1.

Describe atleast two methods of building construction

TYPE 1: FIRE RESISTIVE

Walls, partitions, columns, floors and roofs are noncombustible.

Designed to withstand the effects of fire for a limited time and prevent fire spread.
Made of poured concrete and steel.
Steel members must have a fire protective coating.

TYPE 2: NONCOMBUSTIBLE

Walls, partitions, columns, floors and roofs are noncombustible but provide less fire
resistance.
Does not withstand the effects of fire or fire spread.
"Noncombustible" refers to the fuel the building contributes, not its resistance to spread
of fire.
Typically exposed metal floor and roof system and metal or masonry walls.
Least stable in terms of collapse, when exposed to fire.

TYPE 3: ORDINARY

Walls of masonry or other noncombustible walls with a 2 hour fire rating.

Floors, roofs and interior partitions are of wood.

TYPE 4: HEAVY TIMBER

Walls of masonry or other noncombustible walls with a 2 hour fire rating.

Interior columns, beams and girders are heavy timber (minimum 8x8).
Floors and roofs are heavy planks (3x6 minimum).
Extremely heavy fire load yet resistant to ignition and collapse due to mass of structural
members.
Usually lacks hidden voids.
Once ignited, it requires large volumes of water to extinguish.

TYPE 5: WOOD FRAME

Walls, floors, and roofs that are made wholly or in part of wood.
Structure contributes significantly to fire load yet is reasonably resistant to collapse.
(Exception, lightweight construction)
2. Illustrate different components of building and label

SUB-STRUCTURE

Footing and plinth of a building are a part of a sub-structure. This part of building safely
transfers the load of building to the underlying soil.Therefore, footing should be of such strength
that it can easily carry the building load. Failure of footing leads to failure of building. Width and
depth of footing should be designed according to the load of a building coming on it plus the
bearing capacity of soil.
Bottom part of footing is generally constructed of Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C) or Reinforced
Cement Concrete (R.C.C). Steps are made above (P.C.C) by using bricks, stones or concrete to
reach the plinth level. Generally, Damp Proof Course (D.P.C) is laid on plinth level. This layer
stops the penetration of moisture to the super structure part of a building.

SUPER STRUCTURE

Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level (P.L). Generallay columns
and walls are constructed in super structure. Following are the important parts of super-
structure.

1. Floor
2. Roof
3. Lintel
4. Parapet
5. Sun Shade
6. Drip Course
7. Doors & Windows

FLOOR
Floor is that part of a building on which furniture, household, commercial, industrial or
any other type of items are stored. Floor is used for walking around .
Floor separates the different levels of a building. Building is also named with reference
to floor. Like Ground floor, first floor, or a floor that is below ground level like basement
floor.
ROOF
Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types of roofs are used in
building depending on the location and weather. Sloping roofs are generally considered
better in mountain areas. While, in plan areas flat roofs are preferred.

LINTEL
Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. to support load of wall on openings.
Lintel beam is generally made as reinforced cement concrete member. While, in
residential houses sometime lintel is made by using concrete and bricks.

Breadth of lintel is generally equals to the breadth of wall. In case of metric unit, it is
normally equals to 10cm, 15cm, 20cm etc. While, in case of FPS system it is consider
as 6”, 9”, 12” etc.

Thickness of lintel should not be less than 10cm (4.5”) and maximum thickness of lintel
should not be more than its breadth.

PARAPET
External walls of a building are extended above the roof slab which is known as
parapet. The sole purpose of parapet is to retain water from its entrance in to the walls
and a safety protection for people who use the roof of a building.

There are following three types of parapets;

1. American Type

2. Setback Type

3. Cornice Type

SUN SHADE
Sun shade is a slab that is cast on the top of doors and windows. Sun shade protects
doors and windows from sun and rain. Sun shade is cast monolithically with the lintel.
3. Draw and identify different components of a building either made of
concrete or steel.

1. FOUNDATION
A foundation is necessary to evenly distribute the entire building load on the soil in such a manner
that no damaging settlements take place. Hence, the foundations need to be constructed on
good/solid ground.

2. PLINTH
A plinth is normally constructed just above the ground level and immediately after the foundation. It
raises the floor above the ground level and herewith prevents surface water from entering the
building.

3. DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC)

Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as asphalt or waterproof cement. Walls
are constructed above the damp proof course.
Damp proof course prevents surface water from rising into the walls.

Dampness reduces the strength of the walls and creates unhealthy living conditions. Also it affects
the paint and plaster and increasing the cost of maintenance.

Damp proofing layer is not required where a plinth beam is constructed, because the plinth beam
already performs like a DPC.

4. PLINTH BEAM
A plinth beam is constructed depending upon the type of the structure of the building and nature of
the soil. It provides additional stability in regard to settlements of the building and earthquake
damages.

5. FLOOR
This is the surface on which we do most of our activities. Floorings is laid over the filling of the plinth
and on subsequent floors.

Flooring can be done with different materials, but care must be given that the ground below the floor
is well compacted. Flooring is done to prevent dampness from rising to the top and to have a firm
platform that can be kept hygienic and clean.

6. WALLS
Walls are the vertical elements on which the roof finally rests. They can be made of different
materials like bricks, stones, mud, concrete blocks, lateritic blocks etc. If the walls are very long,
columns can be provided to carry the roof.
Walls provide privacy and enclosure. Walls also provide security and protection against natural
elements such as wind, rain and sunshine.
Openings are to be provided in wall for access and ventilation.

7. OPENINGS
Openings are normally provided in the walls as door, windows and ventilators.

Doors provide access; windows and ventilators provide light and ventilation.

Lintels are constructed just above the openings. It is normally a stone slab or a concrete slab.
Sill is the part of the wall that is just below the window.
Lintels are constructed to hold up the walls above the openings. In earthquake prone areas a
continuous lintel beam is provided all over the walls.
8. STAIRS
A stair is a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between
the floors and landings.
The apartment or room of a building in which stair is located is called staircase. The space or
opening occupied by the stair is called a stairway.

There are different kind of stairs are used in buildings, like RCC stair, wooden stair, metal stair, brick
stair etc.

9. ROOF
The roof provides protection for the building and the people living in it. The roof rests on the walls
and requires proper anchoring so that wind and other mechanical impact cannot destroy it. A roof
can have different shapes but it is always either flat or sloping.
Roof is typically made of RCC, stone slab, tiles etc.

10. SURFACES / FINISHES

External finishes are the outer most layer of protection, which protect the structure from weathering.
Internal finishes are the layers given on internal faces. They give durability and pleasing appearance
to the inside.