COURSE FILE

Of

Y Madhu Maheswara Reddy, Asst. Prof, and Mech. Engg. Dept.

For the Subject

FLUID MECHANICS (PC 303 ME)

For B E III Semester (CBCS), for the Academic Year 2018-2019.

This File Contains:

(1) Essence of the Course File

(2) Teaching Plan & Its implementation
(3) Unit wise Lecture Notes
(Listing of subtopics, Graphs, Characteristics, Laws, Theorems, Equations, etc.)
(4) Syllabus Copy
(5) Previous Question Papers
(Minimum of 4 sets of Regular Exam and 4 sets of Supplementary Exam)

Methodist College of Engineering & Technology

Abids, Hyderabad.
 I. ESSENCE OF THE COURSE FILE

1) Name of the faculty: Y Madhu Maheswara Reddy

2) Designation & Department: Asst. Prof, Mech. Engg.
3) Subject and its code: FLUID MECHANICS (PC 303 ME)
4) Subject for: B E III Semester(CBCS), for the Academic Year 2018-2019
5) Course objective:

 To know various fluid properties, concept and method of fluid pressure measurement.
 To understand the basic concepts of fluid motion.
 To study different equations of fluid motion and fluid dynamics.
 To analyze different flow characteristics of laminar and turbulent flows.
 To study the motion of gasses for different conditions of expansion.
 To lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in courses like Hydraulics Machinery and
Systems, Thermal Turbo machinery and Gas Dynamics etc.
6) Course Outcomes

 To explain the laws and terminology of fluid flows, classify fluid flows, state law of mass
conservation and derive relevant equations
 To apply principles of energy and momentum conservation to analyze fluid flow and
compute forces exerted on control volumes due to change of momentum
 To describe flow and pressure measurement devices and obtain relevant equations for
computing flow in pipes and open channels.
 To describe flow regimes in pressure conduits and boundary layer development; compute
drag and lift forces on aerofoil and also frictional losses in pressure conduits.
 To develop and apply laws of mass, energy and momentum conservation in compressible
flow.
 7) Subject schedule:

Planned Executed
No. of No. of
Unit From -To From -To
periods periods
Unit-I
Properties of Fluids & 02-07-2018
TO 13
Fluid Kinematics 18-07-2018

Unit-II 19-07-2018
Fluid Dynamics TO 12
02-08-2018
Unit-III 3-08-2018
Measurement of TO 11
Fluid Flows 27-08-2018
Unit-IV
Laminar & Turbulent 28-08-2018
TO 12
Flow Through Pipes 12-09-2018

Unit-V
Compressible Fluid 13-09-2018
TO 11
Flows 02-10-2018

No. of periods planned: 57 No. of periods executed:

8) Target:
1) Pass percentage: 70%
2) Percentage scoring 70% & above: 20

9) Pedagogy: Black board/ OHP/LCD:

10) Methods of evaluation:
 Assignments
 Periodic class room tests
 Periodic class room quizzes
 University quizzes
 University Mid exams
 Class room seminars

11) Reference Books:

1. K. L. Kumar, Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Eurasia Publishing House, 1997.

2. R. K. Rajput, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, S. Chand & Co., 2003.
 3. P. N. Modi and S. M. Seth, Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics, Standard Book House,
Delhi, 1995.
4. V. L. Streeter, Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd.,

12) Guidelines to the students:

i) All students should be properly and neatly dressed

ii) The behavior of the students, both within and outside the college campus should be
decent and befitting to a professional institution.
iii) Students should attend classes; submit assignments, records, home work etc. in
time. Students coming late shall enter the class only with the permission of the
teacher. Late comers will not get attendance for the period. No student shall leave
the class before the class is dispersed by the teacher handling the class.
iv) Students shall move silently when proceeding from one class to another so as not to
disturb other classes.
v) The class tests, series tests and model examinations are to be attended by all the
students with sufficient preparation. Re-tests will not be conducted normally.
vi) Students must park their vehicles only in the places specified for the same, and
should not use the vehicles inside the campus beyond the parking areas.
vii) All assignments must be turned in on the appointed day of class.
viii) Late assignments will lose 1 mark each day they are late.
ix) Any assignment three or more days late will be counted as a zero

Signature of faculty with Date Signature of HEAD with Date.

II. TEACHING PLAN & ITS EXECUTION

(1) Unit-I: The objective of this unit is to
 Define fluid and its properties. Describe effect of temperature on viscosity.
 Explain Newton’s law of viscosity.
  Classify fluids based on Newton’s law of viscosity and solve problems on Viscosity
(moving plates and shaft examples)
 Employ capillary principle to calculate capillary rise/fall in a given tube.
 Distinguish velocity potential function and stream function and solve for velocity and
acceleration of a fluid at a given location in a fluid flow
 Examine the possibility of a flow using continuity equation

(2)Planning of Lectures & Their Execution:

Unit I
Properties of Fluids & Fluid Kinetics
Planned
Executed
Sl.
Topics No. of No. of Ref.
No.
Periods Date Period Book Pedagogy
s no.
Properties of fluids: Definition of
1 fluid and concept of continuum. 2 1 Black board

Fluid properties; pressure, density, Black board

2 1 2
specific weight, specific volume,
Dynamic and kinematic viscosity.
3 Classification of fluids; ideal and 1 2 Black board
real fluids.
Fluid Kinematics: General
4 concepts of path lines, stream lines, 1 2 Black board
streak lines and stream tubes.
Classification of fluid flow; steady
and unsteady, uniform and non- Black board
5 2 1
uniform, laminar and turbulent,
rotational and irrotational,
One- two-and three-dimensional Black board
6 2 2
flows.
Definition and properties of stream
7 function and velocity potential 2 1 Black board
function,
Flow nets. Continuity equation in
8 1D & 3D. 2 1 Black board

3) Assignment Questions: Given date: Submission date:

1. (a) Differentiate between: (i) Liquids and Gases (ii) Cohesion and Adhesion (iii) Real fluid and
Ideal fluid (iv) Compressible and Incompressible fluids. (v) Specific weight and specific volume of
a fluid.
(b) In a stream of glycerin in motion, the velocity gradient at a certain point is 0.30 meters per sec
per meter. Calculate the shear stress at the point If the mass density of the liquid is 1275 kg/m 3 and
the kinematic viscosity is 6.30 x 10-4 m22 /sec.

2. Two large plane surfaces are 2.4 cm apart. The space between the surfaces is filled with
glycerin. What force is required to drag a very thin plate of surface area 0.5 square meter between
the two large plane surfaces at a speed of 0.6 m/s, if (i) The thin plate is in the middle of the two
plane surfaces, and (ii) The thin plate is at a distance of 0.8 cm from one of the plane surfaces.
Dynamic viscosity of glycerin = 8.10 x 10-1 Ns/m2.

3. (a) The pressure of water increases with depth in the ocean. At the surface, the density was
measured as 1024.5 kg/m3. The atmospheric pressure is 1.01 bars. At a certain depth where the
pressure was 900 bar the density was measure as 1065.43 kg/m 3. Determine the average value of
bulk modulus. (b) Differentiate between the three states of mater. (c) Distinguish between
compressible and incompressible fluids and vapor and gas.

4. (a) Explain the concepts of (i) vapor pressure (ii) partial pressure (iii) surface tension (b) A shaft
of 150 mm diameter rotates in bearings with a uniform oil of thickness 0.8 mm. Two bearing of
150 cm width are used. The viscosity of the oil is 22 Centi Poise. Determine the torque if the speed
is 210 rpm

5. (a) Define density, specific volume, weight density and specific gravity.

(b) A liquid with kinematic viscosity of 2.7 centistokes fills the space between a large stationary
plate and a parallel plate of 500 mm square, the film thickness being 1 mm. if the force required
pulling the smaller plate with a uniform velocity of 3 m/s was 1.734 N; determine specific weight
of the liquid. Assume that the liquid film is maintained all over.

6. Define kinematic viscosity and explain the significance of the same.

7. Differentiate between: (a) Stream function and velocity potential function (b) Stream line and
streak line (c) Rotational and ir-rotational flows (d) Uniform flow and non-uniform flow.

(1) Unit-II: The objective of this unit is to

 Establish Euler’s theorem and deduce Bernoulli’s equation for a ideal fluid and comment
on validation assumption made.
  Examine Bernoulli’s equation for ideal and real fluids and evaluate the direction of flow.
 Sketch HGL and TEL for a given pipe setting

(2)Planning of Lectures & Their Execution:

Unit II
Fluid Dynamics

Planned
Executed
Sl.
No Topics No. of Ref.
No. of
. Periods Date Book Pedagogy
Periods
no
Fluid Dynamics: Energy of a fluid
1 body, Potential Energy and Potential 2 1
Head.
Pressure energy and Pressure Head,
2 Kinetic Energy and kinetic Head, 2 1
Energy Equation.
Derivation of Euler’s and Bernoulli’s’
3 2 2
Equations.
4 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation. 2 2
Impulse momentum Equation and its
5 2 1
Applications.
6 Problems on Bernoulli’s Equation &
2 2
Impulse Momentum Equation.

(3)Assignment Questions: Given date: Submission date:

1. (a) What is Stream tube? What are its characteristics? (b) A pipe AB branches into two pipes
from B. One pipe C has a diameter of 150 mm and the other D has a diameter of 200 mm. The
diameter at A is 450 mm and at B is 300 mm. The velocity of water at A is 2 m/s. If the velocity in
pipe D be 4 m/s, determine the discharge through pipe AB, the velocity at B and velocity at C.

2. (a) Define steady, non-steady, uniform and non-uniform flows 1. A 0.4 m x 0.3 m, 900 vertical
reducing bend carries 0.5 m3 /s of oil specific gravity 0.85 with a pressure of 118 k N/m 2 at inlet to
the bend. The volume of the bend is 0.1 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on the
bend. Neglect friction and assume both inlet and outlet sections to be at same horizontal level. Also
assume that water enters the bend at 45° to the horizontal.

3. Differentiate between: (a) Stream function and velocity potential function (b) Stream line and
streak line (c) Rotational and irrotational flows (d) Uniform flow and non-uniform flow.

4. (a) Name different forces present in a fluid flow. For Euler’s equation of motion, which forces
are taken into consideration? (b) The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are 15 cm and 25
cm respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe if velocity of water at section 1 is 10 m/s.
determine also the velocity at section 2.

5. (a) Differentiate between: (i) Stream-lines body and bluff body (ii) Friction drag and pressure
drag. (b) What do you mean by ‘Terminal velocity of a body’? What is the relation between the
weight of the body, drag force on the body and buoyant force when the body has acquired terminal
velocity?

(b) The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given by V = 2x3i – 5x2 yj+4tk. Find the velocity and
acceleration of a fluid particles at (1, 2, 3) at time, t = 1.

6. State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid. Derive an expression for
Bernoulli’s theorem from first principle and state the assumptions made for such a derivation.

(1) Unit-III: The objective of this unit is to

 Employ Bernoulli’s equation for real flow and deduce expressions for orifice meter and
Venturimeter.
  Distinguish Venturimeter, orifice meter, Pitot tube and rectangular and triangular notches
and solve for velocity of flow.
 Explain the working of Bourdon tube Pressure gauge.
 Study the working of Hot wire Anemometer

(2)Planning of Lectures & Their Execution:

Unit III
Measurement of Fluid Flows
Plann
ed Executed
Sl.
Topics No. of No.
No. Ref.
Perio of
Date Book Pedogogy
ds Perio
no
ds
Measurement of Fluid Flows:
Black
Measurement of pressure, and use
1 2 1 board
of pressure measuring devices
such as manometers,
Black
Bourdon’s pressure gauge and
2 2 1 board
transducers.
Measurement of velocity, and use
Black
of velocity measuring devices
3 2 1 board
such as pitot tube and hot wire
anemometer.
Measurement of discharge, and Black
4 use of discharge measuring 1 1 board
devices such as venturimeter,
Orifice meter and rotameter; Black
5 derivation of relevant formulae. 2 1 board

6 Discharge formulae for weirs and Black

2 1 board
notches.

(3)Assignment Questions: Given date: Submission date:

 1. Explain how a U tube differential manometer works with the help of sketch. (b) Calculate
the pressure due to a column of 0.2 m of (i). Water (ii).Gasoline of specific gravity 0.75 (iii).
Mercury of specific gravity 13.6. Take mass density of water as 1000Kg/m3

2. (a) Define capillarity and surface tension and discuss the factors affecting them. (b) Explain
with sketches how an inverted U-tube manometer is used to measure small pressure
differences. (c) Differentiate between the three states of matter.

3. What is a pitot-tube? How will you determine the velocity at any point with the help of pitot-
tube?

4. A 20 x 10 cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity

0.8, the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section and entrance
section of the venturimeter is 50 cm. The differential U-tube mercury manometer shows a
gauge deflection of 40 cm. Calculate (i) The discharge of oil, and (ii) The pressure difference
between the entrance section and the throat section. Take Cd = 0.98 and specific gravity of
mercury is 13.6.

5. A 0.4 m x 0.3 m, 900 vertical reducing bend carries 0.5 m 3 /s of oil specific gravity 0.85 with
a pressure of 118 kN/m2 at inlet to the bend. The volume of the bend is 0.1 m 3 . Find the
magnitude and direction of the force on the bend. Neglect friction and assume both inlet and
outlet sections to be at same horizontal level. Also assume that water enters the bend at 45° to
the horizontal

(1) Unit-IV: The objective of this unit is to

  Employ Bernoulli’s equation for real flow and deduce expressions for orifice meter and
Venturimeter
 Distinguish Venturimeter, orifice meter, pitot tube and rectangular and triangular notches
and solve for velocity of flow.
 Define critical Reynolds number
 Establish Hagen Poisueille’s equation for laminar flow through pipe and parallel plates.
 Illustrate fully developed flow. Apply Hagen Poisueille’s equation to solve numerical
Problems
(2)Planning of Lectures &Their Execution:

Unit IV
Laminar and Turbulent Flow through Pipes & Boundary Layer Theory
Planne
d Executed

Sl.No. Topics No. of No.

Ref.
Period of
Date Book Pedogogy
s Perio
no
ds
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Black
through Pipes: Distinction
1 2 1 board
between laminar and turbulent
flows;
Reynold’s number and its
Black
significance. Upper and lower
2 2 1 board
critical values of Reynold’s
numbers for flow in pipes.
Development of laminar and
turbulent flow in circular pipes. Black
3 Hagen-Poiseuille equation; 2 1 board
.

frictional losses in pipes. Darcy’s

equation. Estimation of Darcy’s Black
4 friction factor. Empirical formulae 2 1 board
and Moody’s chart.

Boundary Layer Theory:

Development of laminar and Black
5 turbulent boundary layers on a flat 2 4 board
plate, pressure gradient, and
phenomenon of separation.
6 Fluid flow over an aerofoil, flow 2 1 Black
around a cylinder at rest,
 rotational flow around a cylinder
at rest, lift and drag forces, and board
coefficients; circulation and
Magnus effect

(3)Assignment Questions: Given date: Submission date:

1. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by = 2 ( y/ δ) – ( y/ δ) 2 being

boundary layer thickness. Calculate the following (i) Displacement thickness (ii)
Momentum thickness, and (iii) Energy thickness
2. (a) An oil Kinematic Viscosity 0.5 stoke is flowing through a pipe of diameter 300 mm at
the rate of 320 litres per sec. Find the head lost due to friction for a length of 60 m of the
pipe. (b) Calculate the rate of flow of water through a pipe of diameter 300 mm, when the
difference of pressure head between the two ends of a pipe 400 mm apart is 5 m of water.
Take the value of f = 0.009 in the formula hf
3. (a) How are drag and lift forces caused on a body immersed in a moving fluid. (b) What is
the drag force on a sphere in the stoke range? (c) Explain the terms: (i) Friction drag (ii)
Pressure drag and profile drag.
4. (a) What do you mean by boundary layer separation? What is the effect of pressure
gradient an boundary layer separation? (b) Air is flowing over a smooth plate with a
velocity of 8 m/s. The length of the plate is 1.5 m and width 1 m. If the laminar boundary
exists upto a value of Reynolds number = 5 x 10 5 , find the maximum distance from the
leading edge upto laminar boundary layer exists. Take v for air = 0.15 stokes.
5. (a) Define and explain the terms: (i) Hydraulic gradient and (ii) Total energy line. (b) Air
velocity in a duct is measured as 38.2 m/s by a pitot tube. Density of flowing air 1.3 kg/m 3 .
If the pressure difference recorded by the pitot static tube is 0.1 m of water, calculate the
coefficient of velocity of the pitot static tube.
6. The suction pipe of a pump slopes at 1 m vertical for 5 m length. If the flow velocity in the
pipe is 1.8 m/s and if the pressure in the pipe should not fall by more than 7 m water,
determine the maximum length.

(1) Unit-V: The objective of this unit is to

 Distinguish between Drag force and lift force
  Examine drag and lift force for a given set of dimension and variables

 Write the boundary layer concept.

 Distinguish displacement, momentum, and energy thickness.

 Illustrate subsonic, sonic, supersonic, hypersonic flows with respect to Mach number

(2)Planning of Lectures & Their Execution:

Unit V
Compressible fluid flow
Planne
d Executed

Sl.No. Topics No. of No.

Ref.
Period of
Date Book Pedogogy
s Perio
no
ds
Compressible fluid flow: Black
1 Concepts of compressible flow, 1 2 board

Black
Continuity, momentum and energy
2 1 2 board
equation of compressible flow.
Black
Velocity of sound in compressible
3 2 2 board
and incompressible fluids.
Black
Mach Number. Classification of
4 2 2 board
compressible flow;
Black
5 Adiabatic flow in perfect gas,. 2 2 board

Black
6 Stagnation pressure and
2 2 board
temperature.
Temperature, pressure, density Black
7 ratios as functions of Mach 1 2 board
number

(3) Assignment Questions Given date: Submission date:

1. Write short notes on Stagnation pressure in compressible flows.

2. Write down continuity equation for compressible flows and explain why it is different from in
compressible flows?

3. Explain briefly the velocity of propagation of pressure wave in compressible flows?

4. Define Mach number and explain mach cone with help of neat sketch?

5. Write short notes on symmetric and un-symmetric aero foils?

6. Derive the equation for velocity of sound in in-compressible flows?

 Course Code Course Title Core / Elective
PC 303 ME FLUID MECHANICS Core
Contact Hours per Week
Prerequisite CIE SEE Credits
L T D P
NIL 4 - - - 30 70 4

Course Objectives

 To know various fluid properties, concept and method of fluid pressure measurement.
 To understand the basic concepts of fluid motion.
 To study different equations of fluid motion and fluid dynamics.
 To analyze different flow characteristics of laminar and turbulent flows.
 To study the motion of gasses for different conditions of expansion.
 To lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in courses like Hydraulics Machinery and
Systems, Thermal Turbo machinery and Gas Dynamics etc.
Course Outcomes

 To explain the laws and terminology of fluid flows, classify fluid flows, state law of mass
conservation and derive relevant equations
 To apply principles of energy and momentum conservation to analyze fluid flow and
compute forces exerted on control volumes due to change of momentum
 To describe flow and pressure measurement devices and obtain relevant equations for
computing flow in pipes and open channels.
 To describe flow regimes in pressure conduits and boundary layer development; compute
drag and lift forces on aerofoil and also frictional losses in pressure conduits.
 To develop and apply laws of mass, energy and momentum conservation in compressible
flow.

UNIT-I
Properties of fluids: Definition of fluid and concept of continuum. Fluid properties; pressure,
density, specific weight, specific volume, dynamic and kinematic viscosity. Classification of fluids;
ideal and real fluids.
Fluid Kinematics: General concepts of path lines, stream lines, streak lines and stream tubes.
Classification of fluid flow; steady and unsteady, uniform and non-uniform, laminar and turbulent,
rotational and irrotational, one-, two-and three-dimensional flows. Definition and properties of
stream function and velocity potential function, and use of flow nets.

UNIT-II
Fluid Dynamics: Energy of a fluid body, potential energy and potential head, pressure energy and
pressure head, kinetic energy and kinetic head, energy equation. Derivation of Euler’s and
Bernoullis’ equations, and their applications. Impulse momentum equation and its applications.

UNIT-III
Measurement of Fluid Flows: Measurement of pressure, and use of pressure measuring devices
such as manometers, Bourdon’s pressure gauge and transducers. Measurement of velocity, and use
of velocity measuring devices such as pitot tube and hot wire anemometer. Measurement of
discharge, and use of discharge measuring devices such as venturimeter, orifice meter and
rotameter; derivation of relevant formulae. Discharge formulae for weirs and notches.

UNIT-IV
Laminar and Turbulent Flow through Pipes: Distinction between laminar and turbulent flows;
Reynold’s number and its significance. Upper and lower critical values of Reynold’s numbers for
flow in pipes. Development of laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes. Hagen-Poiseuille
equation; frictional losses in pipes. Darcy’s equation. Estimation of Darcy’s friction factor.
Empirical formulae and Moody’s chart.
Boundary Layer Theory: Development of laminar and turbulent boundary layers on a flat plate,
pressure gradient, and phenomenon of separation. Fluid flow over an aerofoil, flow around a
cylinder at rest, rotational flow around a cylinder at rest, lift and drag forces, and coefficients;
circulation and Magnus effect.

UNIT-V
Compressible fluid flow: Concepts of compressible flow, continuity, momentum and energy
equation of compressible flow. Velocity of sound in compressible and incompressible fluids. Mach
Number. Classification of compressible flow; adiabatic flow in perfect gas, stagnation pressure and
temperature. Temperature, pressure, density ratios as functions of Mach number.

Suggested Reading:

1. K. L. Kumar, Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Eurasia Publishing House, 1997.

2. R. K. Rajput, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, S. Chand & Co., 2003.
3. P. N. Modi and S. M. Seth, Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics, Standard Book House, Delhi,
1995.
4. V. L. Streeter, Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd.,