts in SWIR.
SRTM data can be used for generating DEM and slope map of terrain. Data analysis part would be
carried out using Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Making (SMCDM) system.
The comparison matrix is reciprocal, i.e. if criterion A is twice preferred to criterion B, we can conclude
that criterion B is preferred only one-half as much as criterion A. Thus, if criterion A receives a score of 2
relative to criterion B, criterion B should receive a score of ½ when compared to criterion A. Using this
logic pairwise comparison matrix can be completed. An example is given in the following table. Here, the
completed matrix of pair wise comparisons comparing two criteria at a time and assigning scores
according to Table 1 is shown (data are imaginary).
Factors/
Criterion Ln Sl St Fr Rd Hd Gl
Landuse
(Ln) 1 2 3 2 3 5 5
Slope (Sl) 0.5 1 2 4 3 2 4
Settlement
(St) 0.33 0.5 1 0.5 0.2 0.33 2
Forest (Fr) 0.5 0.25 2 1 2 3 6
Road (Rd) 0.33 0.33 2 0.5 1 0.33 4
Hydrology
(Hd) 0.2 0.5 3 0.33 3 1 2
Geology
(Gl) 0.2 0.25 0.5 0.17 0.25 0.5 1
Sum 3.06 4.83 13.5 8.5 12.45 12.16 24
Table 2: Pairwise Comparison matrix
1) Calculate the sum of the values in each column of the pairwise comparison matrix
2) Divide each element in the matrix by its column sum; This is referred to as the normalized
pairwise comparison matrix
3) Compute the average of the elements in each row of the normalized matrix, i.e. divide the sum
by the number of factors/criteria in this case by 7. These averages provide an estimate of the
relative weights of the factors/criteria being compared (Table 2).
From the Table 3 we can see the criteria weights in percents where total importance must equal
100%; for Landuse/Landcover – 30%, Slope – 22%, Settlement – 7%, Forest – 16%, Road – 9%,
Hydrology – 12%, Geology – 4%. This means that Landuse/Landcover and Slope are the most
important criteria for the suitability assessment for laying the rail route. These defined the
criterion weights are being used in the aggregating to produce the suitability index for laying rail
route.
Factors/
Criteria Ln Sl St Fr Rd Hd Gl Weight
Landuse (0.327+0.414+0.222+0.235+0.241+0.411+0.208)
(Ln) 0.33 0.41 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.41 0.21 /7 = 0.294
(0.163+0.207+0.148+0.471+0.241+0.164+0.167)
Slope (Sl) 0.16 0.21 0.15 0.47 0.24 0.16 0.17 /7 = 0.223
Settlement (0.108+0.104+0.074+0.059+0.016+0.027+0.083)
(St) 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.08 /7 = 0.067
(0.163+0.052+0.148+0.118+0.161+0.247+0.250)
Forest (Fr) 0.16 0.05 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.25 0.25 /7 = 0.163
(0.108+0.068+0.148+0.059+0.080+0.027+0.167)
Road (Rd) 0.11 0.07 0.15 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.17 /7 = 0.094
Hydrology (0.065+0.104+0.222+0.039+0.241+0.082+0.083)
(Hd) 0.07 0.1 0.22 0.04 0.24 0.08 0.08 /7 = 0.119
Geology (0.065+0.052+0.037+0.020+0.020+0.041+0.042)
(Gl) 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 /7 = 0.040
Sum 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Table 3: Calculation of criterion weight
Cost Scale
Percentage of Slope value value
0%-3% 1 10
3%-5% 2 9
5%-8% 3 8
8 % - 10 % 4 7
10 % - 15 % 5 6
15 % - 18 % 6 5
18 % - 20 % 7 4
20 % - 25 % 8 3
25 % - 30 % 9 2
30 % - 35 % 10 1
>35 % 1000 1
Table 4: Cost surface and evaluation scale for terrain slope
Once the suitability cost surface has been created in model builder, cost distance and cost path process
were used to determine the least-cost routes. These processes took the suitability cost surface and
calculated separately from each station the accumulated cost of traveling from any location back to the
starting point. The last process calculated paths through the landscape from the destination stations
along the least costly path back to the starting stations.
Figure 2: Example of model builder for creating cost surface using two factors (Land use and Slope)
The suitability cost surface as a cost raster is used to calculate the cost distance analysis. The cost values
assigned to each cell are per-unit distance measures for the cell. If the data resolution is 10 m, the total
cost to travel either horizontally or vertically through the cell would be the cost assigned to the cell
multiplied by the resolution [total cost = cost * 10]. To travel diagonally through the cell, the total cost
would be 14.14 *cost.
Figure 3: Raster of cost surface where pixel value shows the cost of travelling of unit distance through this cell
Figure 4: Example of model builder for creating optimum network where regions means the location which need to be
connected
Figure 5: Example of optimum rail route