(BES181 - 2) Money - RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.0, MDR-Subsidisation & More

16/04/2018 [BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.
0, MDR-Subsidisation & More
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[BES181/2] Money: RBI’s Digital Fiat currency, UPI 2.0, MDR Subsidisation &
Blockchain Technology
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1. Prologue
2. RBI controlled entities must ‘unfriend’ Crypto-wallas
1. BUT RBI to explore Digital Fiat currency
3. Digital Payment System updates
1. MDR Subsidization
2. UPI 2.0
3. Payment System data must be stored in India
4. Blockchain technology?
5. Epilogue
Prologue
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16/04/2018 [BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.0, MDR-Subsidisation & More
In the last article (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/cryptocurrencies-bitcoin-sov-petro.html) , we learned what
is crypto-currency? Why did budget 2018 declare that crypto-currencies are not legal tenders in India?
Basics of Venezuela’s PETRO coins and Marshall Islands “SOV” digital currencies.
Now moving forward with announcements made in RBI’s latest monetary policy (April 2018) related to
cryptocurrencies and digital payments:
RBI controlled entities must ‘unfriend’ Crypto-wallas
2018-Feb: In the Budget, Finance Minister Jaitley had announced that 1) cryptocurrencies are either not
legal tenders in India 2) we’ll take actions to stop the usage of cryptocurrencies in illegal payments and as
part of payment systems.
Citibank and HDFC already have banned the use of their credit/debit cards for buying crypto-currencies.
Still, it is possible to purchase cryptocurrencies / virtual-currencies (VC) in India, via sites and apps such
as coinbaba.com, koinex, coinome using other banks’ credit/debit cards.
RBI वारा BITCOIN EXCHANGE WEBSITES का हु का-पानी बंध करने क तैयार चल रह है |
Therefore, RBI Governor Dr. Urjit Patel announced (2018, April):
1. Cryptocurrencies / VC are dangerous WRT consumer protection, market integrity, and money
laundering. Therefore,
2. RBI regulated entities (i.e. all banks, payment system providers, mobile-wallet-wallas, card-companies),
shall NOT deal in Virtual Currencies. They shall not help anyone to buy/sell VC. They shall not give
loans against bitcoins as collaterals etc.
3. And If any RBI regulated entity is already doing such thing, then they’ve to stop within 3 months. Else,
we’ll take action
a. under Banking Regulation Act 1949 (if banks violating) and
b. under Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (if visa/MasterCard/rupay etc are violating).
(Mock MCQ) Which of the following is permitted by the respective central banks?
1. Purchasing goods and services in the Marshall Islands using US Dollars

2. Purchasing PETRO digital coins in Venezuela using Bolivars.
3. Purchasing Bitcoins in India using credit/debit cards.
Answer Codes:
a. Only 1 and 2
b. Only 2 and 3
c. Only 1 and 3
d. All of them
h/ Do read the last article (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/cryptocurrencies-bitcoin-sov-petro.html) to check the

validity to statement #1 and #2.
BUT RBI to explore Digital Fiat currency
How much does it cost RBI to print currency notes? Ans. Rs. 3,420 crores (2015-16) and Rs. 7,965 (2016-
17). That is ~133% rise in printing cost because RBI had to print new notes of Rs. 500 and 2000 in the
aftermath of demonetization.
2018, January: An o cer of Bank Note Press (Dewas, Madhya Pradesh) caught stealing 90 lakh rupees
worth currency notes over the years, by stu ng them in his shoes and socks!
16/04/2018
Not to mention the problems [BES181/2]
related Money: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.0, MDR-Subsidisation & More
to counterfeiting and storing of black money in high-value
notes.
If RBI issued at-currency / legal-tender in the digital form instead of paper form, aforementioned
problems could be solved.
In a practical sense, it could mean that RBI Act has to be amended. Then RBI’s issue department gives the
digital command to create virtual rupees on their E-Kuber online platform. When RBI’s client (Union and
State governments, Banks and other Financial intermediaries) come to borrow money, they’re given
money in the virtual format in their E-kuber online account. So, they can transact using digital payment
modes (NEFT, RTGS etc) but can’t ‘pull it out’ in form of cash. [सट
ू केस भर के रोकड़ा घर नह ले जा सकते.]
Mind it: Unlike Venezula, we are not thinking of launching petro-coins separate from bolivars; It’ll be
rupees only- but in digital form, rather than physical form.
2016: RBI’s Ratan Watan Committee (on digital payment) had recommended digital at currency (using
blockchain technology).
Central Bank of England, Sweden, Uruguay already exploring/testing this.
Therefore, RBI Governor Dr. Urjit Patel announced following (in 2018, April):
RBI has set up an interdepartmental group

To check desirability and feasibility to introduce a central bank digital currency in India.
Group will nish the report by end of June 2018. (Which is a very pleasant news, because Prelim-2018
will nish on 3rd June, else one less report to be prepared!)
Digital Payment System updates
MDR Subsidization
Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) is the fee borne by the merchant for using credit and debit card payment
system. This fee is shared between 1) Bank 2) payment gateways like MasterCard, Visa or Rupay.
Suppose customer Alok Nath buys a mobile worth Rs. 10,000 from Jethalal’s shop using Debit card. Then
money will be transferred from customer’s account to Jethalal’s account but Jetha will not get entire
Rs.10,000. In past Jetha received Rs.10,000 MINUS 2% MDR = Rs. 9,800/- only.
In mobile phones, electronic items and FMCG (fast moving consumer goods like soap and shampoos),
the Small merchant has a very small pro t margin. So, he’ll be discouraged to accept card payments. He’ll
not install a PoS sale device in his shop, he’ll prefer to transact in cash mode.
Therefore, to encourage the digital payments and wider adoption of cards:
RBI reduced MDR in 2017
Once upon a time, MDR used to be as high as 2% of the transaction amount.

But, RBI has xed MDR for Debit cards at minimum 0.3% to maximum 0.9%: depending on the turnover
of the merchant. Bigger merchant has to bear higher fees. How much turnover? That is not important for
UPSC. In fact how much MDR %? That is also not important for UPSC either.
For descriptive answers and interviews, all you have to memorize that RBI reducing merchant discount
rates= helps towards less-cash-economy.
But where does RBI get this power? Ans. Payment and Settlement Systems Act 2007.
MEITY to give MDR-subsidy

16/04/2018
Although RBI took a positive step[BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.0, MDR-Subsidisation & More
by reducing MDR rates, still for a small merchant, even 0.3% MDR fee is
also di cult. Because if he sells Rs. 10,000’s mobile phone, accepts payment by debit card, still Rs. 30/- will
be deducted. His own pro t margin on mobile could be barely 150-200 rupees! Therefore, Ministry of
Electronics and information technology (MEITY) announced following:
From 1 January 2018 for the next two years: we’ll bear the MDR fees of merchants, for payments up-to
Rs.2,000/- IF such payment is made via debit card, BHIM or Aadhar enabled payment system. [Subsidy
not given on credit card transactions.]
It also means that, if bill amount is Rs.2300, Merchant Jethalal will have to bear the entire MDR-fees. But
then he could subvert the scheme by swiping Alok Nath’s debit card twice- 1) Rs. 2,000 then 2) Rs. 300. So
is this not a bad subsidy and the wastage of taxpayers’ money?
Nope, because even if the merchant is playing such tricks, the customer’s money will be deposited in
merchant’s bank account. This will help the tax authorities to nd out what is the sales volume from his
shop, and accordingly how much GST and income tax is he evading!? [Ajay Devgan could RAID him
accordingly.]
(Mock MCQ) WEF 1/1/18, Government decided to provide subsidy on “MDR”. This is implemented by:
A. Dept of Revenue
B. Dept of Financial Services
C. Cabinet Committee on Economic A airs (CCEA)
D. Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MEITY)
(Mock MCQ) WEF 1/1/18, Government of India decided to provide subsidy on “MDR”. What is the
primary objective behind this?
A. Datamining about the merchants who underreport sales & evade taxes.
B. Help small merchants whose business was hurt in the aftermath of demonetization.
C. Reduce the price of FMCG goods for the lower middle class.
D. Encourage digital payments ecosystem.
h/ While A and B will also happen, but the “primary objective” is what government says in its noti cation- and
that is “D”.
UPI 2.0
2016: Uni ed Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant payment system developed by the National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCi). NPCi a “not for pro t company” funded by various banks.
UPI based apps directly transmit money into your bank accounts. There is no third party ‘wallet’, where
you’ve to store money.
Hence UPI-based apps are much better than Paytm wallet or Mobikwik wallet- because Wallets don’t
have full “interoperability” (e.g. you can’t use Paytm wallet to buy things on Amazon e-commerce site,
nor you can transfer money from Paytm wallet directly to Airtel/mobikwik money wallet).
UPI helps to create apps that can be used on the basic mobile phone (non-smartphone type Nokia-
1100) e.g. BHIM.
Even smartphone-based apps like Google’s “TEZ”, Samsung Pay too utilize UPI technology for Indian
transactions. Even Whatsapp is working to integrate UPI technology in its chatting app.
2017: UPI based apps crossed total 1 billion transactions.
Now, NPCi working to develop UPI 2.0 system
New features in upcoming UPI 2.0
Biometric authentication without PIN/OTP code (e.g. like Apple pay, you could swipe your phone at
Mcdonald to pay for fast food)
E-Mandates (Pre-authorized recurring payments) for telephone, electricity, EMI, mutual fund and
systematic investment plans. Instead of paying ola/uber after every ride, UPI 2.0 could aggregate the
monthly kilometer usage and pay them accordingly next month.
International Remittance.
(MCQ in actual UPSC Prelim-2017) The most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Uni ed
Payments Interface (UPI)’?
A. Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades.
B. FDI in ows will drastically increase.
C. Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very e ective.
D. Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments.
h/ First two statements are hyperboles (Extravagant exaggeration / अ तशयोि त). Third statement could
happen IF everyone had aadhar card linked mobile phone number and bank account. Until then, fourth is
the suitable choice.
Observe that UPSC did not ask when was UPI launched? How much percentage MDR is applicable to UPI
transactions? How exactly does UPI’s API create a link among merchant, buyer and bank? Whether UPI uses
SQL or ASP dotnet? How many banks own NPCi?
Even the wrong statements are framed in such manner that a learned candidate can eliminate easily. So,
don’t waste time on technical non-sense and GK. Only focus main feature / bene ts / entities responsible.
Payment System data must be stored in India
2014: Indian Air Force ordered the personnel not to use Chinese Xiomi phones. FBI, CIA, NSA have also
cautioned against Huawei phones. Because these phones store GPS / contact data in Chinese servers,
which can be hijacked/misused by Chinese authorities/hackers.
2017, November: Fitness tracking app STRAVA released GPS heat map showing the most frequent routes
used by its joggers. Using such maps, terrorists could nd the location of military bases and the
patrolling routes of troops.
There has been a surge of mobile wallet companies in India, and many of them store payment data of
the customers in overseas servers for cost-savings.
But if such data-servers are hacked, Indian customers’ personal information and money could be stolen.
Worst case scenario, Chinese / Pakistanis could identify which O cer/ Minister frequents which
restaurants and bars, then try to honey-preet-trap him.
2018, April: RBI announced that all payment System data must be stored in India within next 6 months.
Blockchain technology?
Budget 2018 provided that: the government will use Blockchain technology for encouraging the digital
economy. So, what is this blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology is a decentralized database /digital ledger.

It doesn’t without any middlemen.
It maintains a continuously growing list of records.
In the records, new entries can be added but old entries can’t be deleted.
Bitcoins, Etherium, Litecoin, Digicoin etc. cryptocurrency utilizes blockchain technology.
How is block-technology bene cial to digital payment system?
Technology Middleman Demerit
NEFT settlements are done on half hourly basis.

RTGS can transfer money instantly, but it cannot be
NEFT, RTGS RBI used for small value transactions.
service charge/fees have to be paid for money transfer
in both systems- NEFT and RTGS
Card Payment Visa, Mastercard, Rupay Service charge, fees, merchant discount rate (MDR)
SWIFT messaging system is used for the international

nancial transaction.
2016: $171 stolen from Union Bank by injecting
malware and executing SWIFT messages.
Society for Worldwide
2018: City Union Bank (a private bank in India) – money
Interbank Financial
SWIFT stolen after hackers remotely disabled printers and
Telecommunication in
then executed SWIFT messages.
Belgium
2018: Nirav Modi-Punjab National Bank scam happened
because this SWIFT messaging system was not
integrated with PNB’s core banking solution (CBS)
system.
In the Blockchain technology, there is no middlemen or centralized server. It’s faster, economic,
transparent and secure than the existing systems.
16/04/2018
Blockchain technology can be[BES181/2]
used forMoney: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.0, MDR-Subsidisation & More
all types of nancial transactions and record keeping: Whether it’s
emittance, loan, stock-exchange or currency exchange.
In UPI 1.0 based app, we’ve to give the manual command to transfer money. In UPI 2.0, the developers
are working towards automated & recurring payments but in blockchain technology even “smart
automated contracts” can be implemented easily e.g. monthly-recurring payments for taxis, milk, and
newspapers.
Therefore, ICICI, Yesbank, and others already implemented blockchain in some of their service-modules.
Blockchain technology can help Governance / Administration:
Since blockchain technology is an economic and e cient technology for storing continuously growing
database:
Database of land/vehicle/company ownership can be kept: tax avoidance, tax evasion, becomes di cult.
Database of DNA pro ling, CCTV records, entry-exit of vehicle numbers at the tollnaka- can help in crime
detection.
Database and movement of tourists coming from Ebola-a ected countries – can help in pandemic
management.
Database of PDS-kerosene & grain, oxygen-cylinders, and medicines in public hospital. This can help
curbing pilferage and leakages.
Considering these bene ts, various committees appointed by RBI and the government of India have time
and again recommended the usage of Blockchain technology.
This much praising of Blockchain is su cient to handle prelims and Mains questions.
Epilogue
First pillar of Economy is Money, Banking, Finance, Insurance.

Within that, I’ve provided updates with respect to “money” (bitcoins not legal tenders, RBI-regulated
entities must unfriend VC-wallas, but RBI itself thinking to release digital at currency; MDR-
subsidization, UPI-2.0 and so forth.)
Rest of the theories / things are same as before, you can learn them from my last year’s lecture series
available at youtube (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAMBum9_RkuOeHdtr8dm0n7qAvPJkaXsv).
(https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAMBum9_RkuOeHdtr8dm0n7qAvPJkaXsv)
In the next the next article, we’ll move forward to “Banking”: Gist of bimonthly Monetary policies made
during 2017-18.
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 ACIO Intel O cer
 More from this Category

[BES181/1] Money: Cryptocurrencies not legal tenders in India; What is Marshall
Island-SOV, Venezuela-Petro? (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/cryptocurrencies-
bitcoin-sov-petro.html)
[BES180/2] EcoSurvey Vol1: Ch2 to 9 Overview, Vol2: Ch1 to 10 Overview; & their
relevance for UPSC exam? (http://mrunal.org/2018/03/bes180-2-economic-
survey-overview-upsc-relevance.html)
[BES180/1] Economic Survey: Meaning, Structure, Preface, LISTICLES upto
Volume1 Chapter1 & MCQs (http://mrunal.org/2018/03/bes180-1-economic-
survey-listicles.html)
[Current] Sep-2016: Economy, Banking, Finance: MPC Members, SBI Merger &
Share Swapping, Stock Gaming, PFMS, Talgo Rails & Hyperloop Train
(http://mrunal.org/2016/10/economy-sbi-merger.html)
[Banking] D-SIB: Domestic Systemically Important Banks- meaning,
classi cation, capital norms, bene ts, limitations
(http://mrunal.org/2015/09/banking-d-sib-domestic-systemically-important-
banks-guidelines-meaning.html)
 Get noti ed whenever I post new article!

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26 Comments on “[BES181/2] Money: RBI’s Digital Fiat currency, UPI

2.0, MDR Subsidisation & Blockchain Technology”
Yash rajput REPLY 
Sir your e orts are good… Continue post articles…. But sir for mains please
provide lecture series. Lecture is better way to understand than articles…..

Thanks.
 AK REPLY 
Sir please provide lectures in english if possible, Please dont

discriminate southern states like 15FC and NDA gov
Shanky Verma REPLY 
Thankx sir ji,

U are great…….
Gaurav Kumar REPLY 
Thanks mrunal bhai
raghav REPLY 
Thanku sir
midhun REPLY 
Thank you so much, it would be great if u can post articles for other subjects
too , the level of understanding i get from mrunal.org is unparalleled.
Sourabh REPLY 
Sir
I am constantly following your website past 2 yrs.

I didn’t Found anyone who taught like you.
This year I am looking for lecture but you are providing writing lecture, this is
also great but it would better that you teach by videos plz sir plz sir PlzzzzzZ
pradeep REPLY 
Thank you so much mrunal sir.
Singh REPLY 
i am unable to locate slides or youtube lecture for BES18.
For Prelims 2018 where to start for Economy, need to revise BES17 or any new
slides will be uploaded.
Amar Prakash REPLY 
Sir that is nice but if you deliver the lecture in video format then that is very
very good , please as soon as possible do sir, because exam is so near… We
have only 52 days. Plz sir…
 Nihilist REPLY 
Bhai is baar video nhi aayenge…. purane dekho aur update kro
Mohit Kumar REPLY 
“USTAAD” (MAESTRO)…..
Prabhu Aap Mahan Hai..

Aise hi lage Rahiye
Mazaa aa raha hai
Big Heart for Mrunal Sir
Wish you a healthy life.
Sourabh REPLY 
Sir atleast provide PPT PLZZ PLZZZZZPLZZZ
Aditya REPLY 
Thanks, I prefer reading than watching videos.

Post video or write articles, always thankful to you for you e orts for aspirants
like us who are preparing from miles away to Delhi
Thank You.
Gokui REPLY 
Sir iOS Version le aaiye iska please.
Avinash gupta REPLY 
Sir, would you like to make the videos series bes18 ???
D@s REPLY 
Could you please tell us if you are able to publish the video series and if yes,
please share the tentative dates so that we can plan accordingly. Please reply
before it is too late. Anticipating your response soon. Thanks.
 Gaurav Kumar REPLY 
Videos won’t come. Only articles will come. These have to be

supplemented with previous year’s BES Series.
Dev REPLY 
Thanks sir, your guidence is important , despite the fact what the medium is.
Sir a request …if possible pls provide it in hindi …. Your audio lecture is also
good way.
Rahul REPLY 
Thanks Mrunal Bhai for the wonderful articles
I assume that this article series would cover both the volumes of economic
survey
Aawara REPLY 
Thank you so much sir. :)
Anil Prabhakar REPLY 
Bhai pakka video nahi aayenge? Esa kyu? Some days back someone posted
saying video recordings have started and also that the info is authentic.. :(
nikki REPLY 
How to get these article in pdf form on tablet

Please help
 chinmay patel REPLY 
CTRL+P > select the pages> save
Sakshi REPLY 
Mrunal sir , where are u,? Ap kab kuch material doge apne style m. Pls help us
maddesh REPLY 
thank you so much sir
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Recent Comments
[BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.0, MDR-Subsidisation & More
MADDESH { thank you so much sir } – [BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat currency, UPI 2.0,
MDR... (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/bes181-rbi-digital- at-currency.html/comment-page-
1#comment-453500)
NIHILIST { You are wrong, same as everyone. } – [Banking] D-SIB: Domestic Systemically
Important Banks- meaning, classi cation, capital... (http://mrunal.org/2015/09/banking-d-sib-
domestic-systemically-important-banks-guidelines-meaning.html/comment-page-5#comment-
453484)
JOSHNA { Though am not much well versed in economy..... As far as my knowledge is concerned no
third party can solve the crisis of such a... } – [Banking] D-SIB: Domestic Systemically Important
Banks- meaning, classi cation, capital... (http://mrunal.org/2015/09/banking-d-sib-domestic-
systemically-important-banks-guidelines-meaning.html/comment-page-5#comment-453467)
SAKSHI { Mrunal sir , where are u,? Ap kab kuch material doge apne style m. Pls help us } –
[BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat currency, UPI 2.0, MDR... (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/bes181-
rbi-digital- at-currency.html/comment-page-1#comment-453375)
JOY DASGUPTA { Please share the Bengali Language Paper Materials or from where I can get it... } –
[Topper's Interview] Debotosh Chatterjee (Rank-406/CSE-2015) Political Science, First Attempt,...
(http://mrunal.org/2016/06/upsc-topper-debotosh-chatterjee-bengal-political-
science.html/comment-page-2#comment-453360)
PAWAN { Sir Please start you tube lecture, we are waiting too much eagerly..... } – [BES181/1] Money:
Cryptocurrencies not legal tenders in India; What... (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/cryptocurrencies-
bitcoin-sov-petro.html/comment-page-1#comment-453352)
AADI { As an Odia myself, I must say that Odias must rst respect their own language , culture and
festivals. I have met plenty of Odias... } – [Culture] Festivals of India: Characteristics, Features &
Importance (http://mrunal.org/2012/07/culture-festivals.html/comment-page-2#comment-453350)
AMIT { mrunal sir please make video on economic survey like last year. bcoz ur videos are so bene cial.
} – [BES180/1] Economic Survey: Meaning, Structure, Preface, LISTICLES upto Volume1...
(http://mrunal.org/2018/03/bes180-1-economic-survey-listicles.html/comment-page-4#comment-
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CHINMAY PATEL { CTRL+P > select the pages> save } – [BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat
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HARBANS LAL { when a company declare NPA by the bank and the mortgage property sealed by the
bank than bank what recover from sundry debtors of the... } – [Banking] SARFAESI Act, Asset
Reconstruction Company (ARC), Security Receipts... (http://mrunal.org/2012/12/economy-sarfaesi-
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16/04/2018 [BES181/2] Money: RBI's Digital Fiat Currency, UPI 2.

0, MDR-Subsidisation & More

RBI controlled entities must ‘unfriend’ Crypto-wallas

RBI वारा BITCOIN EXCHANGE WEBSITES का हु का-पानी बंध करने क तैयार चल रह है |

Therefore, RBI Governor Dr. Urjit Patel announced (2018, April):

1. Purchasing goods and services in the Marshall Islands using US Dollars

h/ Do read the last article (http://mrunal.org/2018/04/cryptocurrencies-bitcoin-sov-petro.html) to check the

BUT RBI to explore Digital Fiat currency

RBI has set up an interdepartmental group

Digital Payment System updates

RBI reduced MDR in 2017

Once upon a time, MDR used to be as high as 2% of the transaction amount.

MEITY to give MDR-subsidy

New features in upcoming UPI 2.0

Blockchain technology is a decentralized database /digital ledger.

How is block-technology bene cial to digital payment system?

Technology Middleman Demerit

NEFT settlements are done on half hourly basis.

SWIFT messaging system is used for the international

Blockchain technology can help Governance / Administration:

First pillar of Economy is Money, Banking, Finance, Insurance.

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26 Comments on “[BES181/2] Money: RBI’s Digital Fiat currency, UPI

Yash rajput REPLY 

provide lecture series. Lecture is better way to understand than articles…..

Sir please provide lectures in english if possible, Please dont

Shanky Verma REPLY 

Thankx sir ji,

Gaurav Kumar REPLY 

Thanks mrunal bhai

I am constantly following your website past 2 yrs.

Thank you so much mrunal sir.

i am unable to locate slides or youtube lecture for BES18.

Amar Prakash REPLY 

Mohit Kumar REPLY 

Prabhu Aap Mahan Hai..

Sir atleast provide PPT PLZZ PLZZZZZPLZZZ

Thanks, I prefer reading than watching videos.

Sir iOS Version le aaiye iska please.

Avinash gupta REPLY 

 Gaurav Kumar REPLY 

Videos won’t come. Only articles will come. These have to be

Thanks Mrunal Bhai for the wonderful articles

Thank you so much sir. :)

Anil Prabhakar REPLY 

How to get these article in pdf form on tablet

 chinmay patel REPLY 

CTRL+P > select the pages> save

thank you so much sir

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