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The number of lumens that a lamp and its ballast if any produced from a watt of power is called efficacy
Ballast losses in an efficacy value which can add 20% more to the total loss
Lamp efficacy includes only lost by lamps and not the ballast
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
The lamp is in the form of a long tubular blub with an electrode
sealed to each end, contains mercury vapor at low pressure
with a small amount of inert gas for starting and regulation. The
inner surface is coated with a fluorescent powder or phosphor
the composition of which determines the quantity and color of
the light emitted.
LIFE OF LAMP
They consume low energy and have a long life typically 8000 hours. With no filament
to burn out, florescent lights tend to last 8 to 15 times longer than incandescent
bulbs.
CRI
Compact Fluorescent emit a crisp, bright light that is well-suited for detailed task
work as well as ambient lighting.
C O M PA C T F L U O R E S C E N T L A M P S T Y P E S
Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a
single unit. These lamps allow consumers to replace
incandescent lamps easily with CFLs. Integrated
CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light
fixtures, reducing the cost of converting to
fluorescent.
Non-integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently
installed in the luminaire, and usually only the
fluorescent tube is changed at its end of life. Since
the ballasts are placed in the light fixture, they are
larger and last longer compared to the integrated
ones, and they don't need to be replaced when the
tube reaches its end-of-life. Non-integrated CFL
housings can be both more expensive and
sophisticated.
ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEMS
System design:
Decide luminance value for specified task
Select most efficient lighting system
Implement appropriate lighting controls
Meet effective maintenance requirements
Illuminance value:
Quality and quantity illumination to perform specific
tasks . The recommended levels of illuminance required
are specified in BIS.
200-300 lx for interior lighting
50-150 lx for simple visual tasks
450-1500lx for precision tasks
Fluroscent luminaire
delamping
Specular reflectoes
with delamping
Lens/ louvre
upgrade
Occupancy sensors:
These devices also known as motion detectors turn lights on and off in response
to human presence. They can be calibrated for sensitivity and have multiple
settings that govern when the lights are to be extinguished. Once the sensitivity
and coverage area are established sensors are selected from two predominant
types.
•Passive infrared sensors
These detect the motion or heat between vertical and horizontal detection zones
works good in small spaces where there is direct line of sight.
•Ultrasonic sensors
These detect movements by sensing disturbance in high frequency ultrasonic
patterns. These systems emits ultra sonic waves that are reflected across the
room they dint require direct line of sight. They are useful in layer enclosed
areas. Like offices which have cabins.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN LIGHTING BY CONTROL DEVICES
Scheduling controls:
They are two main switching systems:
1. Zone switching
Used in large spaces. Its disadvantage is it limits movement, this is because the
tasks can not occur in more than one zone sequentially without switching
on lights while an individual moves from one task zone to the next.
1. Split switching
Split switching or inboard/outboard switching is used in place of zone
switching to provide three levels of even illumination where 3 lamp
fluorescent luminaries are used. The advantage is light levls can be reduced
while maintaining even lighting through out room.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN LIGHTING BY CONTROL DEVICES
Dimming controls:
An incandescent lamp dimmed to 50% light output used 65% of its rated energy. Fluorescent lamps require
rapid start, solid state ballast for effective dimming. HID lamps such as mercury vapor, high pressure sodium
and metal halide can be dimmed provided the circuit is compatible.
Dimmer types:
•Manual dimmers
Step and continuous dimmers available for incandesecnts. HID dimmers are limited by color redeition and
flicker problems.
•Photosensor activated dimmers
It is included with day lighting systems to produce constant illuminance. They require careful integration of
control systems and sensors
•Programmable dimmers
It is adjusted to predetermined levels set by the user
Dimming configuration:
Tuning : they reduce power supply to lights
Day lighting : use of photo sensors linked to dimming units
Lumen maintenance: a photo cell maintains constant illuminance across an entire maintenance cycle.
Demand limiting: by saving non essential lighting loads
Adaptation compensation:
OTHERS
Electronic ballast :
Efficiency of fluorescent tubes increases when working at higher frequencies. A ballast provides an
instant start. In using these ballast a saving of about 20%-25% is achieved.
Voltage controllers:
A slight reduction in operating voltage for fluoroscent tubes results in considerable consumption
savings with a marginal reduction in lighting levels. A separate voltage regulator to the lighting
circuit will lead to energy savings.
WATERLESS TOILETS
This is possible by providing either a
composting or an incinerating mechanism.
REDUCTION OF WATER
Water taps:
Conventional taps have flow rate of 11.35-18.9 lpm. EPACT (energy policy act)
recommended a flow rate of 9.46 lmp. Low flow systems with flow rate of 7.5
lpm are available. Water control can be further reduced by use of auto
control valves. And pressure reducing devices.
Shower heads:
A typical shower head provides 20lpm of water. Flow restrictors and aerators
can reduce it. Flow rate of 2.3-6.9 lpm can be achieved for minimum pressure
and smaller diameters. Automatic shut off nozzles can also be used.
REUSE OF WATER
Greywater
Used water from your bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines.
Greywater may contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and certain household cleaning products.
Greywater is:
•a source of irrigation water all year round
•a relatively easy and safe source of water to access and use
•a good source of important nutrients for many plants.
With proper treatment greywater can be put to good use. These uses include water for laundry
and toilet flushing, and also irrigation of plants. Treated greywater can be used to irrigate
both food and non food producing plants. The nutrients in the greywater (such as phosphorus
and nitrogen) provide an excellent food source for these plants.
GREY WATER - sources
RECYCLING ?
SCARCITY
COSTLY EXTRACTION
UNSUSTAINABLE RESOURCE
RECYCLED CONSUMPTION
WASTE DISPOSAL
WASTE PREVENTION
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION RECYCLING
ARCHITECTURAL REUSE
DESIGN FOR MATERIALS RECOVERY
Environmental pollution
Green house gas emissions
ECOLOGICAL FOOT PRINT
CARBON FOOT PRINT GREEN BUILDING DESIGN Energy consumption
GREEN BUILDING
R AT I N G S Y S T E M ?
There is an urge and imminent need to introduce green building techniques and
concepts in the building sector with the growing building sector at a rapid pace.
This rating programme is a tool which enables the designer to apply green
concepts and reduce environmental impacts that are measurable. The
rating programme covers methodologies to cover diverse climatic zones
and changing lifestyles
United States Green Building Council
USGBC
Thus, green building practices have been evolved, which can substantially reduce or eliminate
negative environmental impacts and improve existing unsustainable design, construction and
operational practices. As an added benefit, green design measures also reduce operating costs,
enhance building marketability, increase worker productivity and reduce potential liability
resulting from indoor air quality problems.
The first LEED India rating programme, referred to as LEED India Version 1.0, was launched
during the Green Building Congress Conference in 2001.
The intent of LEED 2011 for India is to assist in the creation of high performance, healthful, durable,
affordable and environmentally sound commercial and institutional buildings.
LEED INDIA
LEED RATING SYSTEM
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) in year
2001. IGBC is the non-profit research institution licensed the LEED Green Building Standard from the
USGBC. IGBC facilitates Indian green structures to become one of the green buildings.
The environmental impact of the building industry is significant. Buildings annually consume more
than 20% of the electricity used in India.
LEED INDIA
32%
SS WE EA MR IEQ ID RP
GRIHA RATING
SVA GRIHA (small versatile affordable):
GRIHA eligibility:
All buildings, which are in the design stage SVAGRIHA is a guidance-cum-rating system being
and have built up area more than 2,500 m2, developed for small stand alone buildings like residences,
are eligible for certification under GRIHA. commercial offices, motels, dispensaries, schools etc.
and/or set of buildings with a cumulative built-up area of
2500 sq.m. or less.
•The rating system has 14 criteria. •The criteria are divided
into 5 broad sub-groupsnamely: architecture & energy,
water & waste, materials, landscape and lifestyle
•The total points that a project can achieve are 50
•The rating will be done on a 1-5 star scale.