The Margam Environmental Discovery Centre

AT3 Portfolio
Jing Huan Xie
Ayman Khan
Baruch Tong
Christian Brown
The Environmental Discovery Centre

Location: Margam Country Park,

Neath, Port Talbot

Architects: Loyn and co.

WSA

The environmental discovery centre is an educational The key aims:
facility that looks to promote sustainable design by es-
tablishing renewable energy use and efficient manage-
ment of heat, power and water. The functional spaces - Unifying Architecture and landscape
are classrooms that allow for teaching, to a wide range
of the public, on environmental issues, in a vibrant and
attractive setting. Being situated in Margam country - Sustainable design, Passivhaus
park, it offers views the natural surrounding landscape
which has been incorperated in the design, fusing the
realms of the built and natural environments. The - Using Off site production technique - meet the tight budget
scheme clebrates the historic welsh landscape, creating and building time
an idyllic centre for leisure which people can stay, in
the residential wing of the scheme.
The Site
The location of the building is located in Margam country park a national heritage site, renowned
for its natural and traditional welsh landscape, the driver in the project is to protect the environ-
ment, through minimal building interventions to the site and using modern methods of sustraina-
ble design. Surrounding landmarks

Views
The landform and topography of the park means the
building is kept hidden within the landscape and
furthermore through careful placing within the tree
canopy. The building is not visible from key viewing
points surrounding the site, e.g. the Castle. Although
it minimises the views overlooking the scheme,
the views out are maximised by large portal frame
structure that give views in northern and southern
directions, the courtyards enhance the views east
and west.

Thomas, Rhian, The Environmental Discovery Centre () <http://orca.cf.ac.uk/45779/1/REF%20Margam%20Easter%20

Draft.pdf> [accessed ].
 1:500 Section
Design Concepts
Spatial Grid
The spatial grid created from modular 7.2mx8.4m block, provides a base for the piloti
to sit on, so the exisiting trees are not destroyed and new trees to be planted within
the site.

Portals
Steel post and beams create portal frames that capture the picturesque views of the
country park, and become a devices to join the residential and educational blocks
together along with walkways.

Courtyards
The spacing of the portal frames define courtyard spaces that allow nature to in-
tergrate itself with the scheme, the courtyards serve different purposes, firstly the
northern entrance yard, acts as a threshhold for people coming into site. The middle,
is a gatehring space for visitors and nature, and also protecting the ecological pond.
Finally, the third connects the building with a view platform which allows access to
western views.

Finger Pavilions
The long thin shape of these buildings help reduce the visual impact of the scheme
itself. The are constructed from two typologies of modular pre fabricated units, one
each for the educational and residential wings of the sheme.
 Geological Analysis of Ground Structure
Borehole Results
1 2

Analysis
Site
The subsoil structure is not paticularly firm with
several metres of non structurally sound soil and
pebbles. The sil becomes finer the further down the
borehole goes. The bedrock is a combination of soft
rocks.

The foundations built on site will need to accomodate

for potential movement of soil due to ‘soil creep’ and
water erosion from rain.

Location of nearest 1
publically accessible
Superficial Layer

Glaciofluvial Deposits
Sand and gravel

Tidal Flats Deposits

Clay, Sand and Silt

Diamicton

Topsoil
Boulder Clay
Bedrock Layer
Fluvio-glacial sands

Fluvio-glacial sands and gravels Coal Measures Formation

Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone
Fluvio-glacial sands
Sandstone

1. http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home
2. http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/GeoRecords/GeoRecords.html
Mudstone
 Structure

There are two different types of structure in the scheme :

- First, the portals are flat roofed structures made from posts and beams,
with bracing and purlins which support the services that run with in the
walls. The frame is cladded with pre patinated copper.

- Second, is timber structure that supports the pre-fabricated units. The

form they create is a long finger like block. The second storey of the resi-
dential wing is made by stacking the units on top of each other. The timber
is locally sourced, sweet chestnut cladding, which has weathered over time,
to form a grey patina.

Foundations

As stated on the previous page the soil structure in Margam Park is not suf-
ficiently dense to warrant the use of deep trench foundations ( which would
defer from the brief concepts of a low-impact sustainable structure. )

As a result of both the physical conditions on site and the ecological considera-
tion of the client the best course of action was to use pile foundations or ‘piloti’
to lift the structure off the ground and evenly distribute the load across several
Portal Frames

Steel roof structure Grid

The portal frames need to span a distance of 40m from east to west, in a 7mx8m grid for the
roof, the only as it is only a piece3 of structure no live load acts upon it, apart from the weath-
er, but there is a dead load from services that it has to carry and the actuual structure itself. for
stability there are bracing elements that span inbetween the grid to to keep the rigid form in
the wind and not deform under pressure.

The columns that hold up the roof structure is 6.25m and are spaced 8m apart so that it doesn’t
disturb the view.

The long span means that the roof structure needs to be stabilised with bracing with-
in the roof structure to keep the form rigid and unaffected by the loads that act unpon
Structure Span

The Portal frames have a simple, single storey post and beam section, it
spans a distance of 56m, the height of the column is 6m, hence a rolled steel
I beam is used as the vertical support.

The Elevation below highlights the stru-

tural componenets that hold up the portal
1:5 I-Beam Section

Tata steel, Tata Steel sections interactive ‘blue book’ () <http://tsbluebook.steel-sci.org/EN/

Browsers/Main.htm> [accessed ].

1:100 Elevation
 Finger Pavilions
The key concept beind the pavillion is that they are pre fabricated units tyhat are modular to allow for
quick and easy construction on site, due to the short time frame there was to build the scheme.

The structural elements of the pre fabricated units are shown in the axonometric drawing below. Both
residential and educational blocks are made from the the same materials and wall constructions.

Chestnut horizontal
cladding

35x145 Timber Studs

This section shows how the residential units are stacked on

top of each other and how the load would evenly distributed
50x190mm Timber Joists
through the unit then to the foundations.

Piloti
 1:100 section of entrance portal and residential units

1:100 section and elevation of educational blocks

 Creating The Spatial Grid
The spatial grid (7.2m x 8.4m) upon which the outline of the plan was constructed was loosley based on the distribution of trees to the south west and north south axis. The brief highlighted the importance of the preservation of the
site and creating something which was appreciative of the natural environment. It must be noted that some trees were removed from site during construction due to their poor condition.
 Stages Of Construction
Phase 1 : Prefabrication

The architects and construction team had just 18months to complete the design process and the bulk of the construction in order to qualify for funding from the European Union.

In order to do this two variations of ‘Modern Methods of Construction’ were utilised ; volumetric/ panel and Post and Beam structures.

The bedroom units were prefabricated off site and then fixed on site by crane; each meaures 3.6m x 6m with a 2.4m wide circulation spine section attached to each unit. The units were constructed out of a steel and timber frame clad in
locally sourced hardwoods. The modules could be rapidly assembled to form a watertight structure which would only require additiobnal aesthetic work.

Construct bedroom framework using steel beams Use timber joist to make each unit structurall sound and clad with Insert Insulation, waterproofing and clad with panels of British
ply-wood. Sweet Chestnut timber.

transport to site
 Phase 2 : Assembly

Volumetric Components : Upon arrival on site the bedroom units were lifted into place on the steel frame ontop of the piloti, this was repeated for the entire accomodation

Cranes lifted the prefabricated accomodation onto the frameowrk. The ground and first floors of the accommodation units completed.

Post and Beam Components : The classroom spaces and refactory required larger spans of timber and steel in order to span the structures as large areas of glazing or open facades were required as
part of the design. In order to maitain the speed of assembly all the posts were of standard length and easily assembled on site using basic techniques as highlighted by the Segal method.

Steel framework fo the classroom walls to be attached onto. The timber walkway being constructed with protective weather buffer. External panel cladding being applied to the classrooms.
 Phase 3 : Finishes

EDUCATION PORTAL

Internal Wall Finishes

Plasterboard for paint

Moisture resistant plasterboard for paint

Ceiling Finshes

Plasterboard

Fire Rated Plasterboard

Exposed ceiling with all structure,

supports and services.
 ACCOMODATION UNITS

Internal Wall Finishes

Moisture Resistant sheeting for disabled toilettes

Moisture Resistant sheeting for toilettes and changing

rooms
 ACCOMODATION UNITS

Ceiling Finishes

Plasterboard

Fire Rated Plasterboard

Moisture Resistant Plasterboard

Exposed ceiling with all structure, supports and services.

 ENTRANCE, RECEPTION, KITCHEN, DINING AREA

Internal wall finishes

Hygenic Sheeting for Kitchen Area

Firerated Plasterboard
 ENTRANCE, RECEPTION, KITCHEN, DINING AREA

Ceiling Finishes

Plasterboard

Fire Rated Plasterboard

Moisture Resistant Plasterboard

External Walkways - Timber Boarding

Hygenie Ceiling in Kitchen

Exposed ceiling with all structure, supports and services.

 EDUCATION WING

Internal Wall Finishes

IPS Panelling at Toilets

 EDUCATION WING

Ceiling Finishes

Plasterboard

Fire Rated Plasterboard

Moisture Resistant Plasterboard

External Walkways - Timber Boarding

Hygenie Ceiling in Kitchen

Exposed ceiling with all structure, supports and services.

 Floor

2
5

1. Curtain wall glazing with sliding doors; see plan for locations.

2. Galvanized metal grating balustrading and Galvanised supports.

3. Metal rainscreen cladding on hidden clipping system.

4. Piloti and ground beams.

5. Structural Colum.

6. Floor Finish / Cement Screed / Visqueen Vapour Barrier / 75mm Kingspan thermafloor Insulation / Damp proof membrane / Structural Deck
 Roof : Type 1

1
5

3 4

1. PPC Aluminium Cladding

2. Metal Grating Panels

3. Rodeca Panels

4. Structural Colum

5. TPO Single ply broofing membrane / 150mm Kingspan Thermaproof rgid insulation / Visqueen Vapour barrier / 18mm plywood decking painted on underside / Metsec Purlins set in steel frame.
 Roof : Type 2

1. TPO Single ply broofing membrane 2. Steel beams

150mm Kingspan Thermaproof rigid insulation

SW treated timbers

18mm plywood decking painted on underside

Metsec Purlins set in steel frame.

Walkway 1

1 2
1. Ribbed timber decking

Timber joists

2. Galvanised metal grating and supports

1. Ribbed timber decking

1 Timber joists
Models
1:5 Detail Model
The detail model shows a key junction where all the
building elements join. The pilotes meets with the
floor and wall junction, showing the materials and
how the prefab units are joined.
1:50 Sectional Model
The Model Show the key design elements and con-
struction processes that inform key concepts that
drove the design.
Pilotes foundation means the building little impact
on the landscape, pre fab units (of the educational
wing) are also shown and to emphasise the process
the blocks can be put into place. Finally the section
line, cuts through the storage room, and the roof of
the created by the portal structure, which frames the
views, furthermore the walkways which circulate and
join the building element.
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from
drawings of Loyds & Co
Architects
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
 Photos credited to Baruch Tong

Baruch Tong 1224750

Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
 Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
5. Approved Document B (Fire safety) Volume 2 – Buildings other than dwellinghouses
Loyds & Co Architects
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
Baruch Tong 1224750
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
Baruch Tong 1224750
Diagrams recreated from drawings of
Loyds & Co Architects
Baruch Tong 1224750
Studies from Site
Photos credited to Baruch Tong
 Teaching Space

Room Floor Area - 63m2

Wall Area - 157m2
Room Height - 4.7m
Window Area - 9.2m2

Wall U-Value - 0.24 W/m2K

Window U-Value - 1.8 W/m2K
 Accommodation Units

Room Floor Area - 18.2m2

Wall Area - 8.4m2
Room Height - 2.4m
Window Area - 91.4m2

Wall U-Value - 0.24 W/m2K

Window U-Value - 1.8 W/m2K

Number Of Floors - 2
 Restaurant / Multi Use Space

Room Floor Area - 194m2

Wall Area - 310m2
Room Height - 4.7m
Window Area - 160m2

Wall U-Value - 0.24 W/m2K

Window U-Value - 1.8 W/m2K
 Interia Circulation

Room Floor Area - 156m2

Wall Area - 185m2
Room Height - 2.4m
Window Area - 77m2

Wall U-Value - 0.24 W/m2K

Window U-Value - 1.8 W/m2K
 Desired Temperature Education Residential Restaurant Circulation
Source of Information
Room Height 4.7 2.4 4.7 2.4 Taken form Plans
Room Area 63 18.2 194 156 Taken form Plans
Wall Area 157 8.4 310.2 184.8 Taken form Plans
Wall U-Value 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 Calculated from constuction plans
Window Area 9.2 1.4 160 77 Taken form Plans
Window U-Value 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Velux Windows
Solar Heat Gain Co efficent 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 Velux Windows
Infiltration Rate 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.25 CIBSE table 4.16
Desired Room Temp 23 22 21 22 CIBSE table 1.5
Air Changes/H 2 0.5 0.5 1.5 CIBSE table 1.5
Internal Gains Occupancy 910 520 2600 0 CIBSE table 6.1
Internal Gains Small Power 24 12 43 CIBSE table 6.2
Internal Gains Lighting 756 218 2304 1872 CIBSE table 6.3

Education Residental Restaurant / Multi Use Circulation

Space
Hour Desired Internal Hour Desired Internal Hour Desired Internal
Hour Desired Internal
Temperature (0C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
01:00 15 01:00 22 01:00 15
01:00 15
02:00 15 02:00 22 02:00 15
02:00 15
03:00 15 03:00 22 03:00 15
03:00 15
04:00 15 04:00 22 04:00 15
04:00 15
05:00 15 05:00 22 05:00 15
05:00 15
06:00 15 06:00 22 06:00 15
06:00 15
07:00 15 07:00 22 07:00 15
07:00 15
08:00 23 08:00 22 08:00 22
08:00 21
09:00 23 09:00 22 09:00 22
09:00 21
10:00 23 10:00 22 10:00 22
10:00 21
11:00 23 11:00 22 11:00 22
11:00 21
12:00 23 12:00 22 12:00 22
12:00 21
13:00 23 13:00 22 13:00 22
13:00 21
14:00 23 14:00 22 14:00 22
14:00 21
15:00 23 15:00 22 15:00 22
15:00 21
16:00 23 16:00 22 16:00 22
16:00 21
17:00 23 17:00 22 17:00 22
17:00 21
18:00 23 18:00 22 18:00 22
18:00 21
19:00 23 19:00 22 19:00 22
19:00 21
20:00 15 20:00 22 20:00 15
20:00 15
21:00 15 21:00 22 21:00 15
21:00 15
22:00 15 22:00 22 22:00 15
22:00 15
23:00 15 23:00 22 23:00 15
23:00 15
24:00 15 24:00 22 24:00 15
24:00 15

Tempratures where found by averaging the winter and summer optimums. This means that the graphs produced by the table are comparable. In reality the optimum tempratures would be slightly lower
during the winter months and slightly higher during summer months due to different clothing.
The rooms are only heated to the required temprature during hours of use.
 Example of Internal Gains

These are the input numbers for the restaurant. There are several variables that the spread sheet cannot acount for. For instance the room will not always need artifical lighting and will not always have 15 people in the room from 08:00
to 20:00

Air changes, lighing and internal gains only apply when the room is occupied.

The spreadsheet does not account for mechanical ventilation or accidental ventilation eg a door or window being left open.

Hour Desired Internal Temperature Number of air change in the room (ach) OCCUPANTS (W) SMALL POWER (W) LIGHTING (W)
01:00 15 0 0
02:00 15 0 0
03:00 15 0 0
04:00 15 0 0
05:00 15 0 0
06:00 15 0 0
07:00 15 0 0
08:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
09:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
10:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
11:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
12:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
13:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
14:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
15:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
16:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
17:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
18:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
19:00 21 0.5 2600 43 2304
20:00 15 0 0
21:00 15 0 0
22:00 15 0 0
23:00 15 0 0
24:00 0 0 0
 Teaching Space

Heating energy demand (24 hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (24 hours) (kWh)
2,000 0
1,800
-50
1,600
1,400 -100
1,200 -150
1,000
800 -200
600 -250
400
The energy demand shows the energy needed per
200
-300 month to keep the building at optimum temprature and
0 -350 the cooling energy demand shows how much energy
needs to be lost to maintain the building at its optimum
-400
temprature.
-450

The Total Energy demand shows the total energy de-

Total Energy Demand over the year Total Cooling Energy Demand over the year mand over the full year and the “Occupancy” shows the
180.0 -13.5
total energy demand during the period the building is
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy: occupied.
160.0

140.0 -14.0 The total occupancy - the total 24hour = the wasted
energy
120.0

100.0 -14.5 This is the same for the total cooling energy demand.
80.0
-15.0
60.0

40.0
-15.5
20.0

0.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy: -16.0

Heating energy demand (occupancy hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (occupancy hours)
1,600 (kWh)
1,400 0
1,200 -50
1,000 -100
800 -150
600 -200
400 -250
200 -300
0 -350
-400
-450
 Accommodation Units

Heating energy demand (24 hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (24 hours) (kWh)
7 0

6
-50
5

4 -100

3
-150
2

1 -200

0
-250

-300

Total Energy Demand over the year Total Cooling Energy Demand over the year
1.2 0.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy:
1.0 -20.0

0.8
-40.0

0.6
-60.0

0.4
-80.0

0.2
-100.0

0.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy: -120.0

Heating energy demand (occupancy hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (occupancy hours)
7 (kWh)
6 0

5 -20

4 -40

3 -60

2 -80

1 -100

0 -120

-140

-160
 Restaurant / Multi Use Space

Heating energy demand (24 hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (24 hours) (kWh)
3,000 0

2,500
-2,000
2,000
-4,000
1,500

1,000 -6,000

500 -8,000

0
-10,000

-12,000

Total Energy Demand over the year Total Cooling Energy Demand over the year

80.0 -298.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy:
70.0
-300.0
60.0
-302.0
50.0
-304.0
40.0

30.0 -306.0

20.0 -308.0

10.0
-310.0
0.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy: -312.0

Heating energy demand (occupancy hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (occupancy hours)
1,000 (kWh)
900 0
800
700 -2,000
600
500 -4,000
400
300 -6,000
200
100 -8,000
0
-10,000

-12,000
 Interia Circulation

Heating energy demand (24 hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (24 hours) (kWh)
2,500 0

2,000 -1,000

1,500 -2,000

-3,000
1,000

-4,000
500
-5,000
0
-6,000

Cooling energy demand (24 hours) (kWh)

Total Energy Demand over the year Total Cooling Energy Demand over the year

80.0 -146.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy:
70.0 -147.0

60.0 -148.0

50.0
-149.0

40.0
-150.0
30.0
-151.0
20.0
-152.0
10.0
-153.0
0.0
TOTAL - 24 hours: TOTAL - Occupancy: -154.0

Heating energy demand (occupancy hours) (kWh) Cooling energy demand (occupancy hours)
1,600 (kWh)
1,400 0
1,200 -500
1,000 -1,000
800 -1,500

600 -2,000
-2,500
400
-3,000
200
-3,500
0
-4,000
-4,500
-5,000
January Teaching Space
2,000
The following graphs show the Energy Gains and Losses over a twenty four hour period. First in
January then in July. 1,000
The location of the data is set to Port Talbot, Wales.
0

01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00:00
As you would expect the solar gains (Qs) during the day time are significantly higher than in the
night and the Qs is higher in July than it is in January -1,000

-2,000
There is more energy lost through Inflitration (Qinf) and Ventilation (Qv) in the winter months
because of the larger temprature gradient, between the interia and exteria and the increase in average
wind speed.
-3,000

During the winter months more energy is lost through Fabric Conduction (Qc) as there is a larger -4,000
temprature graident between the interia and exteria.
-5,000
These graphs fail to show the difference in internal gains from occupance as the optimum tem-
pratures where found by averaging the winter and summer optimums. This means that the graphs
produced by the table are comparable. In reality the optimum tempratures would be slightly lower
-6,000
during the winter months and slightly higher during summer months due to different clothing.
QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)

Accommodation Units
500

400

300

200

100

0
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00:00

-100 Key

QJ Internal Gains
-200
Qc Fabric Conduction
-300
Qs Solar Gains
-400
Qv Ventilation
QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)
Qinf Infiltration
January Restaurant / Multi Use Space
15,000

10,000

5,000

01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00:00
-5,000

-10,000

-15,000

QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)

Interia Circulation
8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00:00

-2,000

-4,000 Key

QJ Internal Gains
-6,000
Qc Fabric Conduction
-8,000
Qs Solar Gains
-10,000
Qv Ventilation
QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)
Qinf Infiltration
July Teaching Space
2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-500

-1,000

-1,500

-2,000

QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)

Accommodation Units
600

500

400

300

200

100
Key
0
QJ Internal Gains
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-100 Qc Fabric Conduction

-200 Qs Solar Gains

QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W) Qv Ventilation

Qinf Infiltration
July Restaurant / Multi Use Space
In this Graph you can see that at around mid day the 40,000
energy gained/lost through Qc becomes almost negliga-
ble. This is because the low average U-Value created by
35,000
the large windows.
30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-5,000

QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)

Interia Circulation

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000
Key

QJ Internal Gains
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Qc Fabric Conduction

Qs Solar Gains
-5,000
Qv Ventilation
QI (W) Qc (W) Qs (W) Qv (W) Qinf (W)
Qinf Infiltration
 Outgoing Costs

Heating and Hot water = 0.19kgCO2/kWhr (natural gas)

Electrical Appliances = 0.43kgCO2/kWhr (grid electricity)

On average houses in the UK consume 84% of their energy bill on Space Heating and Hot Water
and the remaining 16% on electrical appliances.3

4
The public released emission /year / m2 are 9.09 kgCO2/m2

Total Internal Area of the building = 3138m2

= 9.09 kgCO2/m2 x 3138m2
= 28524.42kgCO2

Gas

= 28524.42kgCO2 x 0.84
= 23960.51kgCO2

23960.51kgCO2 / 0.19kgCO2/kWhr
= 126107kWhr

126107kWhr x 9.01p
= £11349

Electric
The above Calculation are the Annual energy/Co2 Consumption for the building released by the architects.
= 28524.42kgCO2 x 0.16
After visting the building the users said it didn’t meet the standards the architects published. The calculations where released by
= 4563 kgCO2 / 0.43kgCO2/kWhr
Lloyn & Co Architects for a competition so would have been biased.
= 10613kWhr

10613 x 9.01p
= £955

Total Energy Bill / Year 2015

= £12,304

3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7262747.stm
4. https://www.ukpower.co.uk/home_energy/tariffs-per-unit-kwh
5. http://www.petrolprices.com/the-price-of-fuel.html