Design of Retainning Wall

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

6.50 kN/m
319

RL 101.143 500

wall friction d = 22.500 0

2500
face angle q= 90.000 0
ka1 = 0.274

5143
a

8643
d= 22.500 0
2643

q= 95.249 0
92.950 ka2= 0.311

RL 96.00
Heel side Toe side
2800

f
q
d= 22.50 0 d 150 500 500 150
g
3500
300

q= 90.00 0
B C A
ka3 =
700

0.274
400

RL 92.500
3200 1300 1000

5500

57.59 Equilibrium Condition 247.00 ok

106.89 Serviceability Condition 213.73 ok
kN/m 2
kN/m 2

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Safe bearing capacity of soil SBC = 200 kN/m2

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
1.MATERIAL DATA
Grade of steel Fe = 415
Grade of concrete M = 25
Condition of exposure = Moderate
Back fill soil properties:-
Unit wt of soil g = 20 kN/m2
Angle of internal friction f = 30 0
Angle of surcharge a = 00
Angle of wall friction d = 22.5 0
Safe bearing capacity of soil SBC = 200 kN/m2
Design value of concrete compressive strength, fcd = 17 Mpa
Design yield strength of reinforcement, fyd = 361 Mpa
Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es 200000
Partial safety factor for concrete, γc = 1.50
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Partial safety factor for steel, γs = 1.15
Clear Cover to reinforcement in stem & return Walls = 40 mm
3.CALCULATION OF COEFFICENT OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

Active earth pressure co-efficient using Coulomb's theory

ka = sin 2 ( q - f )
sin 2 q sin ( q + d ) ( 1 + k ) 2
Where
q = Angle that the face of wall makes with the horizontal line in clockwise direction

Vertical face of retaining wall = 90.00 0

Inclined face of retaining wal 90 + tan-1( 500 / 5443 ) = 95.25 0
Vertical face of base slab = 90.00 0
1/2
k = sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - a )
sin ( q + d ) sin ( q - a )

Sl.no Parameters q0 f0 d0 a0 k ka kah

1 Vertical face of retaining wall 90 30 22.5 0 0.655 0.2963 0.2737
2 Inclined face of retaining wal 95.25 30 22.5 0 0.671 0.3366 0.3110
3 Vertical face of baseslab 90 30 22.5 0 0.655 0.2963 0.2737

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 Design of Retainning Wall

4.STABILITY CHECK AT FOUNDATION LEVEL

a) Dead load of retaining wall
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description
no m m kN/m 3
kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 1.331 8.65
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.50 7.94 25 99.29 1.40 139.00
triangle porti 0.50 0.50 5.44 25 34.02 1.82 61.80
3 Base slab
rectangular portion 5.50 0.40 25 55.00 2.75 151.25
triangle portion
A. toe slab 0.5 1.00 0.30 25 3.75 0.67 2.50
B. heel slab 0.5 3.20 0.30 25 12.00 3.37 40.40
C. under stem 1.30 0.30 25 9.75 1.65 16.09
4 Soil over heel slab
Portion a 3.35 7.94 20 532.18 3.825 2035.59
Portion b 0.50 2.50 20 25.00 1.90 47.50
Portion c 0.50 0.50 5.44 20 27.22 1.98 53.98
Portion d 0.50 3.20 0.30 20 9.60 4.43 42.56
Total WDL= 814.30 Total MDL= 2599.32

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.19 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.75 - 3.19 = -0.4421 m

Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment

Description
no m m kN/m 3
kN m kNm
Previous calculation 814.30 2599.32
5 Soil over Toe slab
Portion f 1.15 2.80 20 64.40 0.575 37.03
Portion g 0.50 1.00 0.30 20 3.00 0.333 1.00
Total WDL= 881.70 Total MDL= 2637.35

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 2.99 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.75 - 2.99 = -0.2412 m
b. Active earth pressure
Height of earthfill upto FDL H = 6.64 m
Active earth pressure intensity pa = ka3 g H = 36.37 kN/m2

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 Design of Retainning Wall

H. component of active earth pr. Pa = 0.5 pa H = 120.80 KN

This force acts at 0.42H from FDLLAa = 0.42 x 6.643 = 2.79 m
Moment due to this force = 120.80 x 2.79 = 337.03 KNm
c. Live load surcharge
Equavalent height of LL surchargehLL = 1.2 m of soil
Intensity of pr. due to LL surchar pLL = g hLL = 24.00 kN/m2
H. component of LL surcharge PLL = ka3 pLL H = 43.64 kN
This force acts at 0.5 H from FDL LALL = 0.5 x 6.643 = 3.32 m
Moment due to this force = 43.64 x 3.32 = 144.96 KNm

Total force due to earth pr.& LL surcharge = 120.80 + 43.64 = 164.44 KNm
moment due to earth pr.& LL surcharge = 337.03 + 144.96 = 481.99 KNm
d. Fluid pressure
The stress due to fluid pressure is calculated as per the provisions under Cl. 217.1 of IRC:6-2000.

Intensity of fluid pressure = 4.80 kN/m2

Height of earthfill upto foundation level H = 6.64 m
Force due to fluid pressure = 4.80 x
6.64 2 / 2 = 105.91 kN
< 164.44 kN
Moment due to this force = 106 x 6.64 / 3 = 234.52 kN
< 337.03 kN
Earth pressure governs the design for overturning & Fluid for the sliding.

Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE. ( Serviceability limit )
Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 881.70 3.19 2814.47
2 Active Earth pressure 120.80 2.79 337.03
3 Live load surcharge 43.64 3.32 144.96
4 Fluid pressure 105.91
Horizontal load
Total 881.70 164.44 2814.47 481.99

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Serviceability limit )
Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 814.30 2.99 2435.74
2 Active Earth pressure 120.80 2.79 337.03
3 Live load surcharge 43.64 3.32 144.96
4 Fluid pressure 105.91

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Horizontal load
Total 814.30 164.44 2435.74 481.99

e. Check for sliding with soil over toe ( Serviceability limit )

Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 164.44 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 881.70 = 529.02 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / H s
= 529.02 / 164.44 = 3.22 > 1.5 safe
f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Serviceability limit )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 164.44 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 814.30 = 488.58 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / H s
= 488.58 / 164.44 = 2.97 >= 1.5 safe

g. Check for over turning with soil over toe ( Serviceability limit )
Total over turning moment MO = 481.99 kNm
Total resisting moment MR = 2814.47 kNm
Factor of safety aginst over turni = MR / M O
= 2814.47 / 481.99 = 5.84 > 2 safe

h. Check for safe bearing capacity at the foundation level

1. Stresses due to self weight

Stress at toe or he = SV 1 + 6e
B B

Stress at toe = 881.70 1 + 6 x -0.2412

5.50 5.50 = 118.13 kN/m2

Stress at heel = 881.70 1 - 6 x -0.2412

5.50 5.50 = 202.49 kN/m2

2. Stress due to lateral force

Moment = 481.99 kNm
Stresses due to this moment = 481.99 x 6

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 Design of Retainning Wall

5.50 ^2 x 1
Stress at Toe side = 95.60 kN/m2
Stress at Heel side = -95.60 kN/m2

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Serviceability limit )
Stress at Heel side = 106.89 kN/m2
Stress at Toe side = 213.73 kN/m2
3200 1300 1000

169.05 194.30
106.89 kN/m2 kN/m2
kN/m2 213.73
kN/m2

Max. pressure developed at the bottom of foundation is well within the SBC of the soil at the
founding level and no tension at the foundation. Hence the section adopted is safe.

Note:- Since the foundation is kept less than 3.500 m below the ground level,
passive relief is considered in the design.

d.Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE (construction stage)
Sl.no Describtion Force kN Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 814.30 2599.32
2 Active Earth pressure 120.80 337.03
3 Live load surcharge 0
4 Fluid pressure 105.91

Total 814.30 120.80 2599.32 337.03

Check for sliding ( Serviceability limit )
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 814.30 = 407.15 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 407.15 / 120.80 = 3.37
> 1.50 Hence Safe
Check for overturning ( Serviceability limit )
Factor of safety against overturning = 2599.3 / 337.03 = 7.71
> 2.00 Hence Safe
Check for the Safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
Centre of gravity of the force = 2599.3 / 814.30 = 3.19
= 2.75 - 3.19 = -0.4421 m
1. Stresses due to self weight

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Stress at toe = 814.30 1 + 6 x -0.4421

5.50 5.50 = 76.65 kN/m2

Stress at heel = 814.30 1 - 6 x -0.4421

5.50 5.50 = 219.46 kN/m2

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Serviceability limit )
Stress at Heel side = 123.86 kN/m2
Stress at Toe side = 172.25 kN/m2

Partial Safety factor for verification of Equilibruim Strength ( Basic Combination )

Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE ( Equilibruim )
Sl.n Resisting Overturning Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Effect Effect Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retain 0.95 1.05 837.62 0.00 2673.744 0.00
2 Active Earth pressu 0.00 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.000 505.55
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 1.20 0.00 52.37 0.000 173.95
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 1.00 0.00 105.91 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 837.62 233.57 2673.74 679.50
Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.19 m
= eDL
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = B/2 - LADL
= 2.75 - 3.19 = -0.4421 m
Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Equilibruim )
Sl.n Resisting Overturning Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Effect Effect Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retain 0.95 1.05 773.59 0.00 2313.957 0.00
2 Active Earth pressu 0.00 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.000 505.55
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 1.20 0.00 52.37 0.000 173.95
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 1.00 0.00 105.91 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 773.59 233.57 2313.96 679.50

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 2.99 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.75 - 2.99 = -0.2412 m
e. Check for sliding with soil over toe ( Equilibrium limit )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 233.57 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 837.62 = 502.57 kN

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Factor of safety against sliding = HR / H s

= 502.57 / 233.57 = 2.15 > 1.5 safe
f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Equilibrium limit )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 233.57 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 773.59 = 464.15 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / H s
= 464.15 / 233.57 = 1.99 >= 1.5 safe
g. Check for over turning with soil over toe (Equilibrium limit )
Total over turning moment MO = 679.50 kNm
Total resisting moment MR = 2673.74 kNm
Factor of safety aginst over turni = MR / M O
= 2673.74 / 679.50 = 3.93 > 2 safe

h. Check for safe bearing capacity at the foundation level

1. Stresses due to self weight

Stress at toe or he = SV 1 + 6e
B B

Stress at toe = 837.62 1 + 6 x -0.2412

5.50 5.50 = 112.22 kN/m2

Stress at heel = 837.62 1 - 6 x -0.2412

5.50 5.50 = 192.37 kN/m2

2. Stress due to lateral force

Moment = 679.50 kNm
Stresses due to this moment = 679.50 x 6
5.50 ^2 x 1
Stress at Toe side = 134.78 kN/m2
Stress at Heel side = -134.78 kN/m2

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Equilibrium limit )
Stress at Heel side = 57.59 kN/m2
Stress at Toe side = 247.00 kN/m2
3200 1300 1000

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 Design of Retainning Wall

167.79 212.56
57.59 kN/m2 kN/m2
kN/m2 247.00
kN/m2

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Equilibruim )
Sl.n Resisting Overturning Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Effect Effect Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retain 0.95 1.05 773.59 0.00 2469.355 0.00
2 Active Earth pressu 0.00 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.000 505.55
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 1.00 0.00 105.91 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 773.59 181.20 2469.35 505.55
Check for sliding ( Equilibruim limit )
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 773.59 = 386.79 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 386.79 / 181.20 = 2.13
> 1.50 Hence Safe
Check for overturning ( Equilibruim limit )
Factor of safety against overturning = 2469.4 / 505.55 = 4.88
> 2.00 Hence Safe
Check for the Safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
Centre of gravity of the force = 2469.4 / 773.59 = 3.19
= 2.75 - 3.19 = -0.4421 m
1. Stresses due to self weight
Stress at toe = 773.59 1 + 6 x -0.4421
5.50 5.50 = 72.82 kN/m2

Stress at heel = 773.59 1 - 6 x -0.4421

5.50 5.50 = 208.48 kN/m2

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Equilibruim )

Stress at Heel side = 73.71 kN/m2
Stress at Toe side = 207.60 kN/m2
3200 1300 1000

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 Design of Retainning Wall

151.61 183.25
kN/m2 kN/m2 207.60
73.71 kN/m2
kN/m2

Partial Safety factor for verification of foundation Design (Combination -1 )

Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE. ( Foundation )
Sl.n Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion Comb - I
o Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 1.35 1190.30 0.00 3799.531 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.000 505.55
3 Live load surcharge 1.20 0.00 52.37 0.000 173.95
4 Fluid pressure 0.15 0.00 15.89 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 1190.30 233.57 3799.53 679.50
Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.19 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.75 - 3.19 = -0.4421 m
Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Foundation )
Sl.n Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion Comb - I
o Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 1.35 1099.31 0.00 3288.254 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.000 505.55
3 Live load surcharge 1.20 0.00 52.37 0.000 173.95
4 Fluid pressure 0.15 0.00 15.89 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 1099.31 233.57 3288.25 679.50

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 2.99 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.75 - 2.99 = -0.2412 m
e. Check for sliding with soil over toe ( Foundation design )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 233.57 kN

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads

= 0.6 x 1190.30 = 714.18 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / H s
= 714.18 / 233.57 = 3.06 > 1.5 safe
f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Foundation design )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 233.57 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 1099.31 = 659.59 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / H s
= 659.59 / 233.57 = 2.82 >= 1.5 safe

g. Check for over turning with soil over toe (Foundation design )
Total over turning moment MO = 679.50 kNm
Total resisting moment MR = 3799.53 kNm
Factor of safety aginst over turni = MR / M O
= 3799.53 / 679.50 = 5.59 > 2 safe

h. Check for safe bearing capacity at the foundation level

1. Stresses due to self weight

Stress at toe or he = SV 1 + 6e
B B

Stress at toe = 1190.30 1 + 6 x -0.2412

5.50 5.50 = 159.47 kN/m2

Stress at heel = 1190.30 1 - 6 x -0.2412

5.50 5.50 = 273.36 kN/m2

2. Stress due to lateral force

Moment = 679.50 kNm
Stresses due to this moment = 679.50 x 6
5.50 ^2 x 1
Stress at Toe side = 134.78 kN/m2
Stress at Heel side = -134.78 kN/m2

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Foundation Design)
Stress at Heel side = 138.59 kN/m2
Stress at Toe side = 294.25 kN/m2
3200 1300 1000

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 Design of Retainning Wall

229.15 265.95
138.59 kN/m2 kN/m2
kN/m2 294.25
kN/m2

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Foundation )
Sl.n Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion Comb-2
o Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 1.35 1099.31 0.00 3509.083 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.000 505.55
3 Live load surcharge 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
4 Fluid pressure 0.15 0.00 15.89 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 1099.31 181.20 3509.08 505.55
Check for sliding ( foundation )
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 1099.31 = 549.65 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 549.65 / 181.20 = 3.03
> 1.50 Hence Safe
Check for overturning ( Foundation )
Factor of safety against overturning = 3509.1 / 505.55 = 6.94
> 2.00 Hence Safe
Check for the Safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
Centre of gravity of the force = 3509.1 / 1099.31 = 3.19
= 2.75 - 3.19 = -0.4421 m
1. Stresses due to self weight
Stress at toe = 1099.31 1 + 6 x -0.4421
5.50 5.50 = 103.48 kN/m2

Stress at heel = 1099.31 1 - 6 x -0.4421

5.50 5.50 = 296.27 kN/m2

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Foundation )

Stress at Heel side = 161.49 kN/m2
Stress at Toe side = 238.26 kN/m2
3200 1300 1000

206.16 224.30
kN/m 2
kN/m2 238.26

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 Design of Retainning Wall

161.49 kN/m2
kN/m2

Design of section at the end of uniform section

a) Dead load of retaining wall
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description
no m m kN/m 3
kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 0.181 1.18
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.50 2.50 25 31.25 0.25 7.81
Total WDL= 37.75 Total MDL= 8.99
Distance of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 0.238 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 0.25 - 0.24 = 0.012 m
Moment due to self weight = 37.75 x 0.01 = 0.449 kNm
b. Active earth pressure
Height of earthfill upto FDL H = 2.50 m
Active earth pressure intensity pa = ka3 g H = 13.69 kN/m2
Hori. component of active earth pPa = 0.5 pa H = 17.11 KN
This force acts at 0.42H from FDLLAa = 0.42 x 2.500 = 1.05 m
Moment due to this force = 17.11 x 1.05 = 17.96 KNm
c. Live load surcharge
Equavalent height of live load surhLL = 1.2 m of soil
Intensity of pressure due to live pLL = g hLL = 24.00 kN/m2
Horizontal component of Live load PLLsurcharge
= ka3 pLL H = 16.42 kN
This force acts at 0.5 H from foun LALL = 0.5 x 2.500 = 1.25 m

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Moment due to this force = 16.42 x 1.25 = 20.53 KNm

d. Fluid pressure
The stress due to fluid pressure is calculated as per the provisions under Cl. 217.1 of IRC:6-2000.
Intensity of fluid pressure = 4.80 kN/m2
Height of earthfill upto foundatioH = 2.50 m
Force due to fluid pressure = 4.80 x 2.50 / 2 =
2
15.00 kN
< 33.53 kN
Moment due to this force = 15.0 x 2.50 / 3 = 12.50 kN
< 17.96 kN
Earth pressure governs the design

Summary of Forces and Moments ( Unfactored )

Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Moment Due to selfweight 0.45
2 Dead load of retaining wall 37.75 0.238 8.99
3 Active Earth pressure 17.11 1.05 17.96
4 Live load surcharge
Horizontal load 16.42 1.25 20.53
Total 37.75 33.53 8.99 38.94
Partial Safety factor for verification of Structural Strength ( Basic Combination )

Sl.n Basic Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm

Describtion
o Comb Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Moment Due to self 1.35 0.61
2 Permanent Load 1.35 50.96 0.00 12.136
3 Active Earth Pressu 1.50 0.00 25.66 0.000 26.946
4 Live Load Surcharg 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
Horizontal load 1.20 0.00 19.71 0.000 24.637
Total 50.96 45.37 12.14 52.19

Adopting a clear cover of 500 mm and Providing 12 mm dia. As the main rebar
Effective Depth available d = 500-40-6
= 454
Design M = 53 kN.m
Design oVEd = 51 kN
Design oH = 45 kN.m
Design of Main reinforcement
Determination of x/d
X/d = =1.2 - ((1.44 - (6.68Mu / fck b d2 ))1/2
= 1.2-(1.44-(6.68*53x10^6 )/ (25x 1000x454^2))1/2
= 0.029

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 Design of Retainning Wall

To determine the Depth

d = √Mu/0.138fck b
= √53x10^6/(0.138x25x1000)
= 123.9
required d 123.9 < 454 mm Safe
Determination of Lever arm 'z'
z = d - ( 1 - 0.416 x/d )
= 454* (1 - 0.416 x 0.029)))
= 449 mm < 0.95 d = 431 mm
= 449 mm
Tension Reinforcement Required from
As = M / (0.87 fy z)
= 53x10^6 / ( 0.87 x 415 x 448.523 )
= 327 mm2
Δ Ftd = 0.5 VEd Cot θ IRC : 112-2011 Cl. 10.3.3.3 ( 6)
= 0.5 x 50.963 x Cot 33.5˚
0.5X50.963 x 1.511
= 38.5 kN
As = Δ Ftd / 0.87 x fyk
= 38.498X10^3/ (0.87 x 415)
107 mm2

Check minimum reinforcement

As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*25)^2/3 = 2.214
As min = (0.26*2.215*1000*500)/(415)
= 694 mm2
Check maximum reinforcement
As max = 0.04 Ac
= 0.04*1000*500
= 20000 mm2
Main Steel Required = 694 mm2
Required 12 mm and Providing 163 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm and Providing 150 mm c/c 754.00 mm2 OK a

Compression side Reinforcement @ Stem :

Minimum Steel of Tensionreinforcement= 694 mm2
Minimum steel = 25% of Astmin
= 0.25x 694
= 173.5 mm2 < 173.5 mm2
Required 12 mm and Providing 652 mm c/c

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Provide 12 mm and Providing 150 mm c/c 754.00 mm2 OK b1

As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011
Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least
20% of the main reinforcement
= 754 x 0.2
= 151 mm2
Required 10 mm and Providing 521 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 393.00 mm2 OK c,c1
Check for Cracking
steel area greater = 0.12%x 1000 x 448.523
= 538.2 mm2
Spacing Less than 3d = 3 x 454 = 1346 mm ( Required )
150 mm ( Provided)
OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 12 mm
d/8 448.523 /8 = 56.07 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Normal shear stress τv =Vu 50963
= = 0.0204097
bd 2497000
Percentage of Steel = 0.153
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M25
τc = 0.292 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.360
% of main steel provided = 0.153 %
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.292 N/mm2
Actual shear stress tv = 50.96 x 10 3 = 0.112 N/mm2
1000 x 454
= 0.292 N/mm2 > 0.112 N/mm2 OK
DESIGN OF STEM
A ) At bottom
PL1 6.570 500
H1 = 2.50

16
 Design of Retainning Wall

Pa1 13.687
15.548 PL2 7.463
H2 = 4.14

b d

25.767 Pa2 500 500

Total depth of Foundation = 3.500 m Active Earth pressure = 1.50

Earth pressure force due to active earth pressure
= 0.50 x 13.69 x 2.50 = 17.108 kN
= 15.55 x 4.14 = 64.417 kN
= 0.50 x 25.77 x 4.14 = 53.376 kN
= 134.902 kN
Moment due to active earth pressure
= 0.42 x 2.50 + 4.14 x 17.11 = 88.844 kNm
= 0.50 x 4.14 x 64.42 = 133.441 kNm
= 0.42 x 4.14 x 53.38 = 92.878 kNm
= 315.163 kNm
Earth pressure force due to Live load surcharge
= 6.570 x 2.50 = 16.424 kN
= 7.463 x 4.14 = 30.920 kN
= 47.344 kN
Moment due to Live load surcharge
= 0.50 x 2.50 + 4.14 x 16.42 = 88.575 kNm
= 0.50 x 4.14 x 30.92 = 64.051 kNm
= 152.627 kNm
Earth pressure & Live load surcharge force
= 134.90 + 47.34 = 182.247 kN
Earth pressure & Live load surcharge Moment
= 315.16 + 152.63 = 467.790 kNm
Stresses due to self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description
no m m kN/m3 kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and brack 6.50 0.181 1.18
2 Stem

17
 Design of Retainning Wall

rectangular portion 0.50 7.94 25 99.29 0.250 24.82

triangle porti 0.50 0.50 5.44 25 34.02 0.667 22.68
3 Soil over Slope portion
Portion b 0.50 2.50 20 25.00 0.750 18.75
Portion c 0.50 0.50 5.44 20 27.22 0.833 22.68
Total WDL= 192.02 Total MDL= 90.11

Distance of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 0.469 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 0.500 - 0.47 = 0.031 m
Moment due to self weight = 192.02 x 0.03 = 5.904 kNm
Moment due to Fluid pressure
Height of section = 7.94 m
Intensity of fluid pressure = 4.80 kN/m2
Height of earthfill upto foundatioH
Force due to fluid pressure = 4.80 x 7.94 2 / 2 = 151.42 kN
< 134.90 kN
Moment due to this force = 151 x 7.94 / 3 = 400.91 kN
< 315.16 kN
Earth pressure governs the design

Design of stem at top of foundation

Summary of Forces and Moments ( Unfactored )
Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Moment due to self weight 5.90
2 Dead load of retaining wall 192.02 0.469 90.11
3 Active Earth pressure 134.90 315.16
4 Live load surcharge
Horizontal load 47.34 0.00 152.63
Total 192.02 182.25 90.11 473.69

Partial Safety factor for verification of Structural Strength ( Basic Combination )

Sl.n Basic Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Comb Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Moment Due to self 1.35 7.97
2 Permanent Load 1.35 259.23 0.00 121.645 0.00

18
 Design of Retainning Wall

3 Active Earth Pressu 1.50 0.00 202.35 0.000 472.74

4 Live Load Surcharg 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load 1.20 0.00 56.81 0.000 183.15
Total 259.23 259.17 121.65 663.87

Adopting a clear cover of 1000 mm and Providing 16 mm dia. As the main rebar
Effective Depth available d = 1000-40-8
= 952

Design M = 664 kN.m

Design oVEd = 259 kN
Design oH = 259 kN
Design of Main reinforcement
Determination of x/d
X/d = =1.2 - ((1.44 - (6.68Mu / fck b d2 ))1/2
= 1.2-(1.44-(6.68*664x10^6 )/ (25x 1000x952^2))1/2
= 0.085
To determine the Depth
d = √Mu/0.138fck b
= √664x10^6/(0.138x25x1000)
= 438.7
required d 438.7 < 952 mm Safe

Determination of Lever arm 'z'

z = d - ( 1 - 0.416 x/d )
= 952* (1 - 0.416 x 0.085)))
= 918 mm < 0.95 d = 904 mm
= 918 mm
Tension Reinforcement Required from
As = M / (0.87 fy z)
= 664x10^6 / ( 0.87 x 415 x 918.337 )
= 2003 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*25)^2/3 = 2.214
As min = (0.26*2.215*1000*1000)/(415) = 1388 mm2
Check maximum reinforcement
As max = 0.04 Ac
= 0.04*1000*1000

19
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 40000 mm2
Main Steel Required = 2003 mm2 pt = 0.2103992
Required 16 mm and Providing 100 mm c/c
Provide 16 mm and Providing 150 mm c/c 1341.00 mm2 a1
Provide 16 mm and Providing 150 mm c/c 1341.00 mm2 OK a2
2682.00
Compression side Reinforcement @ Stem :
Minimum Steel of Tensionreinforcement= 2003 mm2
Minimum steel = 25% of Astmin
= 0.25x 2003
= 501 mm2 < 501 mm2
Required 12 mm and Providing 226 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm and Providing 150 mm c/c 754.00 mm2 OK b1

As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011

Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least
20% of the main reinforcement
= 2003 x 0.2
= 401 mm2
Required 12 mm and Providing 282 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 566.00 mm2 OK c2 ,c3

Check for Cracking

steel area greater = 0.12%x 1000 x 918.337
= 1102 mm2
Spacing Less than 3d = 3 x 952 = 2755 mm ( Required )
150 mm ( Provided)
OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 16 mm
d/8 918.337 /8 = 114.8 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Percentage of Steel = 0.210
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M25
τc = 0.332 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.360
% of main steel provided = 0.210 %
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.332 N/mm2
Actual shear stress tv = 259.23 x 10 3 = 0.282 N/mm2

20
 Design of Retainning Wall

1000 x 918
= 0.332 N/mm2 > 0.282 N/mm2 OK
DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
Moment calculation
Pressure distribution for no soil at Toe
5.5
0.619 0.531
0 3.35 1 1.15
161.5 kN/m2

208.2 kN/m2

230.8 kN/m2

238.3 kN/m2
Critical section for bending moment is at the face of stem. 222.2 kN/m
a) Bending moment due to soil pressure at the face of stem

M1 = 238.26 + 222.21 x 1.15 2 x 238.26 + 222.21 x 1.15

2 238.26 + 222.21 3

= 154.010 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 1.2 x 0.40 x 25 x 1.15 / 2 = 6.613 kNm
= 0.2 x 0.30 x 25 x 0.15 / 2 = 0.084 kNm
= 1.0 x 0.30 x 0.5 x 25 x ( 1.00 / 3 + 0.15 ) = 1.813 kNm
= 8.51 kNm

Net moment at the face of stem M = 154.01 - 8.51 = 145.50 kNm

Pressure distribution with soil at Toe
5.5
0.619 0.531
0 3.35 1 1.15
138.59 kN/m2

233.40 kN/m2

261.70 kN/m2

279.22 kN/m2

294.25 kN/m2

Critical section for bending moment is at the face of stem.

a) Bending moment due to soil pressure at the face of stem

21
 Design of Retainning Wall

M1 = 294.25 + 261.70 x 1.15 2 x 294.25 + 261.70 x 1.15

2 294.25 + 261.70 3
= 187.398 kNm
b) Bending moment due to self weight of concrete = 8.509 kNm
BM due to over burden of earth
= 1.0 x 0.30 x 0.5 x 20 x ( 1.00 x 2 / 3 + 0.15 ) = 2.450 kNm
= 1.2 x 2.80 x 20 x 1.15 / 2 = 37.030 kNm
= 47.99 kNm

Net moment at the face of stem M = 187.40 - 47.99 = 139.41 kNm

Thickness of Footing Slab based on shear
qu = 294 kN/m2
= 0.295 N/m2
One - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd' from the Stem face

Vu1 = 0.295 x 5500 x( 1150- d )

= 1622.5x( 1150- d )
= 1865875 - 1622.5 d N
Percentage of Steel = 0.160
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M25
τc = 0.297 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.360
One - way Shear Resistence Vc1 = 0.297 x 5500 x d
= 1634 d N
Vu1 < Vc1 = 1865875 - 1622.5d < 1633.5d
1865875
d = = 573 mm
3256.0
Two - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd/2' from the periphery of the Stem
Vu2 = 0.295 x (5500^2 - (1000+ d )^2
Assuming d 573 mm
Vu2 = 8194 x 10^3 N
Two - way Shear Resistence Vc2 = ks τc x ( 4 x ( 1000 + d ) d)
Where ks = 1
τc = 0.25x Sqrt (25)
= 1.250 Mpa ( refer Cl.31.6.3.1 of the code )

22
 Design of Retainning Wall

Vc2 = 1 x 1.25x 4d x (1000+d)

= 5000 d + 5 d2
Vu2 < Vc2 = 8194000 < 5000+5
= -5000+sqrt(5000^2-4x5x-8194000)/2x5
d = 874.34 mm < 700 mm Revised
Evidently, in this Case, Two - way Shear is governs the thickness
Hence Provided Overall Depth = 700 mm
Effective Depth = 700-75-6 = 619
Design of Flexural Reinforcement
Factored moment Mu = 140.00 kNm
= 140 x 10^6
Mu/ bd2 = 0.365 N/mm2
M25
= 1- sqrt(1 - 4.598 x 0.365/25)
2x 415
Pt = 0.103
= 0.103x1000x619/100 = 638 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*25)^2/3 = 2.214
As min = (0.26*2.215*1000*619)/(361.05)
= 988 mm2
Pt Min = 100X988/(619x1000)
= 0.160
= 988 mm2
Required 12 mm and Providing 114 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 566.00 mm2 d
Provide 12 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 566.00 mm2 f
1132.00 OK
Compression side Reinforcement @ toe Slab:
Minimum Steel of Tensionreinforcement= 1132 mm2
Minimum steel = 25% of Ast
= 0.25x 1132
= 283 mm2
Required 10 mm and Providing 278 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 393.00 mm2 OK g

Distribution Reinforcement @ toe Slab: As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011

Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least
20% of the main reinforcement

23
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 1132 x 0.2
= 226 mm2
Required 10 mm and Providing 347 mm c/c (e)
Provide 10 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 393.00 mm2 OK
Check for Cracking
steel area greater = 0.12%x 1000 x 700
= 840 mm2
Spacing Less than 3d = 3 x = 1857 mm ( Required )
566 mm ( Provided)
OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 12 mm
d/8 /8 = 77.38 mm
OK Diameter of bar

Calculation of intensity of pressure at the critical section for shear

The critical section for shear is taken at a distance of effective depth from
the face of stem = 619.000 m from the face of stem
Intensity of pressure at the face of stem with no soil at toe
238.26 - 161.49
= 161.49 + x 4.969 = 230.85 kN/m2
5.500

294.25 - 138.59
= 138.59 + x 4.969 = 279.22 kN/m2
5.500

Shear force due to soil pressure

= 238.26 + 222.21 x 0.531 = 122.25293 kNm
2
= 294.25 + 261.70 x 0.531 = 147.6048 kNm
2
Depth of slab at critical section
= 400 x (300 / 1000 ) x 531 = 559 mm
Eff. Depth availabd = 559 - 75 - 6 = 478 mm

Self weight of toe porti = 0.400 x 0.531 x 25 = 5.310 kNm

= 0.159 /2x 0.531 x 25 = 1.057 kNm

overburden earth = 2.800 x 0.531 x 20 = 29.736 kNm

= 0.159 /2x 0.531 x 20 = 0.846 kNm

24
 Design of Retainning Wall

Total With soil = 36.949 kNm

Without soil = 6.367 kNm

Net shear force VEd

With soil = 122.253 - 36.949 = 85.304 kNm
Without soil = 122.253 - 6.367 = 115.886 kNm

With soil = 147.605 - 36.949 = 110.656 kNm

Without soil = 147.605 - 6.367 = 141.237 kNm
Bending moment due to soil pressure
230.85 + 238.26 2x 238.26 + 230.85 0.531
M1 = x 0.531 x
2 238.26 + 230.85 3
= 33.24 kNm
Bending moment due to soil pressure
294.25 + 261.70 2x 294.25 + 261.70 0.531
M1 = x 0.531 x
2 294.25 + 261.70 3
= 39.95 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 0.40 x 0.53 x 25 x 0.53 / 2 = 1.410 kNm
= 0.16 / 2 x 0.53 x 25 x 0.53 / 3 = 0.187 kNm
= 1.60 kNm
BM due to over burden of earth
= 2.80 x 0.53 x 20 x ( 0.53 / 2 ) = 7.895 kNm
= 0.16 / 2 x 0.53 x 20 x 0.53 x 2 / 3 = 0.299 kNm
= 8.19 kNm
Total hogging moment
With soil = 9.791 kNm
Without soil = 1.597 kNm
With soil = 33.241 - 9.791 = 23.450 kNm
Without soil = 33.241 - 1.597 = 31.644 kNm
With soil = 39.954 - 9.791 = 30.163 kNm
Without soil = 39.954 - 1.597 = 38.357 kNm
Design shear force VEd.red = V' - M tanb
d
= 115.89 - 31.64 x 300.00 / 1 = -19732.13 kN
0.478
= 85.30 - 23.45 x 300.00 / 1 = -14623.04 kN
0.478

25
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 141.24 - 38.36 x 300.00 / 1 = -23917.02 kN

0.478
= 110.66 - 30.16 x 300.00 / 1 = -18807.93 kN
0.478

% of main steel provided = 0.160 %

Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.297 N/mm2
Actual shear stress tv = -23917.02 x 10 3 = -50.004 N/mm2
1000 x 478
= 0.297 N/mm2 > -50.004 N/mm2 OK

Hence the section do not require shear reinforcement

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
Intensity of pressure at the face of stem with no soil at toe

= 161.49 + 238.26 - 161.49 x 3.350 = 208.25 kN/m2

5.500
Intensity of pressure at the face with soil at toe

= 138.59 + 294.25- 138.59 x 3.350 = 233.40 kN/m2

5.500
a) Bending moment due to soil pressure at the face of stem

M1 = 161.49 + 208.25 x 3.35 2 x 161.49 + 208.25 x 3.35

2 161.49 + 208.25 3

= 993.624 kNm

M1 = 138.59 + 233.40 x 3.35 2 x 138.59 + 233.40 x 3.35

2 138.59 + 233.40 3

= 954.984 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 3.4 x 0.40 x 25 x 3.35 / 2 = 56.113 kNm
= 0.15 x 0.30 x 25 x 0.15 / 2 = 0.084 kNm
= 3.20 x 0.30 x 0.5 x 25 x ( 3.20 / 3 + 0.15 ) = 14.600 kNm
= 70.80 kNm

BM due to over burden of earth

= 3.20 x 0.30 x 0.5 x 20 x ( 3.20 x2/3 + 0.15 ) = 21.920 kNm
= 3.35 x 7.94 x 20 x 3.35 / 2 = 891.403 kNm

26
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 984.12 kNm

Design bending moment for HeelM = 984.12 - 993.62 = -9.50 kNm

= 984.12 - 954.98 = 29.14 kNm
Thickness of Footing Slab based on shear
qu = 238 kN/m2
= 0.239 N/m2
One - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd' from the Column face

Vu1 = 0.239 x 5500 x( 1150- d )

= 1314.5x( 1150- d )
= 1511675 - 1314.5 d N
Percentage of Stee = 0.159
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M25
τc = 0.296 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.360
One - way Shear Resistence Vc1 = 0.296 x 5500 x d
= 1628 d N
Vu1 < Vc1 = 1511675 - 1314.5d < 1628d
1511675
d = = 514 mm
2942.5
Two - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd/2' from the periphery of the Column
Vu2 = 0.239 x (5500^2 - (1000+ d )^2
Assuming d 514 mm
Vu2 = 6682 x 10^3 N
Two - way Shear Resistence Vc2 = ks τc x ( 4 x ( 1000 + d ) d)
Where ks = 1
τc = 0.25x Sqrt (25)
= 1.250 Mpa ( refer Cl.31.6.3.1 of the code )
Vc2 = 1 x 1.25x 4d x (1000+d)
= 5000 d + 5 d2
Vu2 < Vc2 = 6682000 < 5000+5
= -5000+sqrt(5000^2-4x5x-6682000)/2x5
d = 759.52 mm < 700 mm Revised
Evidently, in this Case, Two - way Shear is governs the thickness
Hence Provided Overall Depth = 700 mm
Effective Depth = 700-75-8 = 617

27
 Design of Retainning Wall

Design of Flexural Reinforcement

Factored moment Mu = 30.00 kNm
= 30 x 10^6
Mu/ bd2 = 0.079 N/mm2
M25
= 1- sqrt(1 - 4.598 x 0.079/25)
2x 415
Pt = 0.022
= 0.022x1000x617/100 = 136 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*25)^2/3 = 2.214
As min = (0.26*2.215*1000*617)/(361.05)
= 984 mm2
Pt Min = 100X984/(617x1000)
= 0.159
= 984 mm2
Provide 12 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 566.00 mm2 f
Provide 12 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 566.00 mm 2
d
1132.00 OK
Compression side Reinforcement
Steel of @ toe Slab:
Tensionrei 1132 mm2
nforcemen
Minimum steel = 25% of Ast
= 0.25x 1132
= 283 mm2
Required 10 mm and Providing 278 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 393.00 mm2 OK h

Distribution Reinforcement
Secondary transverse @ toeshould
reinforcement Slab: beAs per Cl.16.6.1.1.3
provided in one wayof slab.
IRC: 112
This-2011
should be at least
20% of the main reinforcement
= 1132 x 0.2
= 226 mm2
Required 10 mm and Providing 347 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 393.00 mm2 OK ( e )

Check for Cracking

steel area greater = 0.12%x 1000 x 700
= 840 mm2
Spacing Less than 3d = 3 x = 1851 mm ( Required )
566 mm ( Provided)

28
 Design of Retainning Wall

OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 16 mm
d/8 /8 = 77.13 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Calculation of intensity of pressure at the critical section for shear
The critical section for shear is taken at the face of stem
Shear force due to soil pressure
= 161.49 + 208.25 x 3.350 = 619.31449 kNm
2
= 138.59 + 233.40 x 3.350 = 623.07635 kNm
2
Self weight of toe porti = 3.350 x 0.400 x 25 = 33.500 kNm
0.150 x 0.300 x 25 = 1.125 kNm
= 3.200 /2x 0.300 x 25 = 12.000 kNm
overburden earth = 3.350 x 7.943 x 20 = 532.181 kNm
= 3.200 /2x 0.300 x 20 = 9.600 kNm
Total = 588.406 kNm
Net shear force = 588.406 - 619.314 = -30.908 kNm
= 588.406 - 623.076 = -34.670 kNm
Induced shear stress in the section
= -34.670 x 1000 = -0.056 Mpa
1000 x 617
% of main steel provided = 0.159 %
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.296 N/mm2
> -0.056 N/mm2 OK
Hence the section do not require shear reinforcement

29
 Design of Retainning Wall

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL (SEISMIC CONDITION) : -

SOIL PARAMETERS:-
Angle of Repose, f = 30 0 or 0.5236 rad
Angle of wall friction , d = 00 or 0.0000 rad
Angle of Surcharge, b = 0 0
or 0.0000 rad
Angle of Internal wall slope, q = 90 0
or 1.5708 rad
Angle of Inclination of earthfill with the horizontal I = 00 or 0.0000 rad
Unit weight of soil g = 18 kN/cum
Safe Bearing Capacity of Founding Strata = 300 kN/sqm

a ) Active Earth pressure

Ref. : Cl. 222 of IRC:6 - 2000 and Cl. 8 of IS:1893 -1984
Height of stem above GL = 5.143 m
Height of stem below GL = 2.800 m

I ) Active seismic earth pressure force

Horizontal seismic coefficient ah = Z/2 x Sa/g
For Zone II = R/I
Zone factor as per table 2 of IS: 1893 (Part1) :2002 Z= 0.16
Sa/g = 2.50
Response reduction factor R= 2.50
Importance factor I = 1.20

Horizontal seismic coefficient ah = Z/2 x Sa/g

R/I
ah = 0.08 x 2.5
2.083
= 0.096
Vertical seismic coefficient av = 0.00

MATERIAL DATA:-
Exposure = Moderate
Grade of concrete for RCC = M 25
Permissible Flexural Compressive stress M25 = 15 Mpa
PermissibleTensile stress in RCC M25 = 300 Mpa

LC-403
The design is based on the provisions of the following IRC codes.

2. IRC:6-2000
3. IRC:78-2000

If the 96 300 Mpa upto 300 Mpa

special precautionary measures as stipulated in Cl.303.3 of IRC:21-2000
shall be matriculusly adhered to during the execution of work.

30
 Design of Retainning Wall

Calculation of coefficient of earth pressure for different wall slope

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

The intensity of earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's Formula and coefficients of
Active and Passive earth pressure are calculated as follows
Lever arm for the earth pressure is t 0.42 h
Active earth pressure co-efficient using Coulomb's theory

ka = 1+- a v cos 2 ( f - q - l )
cos 2 q cos ( q + d + l ) cos ( l ) ( 1 + k ) 2
Where
q = Angle that the face of wall makes with the horizontal line in clockwise direction
94
Vertical face of retaining wall = 0.00 or 0.0000 rad
0

1st Inclined face of retaining wall tan-1( 0.5 / 5.4 ) = 5.2 0 or 0.0916 rad
Vertical face of base slab = 0.00 0 or 0.0000 rad
1/2
k = sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - I - l ) 300

cos ( q + I ) cos ( q + d + l ) 300

l = tan -1 ah = tan -1 0.096 300

46 1+- a v 1+- 0.00
2000 1000
l = 5.4836 0
= 0.09571 rad

Parameters q f d I l k ka
Ver.face of retaining wall 0.0000 0.5236 0.0000 0 0.0957 0.457 0.3938
1st Inclined face 0.0916 0.5236 0.0000 0 0.0957 0.460 0.4288
Vertical face of baseslab 0.0000 0.5236 0.0000 0 0.0957 0.457 0.3938

AT END OF UNIFORM SECTION

Earth pressure
Static 190
Heigth of earth fill h = 2.5 m
Earth pressure P = Ka g h / 2
2
500
Earth pr. Force Pa2 = 0.273736 x 18 x 2.50 ^2/2 = 15.398 kN
Moment
Earth pressure acts at = 0.42 h
= 15.39762 x 0.42 x 2.50 = 16.168 kNm

Dynamic
Dynamic Shear pa = 0.5 g h2 kaH1 = 22.151 kN

31
 Design of Retainning Wall

Dynamic increament = 22.151 - 15.398 = 0.000 kN

Moment Ma = 0.50 x 2.50 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
Total Moment = 16.168 + 0.000 = 16.168 kNm
Live Load surcharge
Static
Earth pressure P = Ka g H
Earth pressure Force = 1.2x 18 x 2.50 x 0.2737 = 14.782 kN
Moment = 14.78172 x 0.50 x 2.50 = 18.477 kNm

Dynamic
Dynamic Shear P = 1.2x 18 x 2.50 x 0.3938 = 21.265 kN
Dynamic increament = 21.265 - 14.782 = 0.000 kN
Moment Ma = 0.66 x 2.50 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
Total Moment = 18.477 + 0.000 = 18.477 kNm
Design moment = 18.477 x 0.500 = 9.239 kNm

Self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description
no m m kN/m 3
kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 2.950 19.18
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.50 2.50 24 30.00 1.25 37.50
Total WDL= 36.50 Total MDL= 56.68
Seismic Self weight = 36.500 x 0.096 = 3.504 kN
Eccentricity = 56.675 / 36.500 = 1.553 m
Moment = 3.504 x 1.553 = 5.441 kNm

AT TOP OF FOUNDATION
Earth pressure
Static
Force Pa2 = 15.398 kN
Moment M = 15.398 x 0.42 x 2.50 + 5.44 = 99.977 kNm

Force Pa3 = 0.31097 x 18 x 2.50 x 5.44 = 76.167 kN

Moment M = 76.16735 x 0.50 x 5.44 = 207.289 kNm
Force Pa3 = 0.31097 x 18 x 5.44 ^2/2 = 82.916 kN
Moment M = 82.91578 x 0.42 x 5.44 = 189.550 kNm

Total Force = 174.481 kN

Total moment = 496.817 kNm

Fluid pressure
Dynamic
Force Pa2 = 0.3938 x 18 x 2.50 = 17.721 kN/sqm
= 0.500 x 17.72 x 2.50 = 22.151 kN

32
 Design of Retainning Wall

Force Pa3 = 0.4288 x 18 x 2.50 = 19.295 kN/sqm

= 19.29 x 5.44 = 105.022 kN
Force Pa3 = 0.4288 x 18 x 5.44 = 42.009 kN/sqm
= 0.500 x 42.01 x 5.44 = 114.327 kN

Total Force = 22.151 - 15.398 = 6.753 kN

= 105.022 - 76.167 = 28.855 kN
= 114.327 - 82.916 = 31.411 kN
= 241.500 kN = 67.019 kN

Total moment = 6.753 x ( 0.5 x 2.50 + 5.44 )= 45.200 kNm

= 28.855 x ( 0.5 x 5.44 ) = 78.528 kNm
31.411 x ( 0.5 x 5.44 ) = 85.485 kNm
= 209.213 kNm
Total design moment at the bottom of stem
= 496.817 + 209.213 = 706.030 kN
Live Load surcharge
Static
Earth pressure = Ka q h H
Earth pr. Force Pa2 = 1.2x 18 x 2.50 x 0.2737 = 14.782 kN
Moment = 14.78172 x 0.50 x 2.50 + 5.44 = 98.934 kNm

Earth pr. Force Pa3 = 1.2x 18 x 5.44 x 0.3110 = 36.560 kN

Moment = 36.56033 x 0.50 x 5.44 = 99.499 kNm

Total Force = 51.342 kN

Total moment = 198.433 kNm
Dynamic
Earth pr. Force Pa2 = 1.2x 18 x 2.50 x 0.3938 = 21.265 kN
Earth pr. Force Pa3 = 1.2x 18 x 5.44 x 0.4288 = 50.411 kN
Total Force = 21.265 - 14.782 = 6.483 kN
= 50.411 - 36.560 = 13.850 kN
= 71.675 kN 51.342 kN = 20.333 kN

Total moment = 6.483 x ( 0.66 x 2.50 + 5.44 )= 45.985 kNm

= 13.850 x ( 0.66 x 5.44 ) = 49.755 kNm
= 95.741 kNm
Total Moment = 95.741 + 198.433 = 294.174 kNm
Design moment = 294.174 x 0.500 = 147.087 kNm
Self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. Cg about
b d g Weight Moment
Description top of
no m m kN/m 3
kN Footing kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 8.393 54.55
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.50 5.143 24 61.72 5.37 331.51

33
 Design of Retainning Wall

triangle portion 0.50 0.24 2.643 24 7.70 3.68 28.34

3 Soil over Heel rec 1 0.24 2.500 18 10.93 6.69 73.12
Soil triangle 2 0.50 0.24 2.643 18 5.78 4.56 26.35
Soil Rectangle 3 3.61 5.143 18 333.93 5.37 1793.73
Total WDL= 426.55 Total MDL= 2307.60
Seismic Self weight = 426.551 x 0.096 = 40.949 kN
Eccentricity = 2307.604 / 426.551 = 5.410 m
Moment = 40.949 x 5.410 = 221.530 kNm

Total Design moment = 706.030 + 147.087 - 221.530 = 631.587 kNm

When Seismic load is considered the stresses are allowed to exceed by 50 %

Correspondingly reduced moment 421.06 kNm OK
This moment is less than that of normal case
Hence seismic is not governing

AT BOTTOM OF FOUNDATION
Static
Active earth pressure
Pa = 0.273736 x 18 x 8.643 = 42.586 kN/sqm
H. component of active earth pr. Pa = 0.5 pa H = 184.04 KN
This force acts at 0.42H from FDL LAa = 0.42 x 8.643 = 3.63 m
Moment due to this force = 184.04 x 3.63 = 668.06 KNm

Liveload surcharge
Equavalent height of LL surcharge hLL = 1.2 m of soil
Intensity of pr. due to LL surcharge pLL = g hLL = 21.60 kN/m2
H. component of LL surcharge PLL = ka3 pLL H = 51.10 kN
This force acts at 0.5 H from FDL LALL = 0.5 x 8.643 = 4.32 m
Moment due to this force = 51.10 x 4.32 = 220.84 KNm

Dynamic
Active earth pressure
Pa = 0.3938 x 18 x 8.643 = 61.264 kN/sqm
Force = 61.26 x 0.5 x 8.643 = 264.754 kN
Moment = 264.75 x 0.5 x 8.643 = 1144.133 kNm

Difference in Force = 264.754 - 184.036 = 80.718 kN

Difference in Moment = 1144.133 - 668.062 = 476.071 kN

Stresses due to this moment = + M/Z

= 476.071 x 6
1 x 5.5^2
Stress at Toe side = 94.427 kN/sqm
Stress at Heel side = -94.427 kN/sqm

34
 Design of Retainning Wall

Live Load surcharge

Force = 21.60 x 0.3938 x 8.643 = 73.517 kN
Moment = 73.52 x 0.66 x 8.643 = 419.370 kNm

Difference in Force = 73.517 - 51.103 = 22.414 kN

Difference in Moment = 419.370 - 220.843 = 198.527 kN
Stresses due to this moment = + M/Z
= 198.527 x 6
1 x 5.5^2
Stress at Toe side = 39.377 kN/sqm
Stress at Heel side = -39.377 kN/sqm

Self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. Cg about
b d g Weight Moment
Description Bot of
no m m kN/m3 kN Footing kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 9.093 59.10
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.50 5.14 24 61.72 6.07 374.71
triangle portion 0.50 0.24 2.64 24 7.70 4.38 33.73
3 Soil over Heel rec 1 0.24 2.500 18 10.93 7.39 80.77
Soil triangle 2 0.50 0.24 2.643 18 5.78 5.26 30.39
Soil Rectangle 3 3.61 5.143 18 333.93 6.07 2027.48
Total WDL= 426.55 Total MDL= 2606.19

Seismic Self weight = 426.551 x 0.096 = 40.949 kN

Eccentricity = 2606.190 / 426.551 = 6.110 m
Moment = 40.949 x 6.110 = 250.194 kNm

Stresses due to this moment = + M/Z = 250.194 x 6

1 x 5.5^2
Stress at Toe side = 49.625 kN/sqm
Stress at Heel side = -49.625 kN/sqm

Summary of stress
Sl.n Stresses due to Stress on Toe side Stress on Heel side
o kN/sq.m kN/sq.m
1 Active or Fluid pressure = 94.427 kN/sq.m -94.427 kN/sq.m
2 Live load surcharge = 39.377 kN/sq.m -39.377 kN/sq.m
3 Self weight static = 118.127 kN/sq.m 202.492 kN/sq.m
4 Self weight seismic = 49.625 kN/sq.m -49.625 kN/sq.m
Total Stresses = 301.557 kN/sq.m 19.062 kN/sq.m
Maximum stress developed = 301.557 kN/sq.m < 250 kN/sqm
Minimum stress developed = 19.062 kN/sq.m >

35
 Design of Retainning Wall

Check for sliding

Summary of sliding force
Active earth pressure = 80.72 kN
Live load surcharge = 0.5 x 22.41 = 11.21 kN
Seismic force = 40.95 kN
= 132.87 kN
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 814.30 = 407.15 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 407.15 / 132.87 = 3.06
> 1.25 Safe

Check for overturning

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Serviceability limit = 476.07 kNm
Seismic force = 250.19 kNm
= 726.27 kNm
Factor of safety against overturning = 2599.32 / 726.27 = 3.58
> 1.50 Safe
Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE ( Equilibruim )
DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB UNDER SEISMIC CONDITION
The critical section of the BM is at the face of stem
5.498
0.617 0.531
0 3.35 1 1.148
19.06 kN/m2

191.19 kN/m2

242.57 kN/m2

301.56 kN/m2
274.27 kN/m

Summary of Forces an301.56 - 19.06

= 19.06 + x 3.350 = 191.19 kN/m2
5.498
Bending moment due to soil pressure
19.06 + 191.19 2x 19.06 + 191.19 3.350
M1 = x 3.350 x
2 19.06 + 191.19 3
= 428.91 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 0.40 x 3.35 x 24 x 3.35 / 2 = 53.868 kNm
= 0.30 / 2 x 3.20 x 24 x 3.20 / 3 + 0.15 = 14.016 kNm
= 0.30 x 0.15 x 24 x 0.15 / 2 = 0.081 kNm
= 67.97 kNm

BM due to over burden of earth

36
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 7.94 x 3.35 x 18 x ( 3.35 / 2 ) = 802.263 kNm

= 0.30 / 2 x 3.20 x 18 x 3.20 x2/3 + 0.15 = 19.728 kNm
= 821.99 kNm

f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( ETotal hogging moment = 889.956 kNm

Design bending moment for Heel = 889.956 - 428.91 = 461.043 kNm

When Seismic load is considered the stresses are allowed to exceed by 50 %

Correspondingly reduced moment 307.36 kNm
This moment is less than that of normal case
g. Check for over turning with soil over toe (Equilibrium limit)
DESIGN OF TOE SLAB UNDER SEISMIC CONDITION
The critical section of the BM is at the face of stem
5.498
0.617 0.531
0 3.35 1 1.148
19.06 kN/m2

191.19 kN/m2

242.57 kN/m2

301.56 kN/m2
274.27 kN/m

Pressure distribution for no soil over TOE

301.56 - 19.06
= 19.06 + x 3.35 + 1.00
5.498
= 242.57 kN/m2

Bending moment due to soil pressure

301.56 + 242.57 2x 301.56 + 242.57 1.148
M1 = x 1.148 x
2 301.56 + 242.57 3

12 200 = 185.76 kNm

Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 0.40 x 1.15 x 24 x 1.15 / 2 = 6.326 kNm
= 0.30 / 2 x 1.00 x 24 x 1.00 / 3 + 0.15 = 1.734 kNm
= 0.30 x 0.15 x 24 x 0.15 / 2 = 0.081 kNm
= 8.14 kNm

Design bending moment for Heel = 185.755 - 8.14 = 177.614 kNm

Pressure distribution for soil over TOE

37
 Design of Retainning Wall

301.56 - 19.06
= 19.06 + x 3.35 + 1.00
5.498
= 242.57 kN/m2
Bending mo 10 200
301.56 + 242.57 2x 301.56 + 242.57 1.148
M1 = x 1.148 x
2 301.56 + 242.57 3

= 185.76 kNm

Bending moment due to self weight of concrete

= 0.40 x 1.15 x 24 x 1.15 / 2 = 6.326 kNm
= 0.30 / 2 x 1.00 x 24 x 1.00 / 3 + 0.15 = 1.734 kNm
= 0.30 x 0.15 x 24 x 0.15 / 2 = 0.081 kNm
= 8.14 kNm

BM due to over burden of earth

= 2.80 x 1.15 x 18 x ( 1.15 / 2 ) = 33.211 kNm
= 0.30 / 2 x 1.00 x 150 x 1.00 x2/3 + 0.15 = 18.308 kNm
= 51.52 kNm

Total hogging moment = 59.661 kNm

Design bending moment for Toe = 185.755 - 59.66 = 126.095 kNm

When Seismic load is considered the stresses are allowed to exceed by 50 %

Correspondingly reduced moment 84.06 kNm
This moment is less than that of normal case
Hence seismic is not governing

38
Partial Safety factor for verification of Equilibrium ( Basic Combination )
Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE. ( Serviceability limit )
Unfactored Load & Moment Overtur Factored Load & Moment
Resistin
Sl.no Describtion Horzl Resistin Overtur g Effect ning Horzl Resistin Overtur
Vertl KN L A toe Effect Vertl KN
KN g ning KN g ning

1 Dead load of retaining wall 881.70 0.00 3.19 2814.5 0 0.95 1.05 837.62 0 2673.7 0
2 Active Earth pressure 0.00 120.80 2.79 0.0 337.034 0.00 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.0 506
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 43.64 3.32 0.0 144.958 0.00 1.20 0.00 52.3706 0.0 209
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 105.91 0.00 0.0 0 0.00 1.00 0.00 105.911 0.0 0
Total 882.00 164.44 2814.0 482.0 838.00 233.57 2673.7 715

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Serviceability limit )
Unfactored Load & Moment Overtur Factored Load & Moment
Resistin
Sl.no Describtion Horzl Resistin Overtur g Effect ning Horzl Resistin Overtur
Vertl KN L A toe Effect Vertl KN
KN g ning KN g ning

1 Dead load of retaining wall 814.30 0.00 2.99 2435.7 0 0.95 1.05 773.59 0 2314.0 0
2 Active Earth pressure 0.00 120.80 2.79 0.0 337.034 0.00 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.0 759
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 43.64 3.32 0.0 144.958 0.00 1.20 0.00 52.3706 0.0 209
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 105.91 0.00 0.0 0 0.00 1.00 0.00 105.911 0.0 0
815.00 164.44 2436.0 482.0 774.00 233.57 2314.0 968

d.Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE (construction stage)
Unfactored Load & Moment Overtur Factored Load & Moment
Resistin
Sl.no Describtion Horzl Resistin Overtur g Effect ning Horzl Resistin Overtur
Vertl KN Effect Vertl KN
KN g ning KN g ning

1 Dead load of retaining wall 814.3 0.00 2599.3 0.00 0.95 1.05 773.59 0 2469.4 0
2 Active Earth pressure 0.0 120.80 0.0 337.03 0.00 1.50 0.00 181.20 0.0 272
3 Live load surcharge 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.0 0
4 Fluid pressure 0.0 105.91 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 105.911 0.0 106
815.00 120.80 2599.0 337.0 774.00 181.20 2469.4 378
conrete rate = 3500
steel rate = 38000

trial no concrete steel amount steel per m3 of

quantity amount quantity amount concrete
1 3.269 11441.5 236 8968 20409.5 72.19
2 2.845 9957.5 200 7600 17557.5 70.30
3 2.456 8596 174 6612 15208 70.85
4 2.085 7297.5 143 5434 12731.5 68.59
5 1.751 6128.5 125 4750 10878.5 71.39
6 1.493 5225.5 99 3762 8987.5 66.31
7 1.260 4410 69 2622 7032 54.76
Average steel per m3 67.77
amount per m

optimization chart
25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

trial no
CROSS SECTIONAL DETAILS OF CRASH BARRIER AND BRACKET

50 175 50 175 50

500

900

250

150
50 500 toe
200 250 500

100

Consider 1m length of crash barrier and bracket

Sl.no Describtion b d Area Cg @ toe Moment
mm mm mm2 mm mm3
1 Bracket
0.50 250 100 12500 583 7291667
250 200 50000 625 31250000
2 Crash barrier
0.50 50 900 22500 467 10500000
175 900 157500 363 57093750
0.50 50 500 12500 258 3229167
50 400 20000 250 5000000
0.50 175 250 21875 167 3645833
175 150 26250 138 3609375
0.50 50 150 3750 33 125000
Total 326875 121744792

cg @ toe of crash barrier = 121744792 / 326875 = 372 mm

cg @ heel of crash barrier = 500 - 372 = 128 mm

weight of crashbarrier and bracket = 326875 x 25 = 8.17 kN/m

1000000
 STEM TOP STEM BOTTOM TOE SLAB HEEL SLAB
SL. NO DESCRIPTION
dia / spacing dia / spacing dia / spacing dia / spacing
1 MAIN REINF. = at Err:509 Err:509 Err:509
2 COMPRESSION REINF. at Err:509 Err:509 Err:509
3 DIST REINF. = at Err:509 Err:509 Err:509
s.no he B df wt bw wh te tm tw
1 1500 2100 1000 500 300 1300 350 350 300
2 1800 2400 1000 500 300 1600 350 350 300
3 2100 2450 1000 500 300 1650 350 350 300
4 2400 3050 1000 600 400 2050 350 500 300
5 2700 3350 1500 700 500 2150 350 500 300

1500 mm 1800 mm 2100 mm 2400 mm 2700 mm

a 12/200 12/120 12/120 12/120 16/200
b 12/200 12/120 12/120 12/120 16/200
C1 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250
C2 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250
d1 12/200 12/120 12/120 12/120 16/200
d2 12/200 12/120 12/120 12/120 16/200
e 12/200 12/120 12/120 12/120 16/200
f1 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250
f2 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250
g 12/150 12/150 12/150 12/125 16/150
h 12/150 12/150 12/150 12/125 16/150
i 12/150 12/150 12/150 12/125 16/200
j 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250 10/250
k 12/150 12/150 12/150 12/125 16/200
L 12/150 12/150 12/150 12/125 16/200