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Of
To know various fluid properties, concept and method of fluid pressure measurement.
To understand the basic concepts of fluid motion.
To study different equations of fluid motion and fluid dynamics.
To analyze different flow characteristics of laminar and turbulent flows.
To study the motion of gasses for different conditions of expansion.
To lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in courses like Hydraulics Machinery and
Systems, Thermal Turbo machinery and Gas Dynamics etc.
6) Course Outcomes
To explain the laws and terminology of fluid flows, classify fluid flows, state law of mass
conservation and derive relevant equations
To apply principles of energy and momentum conservation to analyze fluid flow and
compute forces exerted on control volumes due to change of momentum
To describe flow and pressure measurement devices and obtain relevant equations for
computing flow in pipes and open channels.
To describe flow regimes in pressure conduits and boundary layer development; compute
drag and lift forces on aerofoil and also frictional losses in pressure conduits.
To develop and apply laws of mass, energy and momentum conservation in compressible
flow.
7) Subject schedule:
Planned Executed
No. of No. of
Unit From -To From -To
periods periods
Unit-I
Properties of Fluids & 02-07-2018
TO 13
Fluid Kinematics 18-07-2018
Unit-II 19-07-2018
Fluid Dynamics TO 12
02-08-2018
Unit-III 3-08-2018
Measurement of TO 11
Fluid Flows 27-08-2018
Unit-IV
Laminar & Turbulent 28-08-2018
TO 12
Flow Through Pipes 12-09-2018
Unit-V
Compressible Fluid 13-09-2018
TO 11
Flows 02-10-2018
8) Target:
1) Pass percentage: 70%
2) Percentage scoring 70% & above: 20
ii) The behavior of the students, both within and outside the college campus should be
decent and befitting to a professional institution.
iii) Students should attend classes; submit assignments, records, home work etc. in
time. Students coming late shall enter the class only with the permission of the
teacher. Late comers will not get attendance for the period. No student shall leave
the class before the class is dispersed by the teacher handling the class.
iv) Students shall move silently when proceeding from one class to another so as not to
disturb other classes.
v) The class tests, series tests and model examinations are to be attended by all the
students with sufficient preparation. Re-tests will not be conducted normally.
vi) Students must park their vehicles only in the places specified for the same, and
should not use the vehicles inside the campus beyond the parking areas.
vii) All assignments must be turned in on the appointed day of class.
viii) Late assignments will lose 1 mark each day they are late.
ix) Any assignment three or more days late will be counted as a zero
Unit I
Properties of Fluids & Fluid Kinetics
Planned
Executed
Sl.
Topics No. of No. of Ref.
No.
Periods Date Period Book Pedagogy
s no.
Properties of fluids: Definition of
1 fluid and concept of continuum. 2 1 Black board
1. (a) Differentiate between: (i) Liquids and Gases (ii) Cohesion and Adhesion (iii) Real fluid and
Ideal fluid (iv) Compressible and Incompressible fluids. (v) Specific weight and specific volume of
a fluid.
(b) In a stream of glycerin in motion, the velocity gradient at a certain point is 0.30 meters per sec
per meter. Calculate the shear stress at the point If the mass density of the liquid is 1275 kg/m 3 and
the kinematic viscosity is 6.30 x 10-4 m22 /sec.
2. Two large plane surfaces are 2.4 cm apart. The space between the surfaces is filled with
glycerin. What force is required to drag a very thin plate of surface area 0.5 square meter between
the two large plane surfaces at a speed of 0.6 m/s, if (i) The thin plate is in the middle of the two
plane surfaces, and (ii) The thin plate is at a distance of 0.8 cm from one of the plane surfaces.
Dynamic viscosity of glycerin = 8.10 x 10-1 Ns/m2.
3. (a) The pressure of water increases with depth in the ocean. At the surface, the density was
measured as 1024.5 kg/m3. The atmospheric pressure is 1.01 bars. At a certain depth where the
pressure was 900 bar the density was measure as 1065.43 kg/m 3. Determine the average value of
bulk modulus. (b) Differentiate between the three states of mater. (c) Distinguish between
compressible and incompressible fluids and vapor and gas.
4. (a) Explain the concepts of (i) vapor pressure (ii) partial pressure (iii) surface tension (b) A shaft
of 150 mm diameter rotates in bearings with a uniform oil of thickness 0.8 mm. Two bearing of
150 cm width are used. The viscosity of the oil is 22 Centi Poise. Determine the torque if the speed
is 210 rpm
5. (a) Define density, specific volume, weight density and specific gravity.
(b) A liquid with kinematic viscosity of 2.7 centistokes fills the space between a large stationary
plate and a parallel plate of 500 mm square, the film thickness being 1 mm. if the force required
pulling the smaller plate with a uniform velocity of 3 m/s was 1.734 N; determine specific weight
of the liquid. Assume that the liquid film is maintained all over.
7. Differentiate between: (a) Stream function and velocity potential function (b) Stream line and
streak line (c) Rotational and ir-rotational flows (d) Uniform flow and non-uniform flow.
Establish Euler’s theorem and deduce Bernoulli’s equation for a ideal fluid and comment
on validation assumption made.
Examine Bernoulli’s equation for ideal and real fluids and evaluate the direction of flow.
Sketch HGL and TEL for a given pipe setting
Unit II
Fluid Dynamics
Planned
Executed
Sl.
No Topics No. of Ref.
No. of
. Periods Date Book Pedagogy
Periods
no
Fluid Dynamics: Energy of a fluid
1 body, Potential Energy and Potential 2 1
Head.
Pressure energy and Pressure Head,
2 Kinetic Energy and kinetic Head, 2 1
Energy Equation.
Derivation of Euler’s and Bernoulli’s’
3 2 2
Equations.
4 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation. 2 2
Impulse momentum Equation and its
5 2 1
Applications.
6 Problems on Bernoulli’s Equation &
2 2
Impulse Momentum Equation.
1. (a) What is Stream tube? What are its characteristics? (b) A pipe AB branches into two pipes
from B. One pipe C has a diameter of 150 mm and the other D has a diameter of 200 mm. The
diameter at A is 450 mm and at B is 300 mm. The velocity of water at A is 2 m/s. If the velocity in
pipe D be 4 m/s, determine the discharge through pipe AB, the velocity at B and velocity at C.
2. (a) Define steady, non-steady, uniform and non-uniform flows 1. A 0.4 m x 0.3 m, 900 vertical
reducing bend carries 0.5 m3 /s of oil specific gravity 0.85 with a pressure of 118 k N/m 2 at inlet to
the bend. The volume of the bend is 0.1 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on the
bend. Neglect friction and assume both inlet and outlet sections to be at same horizontal level. Also
assume that water enters the bend at 45° to the horizontal.
3. Differentiate between: (a) Stream function and velocity potential function (b) Stream line and
streak line (c) Rotational and irrotational flows (d) Uniform flow and non-uniform flow.
4. (a) Name different forces present in a fluid flow. For Euler’s equation of motion, which forces
are taken into consideration? (b) The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are 15 cm and 25
cm respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe if velocity of water at section 1 is 10 m/s.
determine also the velocity at section 2.
5. (a) Differentiate between: (i) Stream-lines body and bluff body (ii) Friction drag and pressure
drag. (b) What do you mean by ‘Terminal velocity of a body’? What is the relation between the
weight of the body, drag force on the body and buoyant force when the body has acquired terminal
velocity?
(b) The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given by V = 2x3i – 5x2 yj+4tk. Find the velocity and
acceleration of a fluid particles at (1, 2, 3) at time, t = 1.
6. State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid. Derive an expression for
Bernoulli’s theorem from first principle and state the assumptions made for such a derivation.
Unit III
Measurement of Fluid Flows
Plann
ed Executed
Sl.
Topics No. of No.
No. Ref.
Perio of
Date Book Pedogogy
ds Perio
no
ds
Measurement of Fluid Flows:
Black
Measurement of pressure, and use
1 2 1 board
of pressure measuring devices
such as manometers,
Black
Bourdon’s pressure gauge and
2 2 1 board
transducers.
Measurement of velocity, and use
Black
of velocity measuring devices
3 2 1 board
such as pitot tube and hot wire
anemometer.
Measurement of discharge, and Black
4 use of discharge measuring 1 1 board
devices such as venturimeter,
Orifice meter and rotameter; Black
5 derivation of relevant formulae. 2 1 board
2. (a) Define capillarity and surface tension and discuss the factors affecting them. (b) Explain
with sketches how an inverted U-tube manometer is used to measure small pressure
differences. (c) Differentiate between the three states of matter.
3. What is a pitot-tube? How will you determine the velocity at any point with the help of pitot-
tube?
5. A 0.4 m x 0.3 m, 900 vertical reducing bend carries 0.5 m 3 /s of oil specific gravity 0.85 with
a pressure of 118 kN/m2 at inlet to the bend. The volume of the bend is 0.1 m 3 . Find the
magnitude and direction of the force on the bend. Neglect friction and assume both inlet and
outlet sections to be at same horizontal level. Also assume that water enters the bend at 45° to
the horizontal
Unit IV
Laminar and Turbulent Flow through Pipes & Boundary Layer Theory
Planne
d Executed
Illustrate subsonic, sonic, supersonic, hypersonic flows with respect to Mach number
Black
Continuity, momentum and energy
2 1 2 board
equation of compressible flow.
Black
Velocity of sound in compressible
3 2 2 board
and incompressible fluids.
Black
Mach Number. Classification of
4 2 2 board
compressible flow;
Black
5 Adiabatic flow in perfect gas,. 2 2 board
Black
6 Stagnation pressure and
2 2 board
temperature.
Temperature, pressure, density Black
7 ratios as functions of Mach 1 2 board
number
2. Write down continuity equation for compressible flows and explain why it is different from in
compressible flows?
4. Define Mach number and explain mach cone with help of neat sketch?
Course Objectives
To know various fluid properties, concept and method of fluid pressure measurement.
To understand the basic concepts of fluid motion.
To study different equations of fluid motion and fluid dynamics.
To analyze different flow characteristics of laminar and turbulent flows.
To study the motion of gasses for different conditions of expansion.
To lay the groundwork for subsequent studies in courses like Hydraulics Machinery and
Systems, Thermal Turbo machinery and Gas Dynamics etc.
Course Outcomes
To explain the laws and terminology of fluid flows, classify fluid flows, state law of mass
conservation and derive relevant equations
To apply principles of energy and momentum conservation to analyze fluid flow and
compute forces exerted on control volumes due to change of momentum
To describe flow and pressure measurement devices and obtain relevant equations for
computing flow in pipes and open channels.
To describe flow regimes in pressure conduits and boundary layer development; compute
drag and lift forces on aerofoil and also frictional losses in pressure conduits.
To develop and apply laws of mass, energy and momentum conservation in compressible
flow.
UNIT-I
Properties of fluids: Definition of fluid and concept of continuum. Fluid properties; pressure,
density, specific weight, specific volume, dynamic and kinematic viscosity. Classification of fluids;
ideal and real fluids.
Fluid Kinematics: General concepts of path lines, stream lines, streak lines and stream tubes.
Classification of fluid flow; steady and unsteady, uniform and non-uniform, laminar and turbulent,
rotational and irrotational, one-, two-and three-dimensional flows. Definition and properties of
stream function and velocity potential function, and use of flow nets.
UNIT-II
Fluid Dynamics: Energy of a fluid body, potential energy and potential head, pressure energy and
pressure head, kinetic energy and kinetic head, energy equation. Derivation of Euler’s and
Bernoullis’ equations, and their applications. Impulse momentum equation and its applications.
UNIT-III
Measurement of Fluid Flows: Measurement of pressure, and use of pressure measuring devices
such as manometers, Bourdon’s pressure gauge and transducers. Measurement of velocity, and use
of velocity measuring devices such as pitot tube and hot wire anemometer. Measurement of
discharge, and use of discharge measuring devices such as venturimeter, orifice meter and
rotameter; derivation of relevant formulae. Discharge formulae for weirs and notches.
UNIT-IV
Laminar and Turbulent Flow through Pipes: Distinction between laminar and turbulent flows;
Reynold’s number and its significance. Upper and lower critical values of Reynold’s numbers for
flow in pipes. Development of laminar and turbulent flow in circular pipes. Hagen-Poiseuille
equation; frictional losses in pipes. Darcy’s equation. Estimation of Darcy’s friction factor.
Empirical formulae and Moody’s chart.
Boundary Layer Theory: Development of laminar and turbulent boundary layers on a flat plate,
pressure gradient, and phenomenon of separation. Fluid flow over an aerofoil, flow around a
cylinder at rest, rotational flow around a cylinder at rest, lift and drag forces, and coefficients;
circulation and Magnus effect.
UNIT-V
Compressible fluid flow: Concepts of compressible flow, continuity, momentum and energy
equation of compressible flow. Velocity of sound in compressible and incompressible fluids. Mach
Number. Classification of compressible flow; adiabatic flow in perfect gas, stagnation pressure and
temperature. Temperature, pressure, density ratios as functions of Mach number.
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