Liver Anatomy and Physiology Additional Qs videos

1. Outline the anatomy of the liver.

2. What are the major cell types present in the liver?
3. What is/are their main function(s)?
4. Describe the function of the gallbladder.
5. Provide examples for some of the main functions performed by the liver: synthesis; detoxification;
6. storage; immunologic.
7. Discuss the excretory/secretory functions of the liver.
8. Explain what will happen in the absence of bile.

Liver pathology and jaundice (video)

1. State the 3 stages of liver disease and provide the main characteristic feature of each stage.
2. Describe the basic processes in liver disease (watch the video)
3. Define jaundice (watch the video). Discuss the biochemical pathway for the breakdown of hemoglobin to
bilirubin.
4. Explain the role of liver in the clearance of bilirubin.
5. Provide examples of the causes of jaundice (watch the video)
6. Define neonatal jaundice. What is the danger is left untreated? Explain the mechanism of phototherapy.
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)-video
1. Describe the Liver Function tests
2. Describe tests related to conjugation and excretion
3. Describe the test related to bilirubin metabolism – Van den Bergh reaction
4. Explain the link between serum enzymes and liver disease
5. Explain the ALP and GGT significance
6. Explain the differences between hepatitis A, B, C, E – type of virus genomic information, route of infection,
ability to establish chronicity in the host
7. State what are the markers for viral hepatitis (A, B, C and E) and discuss specific examples
8. Give examples for hepatic neoplasm markers
9. Explain the principle of estimating prothrombin time and discuss its clinical significance

RENAL SYSTEM AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS The lecture notes are complemented by 2 short videos.

Kidney Anatomy and Physiology

1. Describe the anatomy and functions of the kidneys.
2. Explain the structure and function of the nephron (draw a
3. simplified diagram and label the different parts of the nephron).
 4. List different types of cells found in the nephron.
5. Explain the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
6. Discuss the role of the kidneys in maintaining water balance.
7. Explain the mechanism of action of ADH.
8. Describe Diabetes Insipidus and state some signs and symptoms of this condition.
9. Explain what Nephrotic syndrome is.
10. Describe the effect of diabetes on the renal function.

Study guide

URINE, STOOL AND BLOOD SAMPLES

Urinalysis (3 videos)

1. Describe the composition of urine

2. List the three parts of a routine urinalysis
3. Explain the diagnostic value of a routine urinalysis
4. List four types of urine specimens and their applications
5. Name the physical characteristics of urine which are evaluated
6. List three abnormal colors of urine and their causes
7. List common preservatives used and their uses
8. List three kidney diseases that may cause abnormal urinalysis results
9. List three systemic diseases that may cause abnormal urinalysis results
10. Describe the urine specimen handling guideline
1. Explain what determines urine's specific gravity.
2. List four types of cells found in urine sediment.
3. What are the crystals that might be seen in urine sediment?

Clinical testing on Blood samples

1. Explain the differences among veins, arteries and capillaries.

2. Explain the difference between plasma and serum.
3. List 5 plasma components.
4. Name the 3 types of formed elements of blood and describe their function.
5. Name the five types of leukocytes.
6. Name the tests that make up the complete blood count.
7. Explain when and why a capillary puncture might be performed.
8. Explain why a venipuncture might be performed.
 9. Name 3 common anticoagulants and state reasons for their use.
10. Explain what the hematocrit measures.
11. List conditions that affect the hematocrit value.
12. Name a condition or disease associated with an increased RBC count and one associated with a decreased RBC
count.
13. Describe the functions of the platelets.
14. Name 2 pathological conditions in which the platelet counts may be abnormal.
15. List the 2 main components of haemoglobin.
16. List the factors which affect haemoglobin concentration.
17. State the importance of blood cell identification.
18. State the purpose of a differential count.
19. Explain the purpose of performing an erythrocyte sedimentation rate test.
20. List 4 properties of blood that affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Course topic: Liver Anatomy, physiology & function watch the videos & Write notes

1. How would you describe the anatomy and excretory/secretory functions of the liver?

2. What are hepatocytes? What are stellate cells and what is their role in the progression of liver

disease to cirrhosis?

3. What is the direction of the flow of blood and bile in the liver?

4. What are the major synthetic activities taking place in the liver?

5. What is the role of liver in detoxification and drug metabolism?

6. What is the function of bile?

7. What is cholestasis? And what is cirrhosis?

8. What is the mechanism of cirrhosis?

9. What happened if the bile flow is obstructed?

10. What is the difference between a primary and a secondary biliary cirrhosis?

11. What causes jaundice?

12. What is the connection between bilirubin and the color of urine and stools?

13. What are the cells of the immune system that are important to maintain the healthy status of

the liver?
14. What is ascites? And what is the role of ADH and Aldosterone in case of ascites formation?

Study guide Questions on Kidney and Nephron

1. What are the functions of the kidneys?
2. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
3. What is the sequence of structures as you pass through a nephron?
4. What is the difference between secretion, filtration, and reabsorption?
5. Where does filtrate formation occur?
6. Where does most tubular reabsorption occur?
7. Where does secretion occur?
8. What factor favors filtrate formation at the glomerulus?
9. How does constriction of the efferent and afferent arterioles affect glomerular filtration rate?
10. What do the JG cells secrete in response to low blood pressure?
11. What hormone regulates the reabsorption of water at the distal portion of the distal convoluted
tubule and collecting duct?
12. What does atrial natriuretic peptide do?
13. How does aldosterone affect renal tubular reabsorption?
14. By what mechanism is water reabsorbed at the renal tubule?
15. What process transfers hydrogen ions back to the blood from filtrate?

Describe the composition of feces.

2. What is the clinical significance of analyzing a stool sample?
3. List the different parts of a routine feces sample examination.
4. What are the parameters evaluated during the chemical
examination of feces?
5. Give examples of fecal specimens.
6. Explain the importance of obtaining timed fecal specimen for
analyzing the fat content.
7. What parameters of the feces are observed macroscopically?
8. When would you use wet mount slides for microscopic
examination of feces?
9. List some commonly used fixatives for fecal examination.
10. List three systemic diseases that may cause changes in the feces.
11. Describe a test for detecting occult blood.
1. Describe the difference between specific and non-specific plasma enzymes.
2. Discuss the factors that are affecting the presence and the removal of nonspecific plasma enzymes.
3. Explain which of the two types of enzymes are important for clinical
diagnostics and why.
4. Define izoenzymes and list their general features. What is the origin of the izoenzymes?
5. Can izoenzymes be used in the clinical diagnosis? If yes, what makes them good markers for specific
diseases/conditions?
6. Describe the LDH and the CK isoenzymes.
7. Explain what is acute myocardial infarction. What would be the panel of enzymes/markers that will provide
confirmation for MI?
8. Describe the troponin complex and the function of its subunits. What makes it a good marker for MI in
general? Which subunits in particular

1. Describe acute pancreatitis. What are the major and the minor causes that can cause this potentially life-
threatening condition?
2. Discuss the two clinically-important enzymes that are used for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
3. List the non-genetic causes of multiple forms of enzymes. Discuss ALP as an example for post-translational
modification that leads to multiple isoforms. What is the clinical significance of obtaining the
electrophoretic pattern of ALP isoforms?
4. What is the difference between alkaline and acid phosphatase?
5. Provide examples of enzymes that are used as therapeutic agents.
6. Provide examples of enzymes that are used as diagnostic reagents.