Ce6505 Svce QB

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

VIRUDHUNAGAR
CE6505 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

UNIT – I
METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PART – A
1. What is Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
ULS in concerned with the maximum load – carrying capacity of thestructure within the
limits of strength of the materials used.
2. What is characteristic load?

Generally, load on any structural members cannot be determined accurately. For most
structures, it is uneconomical to design using anticipated maximum
load.Therefore, in normal design practice, the load to be used is based on thecharacteristic load.
Characteristic load is defined as the minimum load thatstatistically will not exceed during the
design life of the structure.
3. State the 3 types of load.

a) Dead load b) Imposed loadc) Wind load
4. State four objectives of the design of reinforced concrete structure.

Properly designed reinforced concrete structures should:
 Have acceptable probability of performing satisfactorily during their intended life,
 Sustain all loads with limited deformations during construction and use,
 Be durable,
 Adequately resist the effects of misuse and fire.
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CE 6505 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS/ UNIT 1
SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGG& TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK (2 MARKS)
5. How to fulfill the three objectives of the design of reinforced concrete structures?
The three objectives can be fulfilled by:
(i) Understanding the strength and deformation characteristics of concrete and steel,
(ii) Following the clearly defined standards for materials, production, workmanship and
maintenance, and use of structures in service,
(iii) Adopting measures needed for durability.
6. What are the three methods of design of reinforced concrete structural elements?
The three methods are:
 Limit state method,
 Working stress method,
 Method based on experimental approach
7. How to estimate the design loads in (i) limit state method, and (ii) working stress
method?
(i) In limit state method,
Design loads = Characteristic loads multiplied by the partial safety factor for loads
(ii) In working stress method,
Design loads = Characteristic loads.
2
SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK (16 MARKS)
UNIT 1
METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
1. Explain the limit state philosophy as detailed in the current IS code.

(NOV-DEC 2012)
The Answer is in Page No.67 of IS 456:2000.
In the method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall
be designed withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its
life;
it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on
deflection and cracking.
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before
failure occurs is called a ‘limit state’.
The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure

will not become unfit for the use for which it is intended, that is, that it
will not reach a limit state.
351.1 All relevant limit states shall be considered in design to ensure an

adequate degree of safety and serviceability. In general, the structure
shall be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and shall be
checked for other limit states.
35.1.2 For ensuring the above objective, the design should be based on
characteristic values for material strengths and applied loads, which take
into account the variations in material strengths and in the loads to be
supported.
The characteristic values should be based on statistical data if available;

where such data are not available they should be based on experience.
The ‘design values’ are derived from the characteristic values through the
use of partial safety factors, one for material strengths and the other for
loads.
In the absence of special considerations these factors should have the

values given in 36 according to the material, the type of loading and the
limit state being considered.
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CE 6505 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS/UNIT 1
2. Design a R.C beam to carry a load of 6 kN/m inclusive of its own weight
on an effect span of 6m keep the breath to be 2/3 rd of the effective depth
.The permissible stressed in the concrete and steel are not to exceed
5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2.take m=18. (NOV- DEC 2012).
Step 1: Design constants.
Modular ratio, m =18.

A Coefficient n σbc.m/(σbc.m + σst) 0.39
Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87
Moment of resistance Coefficient Q σbc/2. n. j 0.84
Step 2: Moment on the beam.
M = (w.l2)/8 = (6x62)/8 = 27kNm

M = Qbd²
d2 = M/Qb = (27x106)/ (0.84x2/3xd) d = 245mm.
Step 3: Balanced Moment.

Qbd² = 0.84x245x3652 = 27.41kNm. > M.
It can be designed as singly reinforced section
Step 4: Area of steel.

Ast = Mbal / (σst.j.d) 616.72mm²
Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202) = 314.15mm²
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 616.72/314.15 = 1.96 say 2nos.
Provide 2#20mm dia bars at the tension side.
3. Design a doubly reinforced beam of section 240X500mm to carry a

bending moment of 80kNm.Assume clear cover at top a bottom as 30mm
and take m=18.adopt working stress method. (NOV-DEC 2010).
*Assume the permissible stresses in the concrete and steel are not to exceed 5N/mm² and
140 N/mm².
Step 1: Design Modular ratio, m =18.

constants A Coefficient n σbc.m/(σbc.m + σst) 0.39
Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87
Moment of resistance Coefficient Q σbc/2. n. j 0.84

2
Step 2: Moment on the M = 80kNm

beam. M = Qbd²
D = 500mm,
b = 240mm,
d = 500-30mm = 470mm
Step 3: Balanced Mbal = Qbd² = 0.84x240x4702 = 44.53kNm. < M.

Moment. It can be designed as doubly reinforced section.
Step 4: Area of Tension Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 Ast1 = Mbal / (σst.j.d)

steel. (44.53x106)/(140x0.87x470) = 777.87mm²
Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202) = 314.15mm2 No. of bars =
Ast/ast = 777.87/314.15 = 2.47 say 3nos.
Ast2 = (M-Mbal) / (σst.(d-d1)) = (80x106-44.53x106)/(140x(470-

30)) = 575.8mm²
Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202) = 314.15mm² No. of bars =
Ast/ast = 575.8/314.15 = 1.8 say 2nos
Step 5: Area of Asc = (M-Mbal) / (σsc.(d-d1))

Compression steel: = (80x106-44.53x106)/(51.8x(470-30))
=1580.65 mm²
Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202) = 314.15mm²
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 1580.65/314.15 = 5.5 say 6nos.
Provide 6#20mm dia bars as compression reinforcement
4. Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam

160X300mm effective section, if the stress in steel and concrete are not to
exceed 140N/mm2 and 5N/mm².effectve span of the beam is 5m and the
beam carries 4 nos of 16mm dia bars. Take m=18.find also the minimum
load the bam can carry. Use WSD method. (NOV-DEC 2009)
Step 1: Actual NA.

b xa2/2 = m.Ast.(d- xa)
160. xa2/2 = 18 X 804.24(300 –xa)
Xa = 159.42mm
Step 2: Critical NA. xc σbc.d/(σst/.m + σcbc) 117.39mm < Xa

159.42mm it is Over reinforced Section.
Step 3: Moment of Resistance M (b. xa/2 .σcbc )(d- xa/3) = (160x159.42/2x5)(300-

159.42/3)
3
= 15.74kNm
Step 4: Safe load. M = (w.l2)/8
W = (8 x 15.74)/52
= 5.03 kN/m
5. Differentiate between working stress method and limit state method.

(APRIL MAY 2012)
In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well as plastic
theories used and hence suitable for concrete structures.
The structure designed by limit state method is safe and serviceable under design
loads and at the same time it is ensured that the structure does not collapse even under
the worst possible loading conditions.
The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are considered in the
analysis and more realistic factor of safety values are used in the design.
Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more economical.
The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit state
method are less and hence they provide better appearance to the structure.
Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive strains in

concrete and steel, the design of compressive reinforcement for double reinforced
beams and eccentrically loaded columns by limit state method gives realistic valued
which is not so in other methods.
6. Differentiate between working stress method and limit state method.

(APRIL MAY 2012)
In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well as plastic
theories used and hence suitable for concrete structures.
The structure designed by limit state method is safe and serviceable under design
loads and at the same time it is ensured that the structure does not collapse even under
the worst possible loading conditions.
The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are considered in the
analysis and more realistic factor of safety values are used in the design.
Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more economical.
4
The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit state
method are less and hence they provide better appearance to the structure.
Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive strains in

concrete and steel, the design of compressive reinforcement for double reinforced
beams and eccentrically loaded columns by limit state method gives realistic valued
which is not so in other methods.
7. Explain the following terms:
a. Characteristic strength and characteristic loads.
b. Partial safety factors.
c. Balanced section and under reinforced section.
a.)The Answer is in Page No.67 of IS 456:2000.
b.)The Answer is in Page No.68 of IS 456:2000.
c.) When the maximum stress in steel and concrete simultaneously reach their allowable
values, the section is said to be balanced section. in this section the actual neutral axis depth is
equal to the critical neutral axis. When the percentage of steel in the section is less than that
required for a balanced section. In this section the actual neutral axis depth is equal to the critical
neutral axis.
8. Design an interior panel of RC slab 3mX6m size, supported by wall of

300mm thick. Live load on the slab is 2.5kN/m².the slab carries 100mm thick
lime concrete (density 19kN/m²).Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel. (NOV-
DEC 2009)
Step 1: Type of Slab.

ly/lx = 6/3 = 2 = 2.it has to be designed as two
way slab.
Step 2: Effective depth calculation.
For Economic consideration adopt shorter span
to design the slab.
d = span/(basic value x modification factor)
= 3000/(20x0.95) = 270mm D = 270 + 20 +
10/2
= 295mm
Step 3: Effective Span. For shorter span:
Le = clear span + effective depth

= 3000 + 270 = 3.27m (or)
Le = c/c distance b/w supports = 3000 +
2(230/2)
=3.23m
Adopt effective span = 3.23m least value.
5
For longer span:

= 6000 + 270 = 6.27m (or)
Le = c/c distance b/w supports = 6000 +
2(230/2)
= 6.23m Adopt effective span
= 6.23m least value.
Step 4: Load calculation Live load = 2.5kN/m²

Dead load = 1x1x0.27x25
= 6.75kN/m²
= 1.9kN/m²
Floor Finish = 1kN/m²
Total load = 12.15kN/m²
Factored load = 12.15 x 1.5 = 18.225kN/m²
Step 5: Moment calculation . Mx αx . w . lx= 0.103x18.225x3.23
= 9.49kNm
My αy . w . lx = 0.048 x18.225x3.23
= 4.425kNm
Step 6: Check for effective depth.. M = Qbd²
d2 = M/Qb
= 9.49/2.76x1
= 149.39mm say 150mm.
For design consideration adopt d = 150mm
Step 7: Area of Steel. For longer span:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b d))

4.425x106
=0.87x415xAstx150(1-(415
Ast)/(20x1000x150)) Ast = 180mm²
Use 10mm dia bars Spacing
S = ast/Astx1000
= (78.53/300)1000
= 261mm
Say 260mmc/c.
Provide 10mm dia @260mm c/c.
For shorter span:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b

d))9.49x106
=087x415xAstx150(1-(415
Ast)/(20x1000x150)) Ast = 200mm²
6
Use 10mm dia bars Spacing ,

S = ast/Astx1000 = (78.53/300)1000 = 281mm
Say 300mmc/c.
7
SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK (2 MARKS)

VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT – II
LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PART – A
1. Write a short notes on (i) Characteristics strength of materials (ii) Characteristics of
loads
Characteristics strength: The term characteristic strength means that value of the strength of
the material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall
Characteristics of loads: The term characteristic load means that the value of load which has a
95% probability of not being exceeds during the life of the stricture
2. What are the assumptions made in limit state of collapse in flexure?
 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending i.e the distribution of strain
across any section is linear to its distance from the neutral axis
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in
bending.
 The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and strain
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which
results in the prediction of strength in sustained agreement with results of tests .The
partial safety γm = 1.5
 The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
 The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less
than fy/1.15Es +0.002
Where fy = characteristic strength of steel Es= modulus of elasticity of steel
1
3. Write a short on doubly reinforced sections.

Doubly reinforced sections are generally adopted when the dimensions of the beam have been
predetermined from other considerations and the design moments exceed the moments of
resistance of a singly reinforced section.
4. What do you understand by limit state of collapse?
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture
of one or more critical section and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability or
overturning or fatigue etc. The resistance to bending, shear torsion and axial loads at every
sections shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section produced by the probable most
unfavorable combination of loads on the structure using the structure using the appropriate
partial safety factors.
5. Write short note on balanced sections.
Reinforced concrete sections in flexure reach the failure stage when the compressive
strain in concrete reaches a value of 0.0035.when the sections are reinforced in such a way that
the section steel reaches the yield of єy= (0.87fy)+Es+0.002 and simultaneously the concrete
strain is єc = 0.0035, the section is termed as balanced sections
6. Write short note on under reinforced sections.
In under reinforced sections, the tension steel reaches yield strain at loads lower than the
load at which concrete reaches the failure strain. When the steel yields earlier than concrete,
there will be excessive deflections and cracking with a clear indication of impending failure.
Hence preferable to design beams as under reinforced since failure will take place after yielding
of steel with clear warning signals like excessive deflections and cracking before the ultimate
failure.
7. Write short note on over reinforced sections.
Over reinforced sections are those in which concrete reaches the yield strain earlier than
that of steel. Over reinforced beams fail by compression failure of concrete without much
warning and with very few cracks and negligible deflections. Over reinforced concrete beams are
not preferred since they require large quantities of steel and they fail suddenly with explosive
failures without any warning.
8. What are the conditions to be followed in design of slab?
2
Main bars: The reinforcement constituting the main bars shall be based on the maximum
bending moment. The reinforcement shall not be less than 0.15% of cross sectional area. (0.12
when high strength deformed bars are used). The pitch of the main bars shall not exceed the
following.
(i) three times of effective depth of slab
(ii) 450mm
9. What is the necessity of doubly reinforced sections?
Doubly reinforced concrete sections are required in beams of restricted depth due to head
room requirements. When the singly reinforced section is insufficient to resist the bending
moment on the section, additional tension and compression reinforcements are designed based
on steel beam theory.
The doubly reinforced section comprises of two parts outlined as
1. singly reinforced section with the restricted depth providing the limiting
moment of resistance (Mu lim) which is less than the design moment Mu
2. Based on steel beam theory, a steel beam with tension and compression
reinforcement providing balance moment given by (Mu- Mu lim)
10. How to select cross sectional dimensions for beams?
1. The effective and overall depth of the beam is estimated from span/depth rations to
satisfy the limit state of serviceability. Overall depth to width should be in the range
of 1.5 to 2
2. The width of the section should accommodate the required number of bars with
sufficient spacing between them with minimum side covers of 20mm to the links.
3. The depth of the beam should be such that the percentage of steel required is around
75% of any one layer
4. The minimum number of bars on tension face should be not less than two and not
more than six in any one layer.
5. In flanged beams, the depth of the slab is generally taken as 20% of the overall depth.
6. Common widths of beams are 150,200,230,300mm.Also the width of the beam
should be equal to or less the dimensions of the column supporting the beam.
11. Briefly explain about one way slab.
3
Reinforced concrete slabs supported on two opposite sides or on all four sides with the
ratio of long to short exceeding 2 are referred to as one way slabs. The slabs are designed as
beams of unit width for a given type of loading and support conditions. The span/depth rations
specified in IS450-2000 code for beams is also applicable for slabs
The percentage of reinforcement in slabs is generally low range of 0.3 to 0.5%.Hence the
use of modification factor (Kt) for tension reinforcement results in the span/ depth ratio in the
range of 25 to 30 for one way slab.
12. Briefly explain about limit state of serviceability.
The following limit state of serviceability are considered in design
1. Deflection
2. Cracking
13. Briefly explain about partial safety factor
When assessing the strength of a structure or structural member for limit state of collapse,
the value of partial safety factor γm should be taken as1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
A higher value of partial safety factor for concrete has been adopted because there are
greater chances of variation in strength of concrete due to improper compaction, inadequate
curing and mixing and variations in the properties of ingredients.
14. Define singly reinforced section
In a reinforced concrete, if steel is provided to take up only tension, the section is called
as singly reinforced section.
15. Write about limiting neutral axis.
Limiting neutral axis, Xu(max) which gets formed when the strain in concrete and strain in steel
reaches their maximum permissible values ie 0.0035 and (0.87fy/Es) +0.002
4
UNIT 2
LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
1. Design a one way slab with a clear span of 5m, simply supported on
230mm thick masonry walls and subjected to a live load of 4kN/m² and a
surface finish of 1kN/mm².Assume Fe 415 steel. Assume that the slab is
subjected to moderate exposure conditions.
Step 1: Type of Slab.
Ly/lx = 5/1 = 5>2.

It has to be designed as one way slab.
D = span/(basic value x modification factor)

= 5000/(20x0.95)
= 270mm
D = 270 + 20 + 10/2
= 295mm
Step 3: Effective Span.

= 5000 + 270 = 5.27m (or)
Le = c/c distance b/w supports
= 5000 + 2(230/2)
= 5.23m.
Step 4: Load calculation.
Live load = 4kN/m²

= 6.75kN/m²
Floor Finish = 1kN/m²
Factored load = 11.75 x 1.5
= 17.625kN/m²
Step 5: Moment calculation.
M = wl²/8
= (17.625x5.232)/8
= 60.26kNm
Step 6: Check for effective depth
M = Qbd²
d2 = M/Qb
= 60.26/2.76x1
= 149.39mm say 150mm.
1
CE6505 DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS/UNIT 2
For design consideration adopt d = 150mm.

Step 7: Area of Steel

60.26x106
=087x415xAstx150(1-(415
Ast)/(20x1000x150)) Ast = 300mm²
S = ast/Astx1000
= (78.53/300)1000
= 261mm say 260mmc/c.
STEP 8: DETAILING
Diagram
2. Design a simply supported RC beam having an effective span of

5m.the beam has to carry a load of 25 kN/m. sketch the reinforcement
details. (NOV-DEC 2010) (NOV-DEC 2012).
Step 1: Effective length

Effective span,le = 5m
Step 2: Size of the beam
Effective depth = le/10
= 5000/10
= 500mm
Assume, b = 2/3d = 2/3x500 = 333.2mm.
Say 340mm.
Step 3: Load Calculation
Live load = 25kN/m
Dead load = 1x.340x.500x25
= 4.25kN/m
Total load= 29.25kN/m
Factored load = 29.25x1.5 = 43.85kN/m
Step 4: Moment Calculation.
M = wl2/8
= (43.85x52)/8
= 137.08kNm
Step 5: Check for effective depth.
M = Qbd²
d2 = M/Qb
= 137.08/2.76x.340
= 382.2mm say 380mm.
d = 380mm > 500mm
Hence it is safe.
Mbal = Qbd2
= 2.97x340x5002
= 252.06kNm > M
Hence it can be designed as singly reinforced
2
beam section.
137.08x106 = 087x415xAstx500(1-(415
Ast)/(20x340x500))
Ast = 846.15mm².
Use 20mm dia bars
No of bars = Ast/ast
= 846.15/314.15
= 2.45 say 3nos
Provide 3#20mm dia as tension reinforcement.
Step 8: Detailing
Diagram
3. Design a RC beam 350X700mm effective section, subjected to a

bending moment of 300kNm.Adopt M20concrete and Fe415 steel.
Step 1: Size of the beam.

b = 350mm
D = 700mm
d = 700-25-20/2 =665mm
Step 2: Moment Calculation
M = 300kNm
Mbal = Qbd²
= 2.97x350x6652
= 459kNm > M
Hence it can be designed as singly
reinforced beam section
459x106 = 087x415xAstx665(1-(415
Ast)/(20x350x665)) Ast = 369.38 mm²
Use 20mm dia bars
No of bars = Ast/ast
= 369.39/314.15 = 1.45
Say 2nos Provide 2#20mm dia as tension
reinforcement.
Step 5: Detailing
Diagram
3
4. Design a one way slab for a clear span 4m simply supported on

230mm thick wall. Subjected to a live load of 4kN/m² and floor finish of
1kN/m².use M20 concrete and F415 steel.
Step 1: Type of Slab

ly/lx = 4/1 = 4>2.it has to be designed as one
way slab.
d = span/(basic value x modification factor)
= 4000/(20x0.95)
= 270mm.
D = 270 + 20 + 10/2 = 295mm
Step 3: Effective Span.
= 4000 + 270
= 4.27m (or)
Le =c/c distance b/w supports
= 4000 + 2(230/2) = 4.23m.
Step 4: load calculation
Live load = 4kN/m²
Dead load = 1x1x0.27x25 = 6.75kN/m²
Floor Finish = 1kN/m2
Step 5: Moment calculation.
M = wl2/8
= (17.625x4.232)/8
= 60.26kNm
M = Qbd²
d2 = M/Qb
= 60.26/2.76x1
= 149.39mm say 150mm.
For design consideration adopt d = 150mm.
Step 7: Area of Steel.
60.26x106
=087x415xAstx150(1-(415
Ast)/(20x1000x150)) Ast
= 300mm²
S = ast/Astx1000 = (78.53/300)1000 = 261mm
Say 260mmc/c Provide 10mm dia @260mm
c/c.
Step 8: Detailing
Diagram
4
5. Deign a rectangular beam of cross section 230 x 600 mm and of

effective span 6m.imposed load on the beam is 40 kN/m. Use M20
concrete and Fe415 steel. (APRIL MAY 2012)
Step 1: Size of the beam

b = 230mm & D = 600mm
d = 600-25-20/2 =565mm
Step 2: Moment Calculation.
M = wl2/8 = (64.86x62)/8
= 291.9kNm
Mbal = Qbd2 = 2.97x230x5652
= 218kNm < M
Hence it can be designed as Doubly
reinforced beam section.
Step 4: Load calculation
Live load = 40kN/m²
Dead load = 1x.23x.565x25 = 3.245kN/m²
Step 5: Area of Compression steel:
Asc = (M-Mbal) / (fsc.(d-d1))
= (291x106-218x106) / (351.8x(470-30))
= 1580.65mm²
Use 20mm dia bars,
ast = π/4 (202) = 314.15mm²
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 1580.65/314.15 = 5.5
say 6nos.
Provide 6#20mm dia bars as compression

reinforcement.
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
218x106 = 087x415xAstx565 (1-(415 Ast)/
(20x230x565))
Ast = 1365mm²
Use 20mm dia bars,
ast = π/4 (202) = 314.15mm²
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 1365/314.15 = 4.47 say
5nos.
Ast2 = (M-Mbal)/(0.87fy(d-d1))
= (291x106-218x106)/(361x(565-20))
=371.03mm²
Use 20mm dia bars,
ast = π/4 (202) = 314.15mm²
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 371.03/314.15 = 1.8
Say 2nos
5
6
SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK (2 MARKS)

VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT – III
LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE SHEAR & TORSION
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PART – A
1. What are the types of shear failure in reinforced concrete beams?
1. Shear – tension (or) Diagonal tension
2. Flexure – shear
3. Shear compression
4. Shear – bond
2. How do you prevent minimum shear reinforcements?

 Brittle shear failure cracks which can occur without shear reinforcements
 Sudden failure due to bursting of concrete of concrete cover and bond to the
tension reinforcements
 The shear reinforcements help to hold the main reinforcement while concreting
forming an effective cage
 Formation of cracks due to the thermal and shrinkage stresses are minimized.
 Shear reinforcement act as effective ties for the compression steel and make them
effective.
3. How do you develop bond mechanisms between concrete?

 Chemical adhesion is the grip developed due to the gum like property of the gum
like property of the hydration products of cement in concrete.
 Frictional resistance developed due to the relative movements between concrete
and steel bars depending upon the surface characteristics on f the bars and the grip
developed due to shrinkage of concrete.
CE6505/Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements/Unit – III Page1

 Shearing resistance or dilatancy due to mechanical interlock developed as a

consequence of surface protrusion as ribs in deformed bars.
4. Define bond stress.

The tangential or shear stress developed along the contact surface of the reinforcing bar
and the surrounding concrete if generally termed as bond stress and is expressed in terms of the
tangential force per unit nominal surface of the reinforcing bar.
5. List out the various types of reinforcement.

1. Lapping of bars
2. Stirrups at splice locations
3. Staggered splicing
4. Mechanical connections
5. Butt welding of bars
6. Lap welding of bars.
6.Write the formula for developing length.

Development length Ld = φσs/4τbd
Where Ld Development length
Φ is the diameter of the bar
σs is the stress in the bar
τbd is the design bond stress
7. What are the criteria recommended by IS 456-2000 for anchorage value of bend?
(a) The radius of the bend be not less than twice the diameter of the round bar
(b) The length of the straight part of the bar beyond the end of the curve be at least four
times the diameter of the round bar.
(c) Whatever be the angle through which the bar is bend, the assumed anchorage value
should not taken as more than equivalent to a length of bar equal to sixteen times the diameter of
the round bar.
8. What is the necessity of bending reinforcement?

Bars are bent under different circumstances

 They may be bent to form hooks so as to develop proper anchorage
 Bars have to be bent so as to form loops as in the case of stirrups as shear reinforcement
 Bars may be also be bent to resist diagonal tension. They may also bend up to form
necessary reinforcement for hogging bending moments.
9. What are the points to be considered in anchoring shear reinforcement?

(a) Inclined bars: The development length shall be as for bars in tension. This length shall
be measured as under.
(i) In tension zone, from the end of the sloping or inclined portion of the bar
(ii) In compression zone, from the mid depth of the beam.
(b) Stirrups: For stirrups and ties, the complete development lengths and anchorage shall be
deemed to have provided when the bar is bent through and angle of at least 90o
10. What are the criteria recommended by IS 450-2000 for cover to reinforcement?
1.At each end of a reinforcing bar – not less not 25mm nor less than twice the diameter of
such bar.
2. For longitudinal reinforcement in a column- not less than 40mm nor less the diameter
of such bar
3.For longitudinal reinforcement in a beams- not less than 25mm nor less the diameter of
such bar
4. For tensile, compressive, shear and other reinforcement in a slab and other
reinforcement in a slab- not less than 15mm nor less the diameter of reinforcement
11. Give the property of good a bond between concrete reinforcement.

1. Sufficient cover for reinforcement
2. Richness of concrete
3. using twisted bars, welding the stirrup bars with the main bars
4. Roughness of steel

12. What is meant by end anchorage?

Mild steel bars embedded in concrete are sometimes hooked so as to have proper
anchorage with concrete. If bars are provided with hooks, the necessary grip or bond length can
be reduced. The anchorage value of the hook alone is considered as 16d where d is the diameter
of the bar
13. Write short note on splices in tensile reinforcement.

Splices at point of maximum tensile stress shall be avoided wherever possible, splices
where used shall be welded, lapped or otherwise fully developed. In any case the splice shall
transfer the entire computed stress from bar to bar.
Lapped splices in tension shall not be used for bars of sizes larger than 36mm diameter
and such splices shall preferably be welded.
14. Define shear strength.

The resistance to sliding offered by the material of beam is called shear strength.
15. What are the important factors affecting the shear resistance of a Reinforced
concrete member without shear reinforcement?
The important factors affecting the shear resistance of a reinforced concrete member
without shear reinforcement are
 Characteristic strength of concrete
 Percentage of longitudinal steel
 Shear span to depth ratio
 Axial compressive / Tensile force
 Effect of cross section
 Effect of two way action
16. What are the types of reinforcement used to resist shear?

The types of reinforcement used to resist shear are
a. Vertical Stirrups
b. Inclined Stirrups

c. Bent up bars along with stirrups

17. Define Torsion.
Equal and opposite moments applied at both ends of structural element (Member) or its
part about its longitudinal axis is called Torsion. Also termed as torsional moment or twist or
torque.
18.What is compatibility torsion? Give an example

Compatibility torsion is the torsion induced in the member due to compatibility of
rotations at the joint of interconnected members.
Examples:
Spandrel beam rigidly connected to cross beam, inter connected bridge girder and grids in
horizontal plane.
19.Explain Equilibrium Torsion.

Torsional moment developed in one or more elements of a structure to
maintainequilibrium is called as equilibrium torsion. It is also known as determinate torsion or
Primary Torsion.
20. Define bond. (Or) What is bond?

Bond is defined as grip between concrete and steel.
(Or)
The force that prevents the relative movement between concrete and steel is known as
bond.
(Or)
Bond in reinforced concrete beams is the adhesive force developed between concrete
and steel bars embedded in concrete, which resists any force that tends to push or pull
the bars.
21. List out the different types of bond.

The different types of bond are
Flexure bond

Anchorage bond
22. Define flexure bond

In flexure member on account of shear of a variation in bending moment, which inturn
causes a variation in axial tension along the length of bar.
23. What is meant by Anchorage bond?

Over the length of anchorage provided for a bar or near the end (or cutoff point) of a
reinforcing bar.
24.Reinforced concrete slabs are generally safe and do not require shear
reinforcement. Why?
The thickness of slab (controlled by limiting deflection criteria) is usually adequate in
terms of shear capacity.
(Or)
Normally the thickness of slab is so chosen that the shear can be resisted by concrete
itself and the slab does not need extra shear reinforcements

UNIT 3
LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE SHEAR & TORSION
PROBLEM 1:
1
PROBLEM : 2
2
CE 6505 DESIGN OF REINFORCE
CED CONCRETE ELEMENTS/UNIT 3
3
PROBLEM 3
4
PROBLEM 4
5
PROBLEM 5
6
7
PROBLEM 6
8
7. Describe the procedure for design of shear reinforcement. (APRL MAY

11)
• The nominal shear stress value is determined using the formula
=shear force / (bxd) in KN/mm².
• The design shear strength of concrete is determined by using the tables in IS456-2000,
IS456
page no 73, table no 19.
• Compare the nominal shear strength and design shear strength, the nominal shear
stress value is less then design shear strength the mi minimum
nimum shear reinforcement is
provided in the form of vertical stirrups, in the case IS456
IS456-2000-26.5.1.6
26.5.1.6 is referred.
9
• The nominal shear stress value is exceeds the design shear strength, shear reinforcement
shall be provided in any of the following forms.
a) Vertical stirrups
b) Bent up bars along with stirrups,
c) Inclined stirrups.
• Where bent up bars are provided their contribution towards shear resistance shall not
be more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.
• Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to the strength of

shear reinforcement.
10

VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT- IV
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PART – A
1.Briefly explain the classification of columns.
Columns can be classified based on
1.Type of reinforced as
- Tied columns
- Spiral columns
- Composite columns
2.Type of loading
- Axially loaded columns
- Columns with uniaxial eccentricity
- columns with biaxial eccentricity
3. Slenderness ratio
- Short columns
- Slender or long columns
2.Briefly explain uniaxial and biaxial eccentricity.

In uniaxial eccentricity the load acts eccentric to one axis but lies on the other. These are
generally encountered in case of rigid connections to beams from one side only such as edge
columns. In biaxial eccentricity the load acts eccentric to both axis
3. What is the importance of slenderness ratio in columns?

IS 456-2000 code clause 25.1.2 classifies a rectangular compression member as short.
When both slenderness ration’s Lex/D and Lex/b are less than 12.If any of these value are more
than 12, then it is termed as slender or long column.
CE6505/Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements/Unit – IV Page1
4. What is the minimum eccentricity to be adopted while designing columns?

All columns should be designed for minimum eccentricity which (Clause 25.4) may arise
due to imperfection in construction and inaccuracy in loading given by the relation,
emin = (L/500+ D/30)
but not less than 20mm
Where L = Unsupported length
D = Lateral dimension in the plane of bar
5. What are the assumptions made in the design of short columns?

The main assumptions made in the limit state design of columns are
i The maximum compression strain in concrete in axial compression is 0.002.
ii Plane sections remain plane in compression
iii The design stress strain curve of steel compression is taken as the same in
tension
6.Write the expression for the ultimate loade bearing capacity of a compression
Pu = 0.4fck .fy+(0.6fy – 0.4fck)Asc
Where
Pu – Axial ultimate load on member
Fck – Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
Ac – Area of concrete
fy- Characteristic strength of compression reinforcement.
Asc – Area of longitudinal reinforcement.
7. What are the points to be considered while designing longitudinal reinforcement for
columns.
i Minimum diameter of bars is 12mm
ii Minimum area of steel for longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8% of area of concrete
iii Maximum area of steel for longitudinal reinforcement = 0.6% of area of concrete
iv Minimum number of bars 9longitudinal) in rectangular column shall be 4 and 6 in circular
columns

8. What are the factors to be considered while selecting pitch and diameter of lateral ties
for columns?
Pitch of the transverse reinforcement should be least of the following distance
i The least lateral dimension of the compression member
ii 16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
iii 48 times the diameter of the traverse reinforcement
Diameter of the ties shall not be less than ¼ of the diameter of the largest bar and in no case less
than 5m
9. What are the factors to be considered while selecting pitch and diameter of helical
reinforcement for columns?
Pitch : Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix spaced
evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the
spiral bar.
Where an increased load on the column on the strength of the helical reinforcement is allowed
for the pitch of the helical turs shall be
i Not more than 75mm
ii Not more than 1/6th of the core diameter of column
iii Not less than 25mm
iv Not less than 3 times the diameter of steel bar forming the helix.
Diameter The diameter of helix shall not be less than 1/4th of diameter of largest bar and in case
be less than 5mm.
10. What are braced and unbraced columns?

In most of the cases, columns are also subjected to horizontal loads like wind, earthquake
etc in addition to vertical loads. If lateral supports are provided at the ends of the columns, the
lateral supports. Such columns an called braced columns. In other columns where lateral loads
are to be resisted to be resisted by columns themselves are called unbraced columns.

UNIT 4
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS
PROBLEM 1
1
CE 6505 DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS/UNIT 4
PROBLEM 2
2
3
4
PROBLEM 3
5
6
PROBLEM 4
7
8
PROBLEM 5
9
10
PROBLEM 6
11
PROBLEM 7
12
13
14
15

VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT- V
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PART – A
1. What are the causes of failure of foundation?
Any one or more of the following may causes failure of foundation
 Unequal settlement of the subsoil
 Horizontal movement of the soil adjoining the structure
 Shrinkage due to withdrawal of moisture from the soil below the foundation
 Lateral pressure tending to overturn the structure
 Action of atmosphere
2. What are the assumptions made in the design of footings?

The following are made
1. Foundation is rigid
2. The distribution of pressure from soil on the base is uniform
3. Name the common types of foundations?

The various types of foundations commonly used
1. Spread footings
2. Combined footings
3. Eccentricity loaded footings
4. Raft or Mat foundation
5. Pile Foundation
5. What are the causes of structural distress?

The various reasons for serviceability distress are attributed to the following factor
CE6505/Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements/Unit – V Page1

1. Large deflections of the floor slab and beam affecting the partition walls
2. Insufficient cover leading to corrosion of reinforcement and spilling of concrete
3. Improper slopes on roofs resulting in ponding of water and dampness due to poor drainage.
4. Local cracking of beams and slabs
5. Growth of algae and moss of wet surface of roof slabs leading to discoloration dampness.
6. What are the causes for the failure of a structure?

The ultimate failure or collapse of the structural concrete elements is due to the
following reasons.
1. Improper design and detailing leading to primary of load bearing members.
2. Lack of quality control during construction may significantly reduce the design strength of
concrete leading to sudden collapse of the member.
3. Use of poor quality materials.
4. Failure may also occur due to overloading or due to natural calamities like earthquake etc
5. Improper maintenance may lead to progressive collapse of the structure.
8. What are the guidelines to be followed while lapping the bars?

The following guide lines to be followed while lapping the bars.
1. Lapping should be avoided at points of maximum tensile stress such as the center of
beams and slabs.
2. In structural concrete members, no more than 50% of the bars should be lapped at one
place.
3. The lap length provided should be sufficient to transfer the entire force from one bar to
the other.
4. The lap length should be based on the basis of smaller bars when two bars of different
diameters are lapped.
9. What are the common shapes of reinforcement?

Reinforcements used in structural concrete members may be in different shapes as
straight or cranked bars, single or double legged stirrups or bundled bars.
CE6505/Design of Reinforced Concrete Elements/Unit – V Page2

UNIT 5
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING
PROBLEM 1
1
2
CE 6505 DESIGN OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
3
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
4
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
5
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
PROBLEM 2
6
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
7
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
8
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
PROBLEM 3
9
PROBLEM 4
10
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
11
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
12
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
13
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
PROBLEM 5
14
15
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
16
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5
17
ELEMENTS/UNIT 5

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGG& TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK (2 MARKS)

SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CE6505 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

2. What is characteristic load?

3. State the 3 types of load.

4. State four objectives of the design of reinforced concrete structure.

1. Explain the limit state philosophy as detailed in the current IS code.

The Answer is in Page No.67 of IS 456:2000.

The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure

351.1 All relevant limit states shall be considered in design to ensure an

The characteristic values should be based on statistical data if available;

In the absence of special considerations these factors should have the

Step 1: Design constants.

Modular ratio, m =18.

Step 2: Moment on the beam.

M = (w.l2)/8 = (6x62)/8 = 27kNm

Step 3: Balanced Moment.

Step 4: Area of steel.

3. Design a doubly reinforced beam of section 240X500mm to carry a

Step 1: Design Modular ratio, m =18.

Moment of resistance Coefficient Q σbc/2. n. j 0.84

Step 2: Moment on the M = 80kNm

Step 3: Balanced Mbal = Qbd² = 0.84x240x4702 = 44.53kNm. < M.

Step 4: Area of Tension Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 Ast1 = Mbal / (σst.j.d)

Ast2 = (M-Mbal) / (σst.(d-d1)) = (80x106-44.53x106)/(140x(470-

Step 5: Area of Asc = (M-Mbal) / (σsc.(d-d1))

4. Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam

Step 1: Actual NA.

Step 2: Critical NA. xc σbc.d/(σst/.m + σcbc) 117.39mm < Xa

Step 3: Moment of Resistance M (b. xa/2 .σcbc )(d- xa/3) = (160x159.42/2x5)(300-

5. Differentiate between working stress method and limit state method.

Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more economical.

Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive strains in

6. Differentiate between working stress method and limit state method.

Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more economical.

Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive strains in

8. Design an interior panel of RC slab 3mX6m size, supported by wall of

Step 1: Type of Slab.

Le = clear span + effective depth

For longer span:

Le = clear span + effective depth

Step 4: Load calculation Live load = 2.5kN/m²

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b d))

Provide 10mm dia @260mm c/c.

For shorter span:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b

Use 10mm dia bars Spacing ,

SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CE6505 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

3. Write a short on doubly reinforced sections.

LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

Step 1: Type of Slab.

Ly/lx = 5/1 = 5>2.

D = span/(basic value x modification factor)

Le = clear span + effective depth

Live load = 4kN/m²

For design consideration adopt d = 150mm.

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fy ast)/(fck b d))

2. Design a simply supported RC beam having an effective span of

Step 1: Effective length

3. Design a RC beam 350X700mm effective section, subjected to a

Step 1: Size of the beam.

4. Design a one way slab for a clear span 4m simply supported on