Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134

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Computers & Fluids

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / c o m p fl u i d

Two-dimensional CFD simulation of magnetorheological fluid between two

fixed parallel plates applied external magnetic field
Engin Gedik a,⇑, Hüseyin Kurt b, Ziyaddin Recebli a, Corneliu Balan c
a
Faculty of Technology, Karabuk University, TR-78050 Karabuk, Turkey
b
Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, TR-78050 Karabuk, Turkey
c
Faculty of Energetica, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) simulation for the steady,
Received 5 May 2011 laminar flow of an incompressible magnetorheological (MR) fluid between two fixed parallel plates in the
Received in revised form 21 March 2012 presence of a uniform magnetic field. The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical tool that is able
Accepted 10 April 2012
to simulate MR fluids flow in valve mode and determine B0, applied magnetic field effect on flow veloc-
Available online 21 April 2012
ities and pressure distributions. A uniform transverse external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to
the flow direction. The equations governing the steady flow of an incompressible MR fluid are imple-
Keywords:
mented in the commercial code Ansys 14.0 Fluent which is a flexible CFD code based on finite volume
Magnetorheological fluid
Valve mode
approach. The governing differential equations describing the flow between parallel plates under mag-
CFD netic field are solved numerically by using Fluent MHD module based on solving the magnetic induction
Magnetic field effect equation method. The external applied magnetic field, B0, takes values between 0 and 1.5 T with 0.5 T
step size, was applied to determine B0 effects on fluid flow. The numerical solutions for velocity and pres-
sure distributions were obtained for different magnetic fields. It was observed that increase in B0 leads to
decrease flow velocity. Results, obtained from numerical study was plotted graphically and disgusted in
the present paper.
Crown Copyright Ó 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction interfaces between electronic controls and mechanical systems.

MR fluids based on metal micro-particles in a carrier liquid are
controllable fluids which can be referred to the family of smart
materials [1]. The metal particles of these fluids are usually made
of carbonyl iron, powder iron, or iron/cobalt alloys to achieve a high
magnetic saturation and water, some hydrocarbons, glycol and sil-
icone oil are generally employed as the carrier liquid depending
upon the requirements for the application to be considered [2,3].
Under a normal state, MR fluid behaves like an ordinary Newtonian
fluid with a given viscosity. When exposed the magnetic field to
fluid the metal particles are guided by the magnetic field to form
a chain like structure and it becomes semi-solid state. The field-in-
duced transition of these smart fluids from the liquid to a semi-solid
state is fast and reversible [3]. This chain-like structure restricts the
motion of the fluid and therefore changes the rheological behavior
of the fluid [2–7]. The field-dependent rheological changes in MR
fluids are primarily observed as a significant increase in the yield
shear stress of the fluids, which can be continuously controlled by
the intensity of applied magnetic field [8]. Interest in MR fluids
arises from their ability to provide simple, quiet, rapid-response
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 370 4338200; fax: +90 370 4338204.
E-mail address: gedik_engin@hotmail.com (E. Gedik).
Those MR fluids, which have the potential to change radically the
way electromechanical devices are designed and operated, has long
been recognized [9]. MR fluid technology has been used in various
engineering applications such as shock absorbers, clutches, brakes,
polishing devices, actuators, hydraulic valves, exercise equipment,
seismic dampers [2,6] and military suspension systems [1,3,10].
These fluids are usually applied in three modes [2,10]. First one
is MR fluid operating in valve mode, with fixed magnetic poles,
may be appropriate for hydraulic controls, servo valves, dampers,
and shock absorbers. Chooi and Oyadiji [11] have studied design,
modeling and testing of MR dampers using analytical flow solu-
tions with valve mode. Grunwald and Olabi [4] have studied exper-
imentally design and built of MR valve and orifice. They have also
studied a parametrical analysis with magnetic simulations of MR
valve and orifice. Carlson and Spencer [12] have studied MR fluid
(MRF) dampers for semi-active seismic control. Milecki [13] de-
scribed and studied a semi-active controllable fluid damper. The
damper employs a MR fluid that changes its properties in the pres-
ence of a magnetic field.
The direct-shear mode with a moving pole, in turn, would be
suitable for clutches and brakes, chucking/locking devices, dampers,
breakaway devices and structural composites is the second. Based
on the particular characteristic of a MR fluid, a rapid, reversible

0045-7930/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright Ó 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2012.04.011
 E. Gedik et al. / Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134 129

Nomenclature

B total magnetic field (T) y coordinate (m)

B0 applied external magnetic field (T) t time (s)
b induced magnetic field (T) g dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)
E electrical field intensity vector (V/m) m kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
J electrical current density vector (A/m2) e0 electric permittivity (F/m)
V velocity vector (m/s) le magnetic permeability (H/m)
P pressure gradient (Pa) q density (kg/m3)
D electric induction field (C/m2) r electrical conductivity (1/X m)
H magnetic induction field (A/m) s shear stress (Pa)
q electric charge density (C/m3) c shear rate (1/s)
x coordinate (m)

and dramatic change in its rheological properties produced by the fields values. It was observed that increase in B0 leads to increase
application of an external magnetic field, a simple disk type MR fluid yield stress and consequently decrease of flow velocity.
damper operating in shear flow mode was studied by Zhu [14]. A
performance evaluation of an automotive MR brake design with a 2. Rheological behaviors of MR fluids
sliding mode controller was investigated by Park et al. [15]. Li and
Du [16] have designed and fabricated a new MR brake prototype. Rheology has been properly defined as the study of the flow and
The rheological properties of MR fluids, in particular the dynamic deformation of materials, with special emphasis being usually
yield stress, were experimentally investigated based on a Bingham placed on the former [26]. Viscosity is the most important physical
plastic model. The working principles of the MR brake were ana- property of fluids. There are two ways to express the viscosity.
lyzed and discussed in the paper. Sukhwani and Hirani [17] have They are either dynamic viscosity or kinematic viscosity. Dynamic
studied high-speed MR brakes. viscosity is defined by:
The third one is squeeze mode which can be used in some
s
small-amplitude vibration dampers applications. Zhang et al [18] g¼ ð2:1Þ
has investigated theoretically and experimentally squeeze- c
strengthen effect in MR fluids. Yan et al. [19] have studied MR flu- where s is shear stress (N/mm2) and c is share rate (1/s).
ids on glass polishing technology. Jang et al. [20] has proposed a Kinematic viscosity is defined by:
new behavioral model for MR fluid under a magnetic field using
g
Lekner summation method. The resulting stress functions of the m¼ ð2:2Þ
proposed model were transformed rapidly into convergent func-
q
tions using the Lekner summation method. Finally, the characteris- where q is density (kg/m3).
tics of the stiffened MR fluid under a magnetic field were Fluids obeying Newton’s law, where the value of g is constant,
investigated using the transformed functions. are known as Newtonian fluids. If g is constant, the shear stress
Flow of a MR fluid through different types of porous media was is linearly dependent on velocity gradient. Fluids in which the va-
investigated both theoretically and experimentally by Kuzhir et al. lue of g is not constant are known as non-Newtonian fluids. A
[21]. Bajkowski et al. [22] has studied a lumped mass model for a Newtonian fluid is one for which the viscosity although varying
damper filled with a MR fluid. Frictional and temperature effects with temperature and pressure does not vary with deformation
were described, analyzed and simulated numerically in their pa- rate or time; nor does such a liquid display any elastic properties.
pers. Balan et al. [23] has studied experimental investigations A non-Newtonian fluid is one whose flow curve (shear stress ver-
and rheological characterizations in magnetic and electric fields sus shear rate) is nonlinear or does not pass through the origin,
of liquids based on water in crude oils emulsions, added with fer- i.e. where the apparent viscosity, shear stress divided by shear rate,
rofluids. Recebli and Kurt [24] have studied analytically steady
two-phase fluid flows under the effects of magnetic and electrical
fields in circular pipes. The unsteady flow of two phase fluid flows
in circular pipes presence of magnetic and electrical field has also
been investigated numerically in our previous work [25].
In this paper, we have investigated laminar flow of an incom-
pressible MR fluid between two fixed parallel plates in the pres-
ence of a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the
flow direction. The MR fluid based on iron micro-particles in a car-
rier liquid was investigated numerically by using Fluent MHD
module based on magnetic induction equation solver method.
The magnetic field induction, B0, take values between 0 and 1.5 T
with 0.5 T step size, was applied externally in order to determine
magnetic field effects on fluid flow. Steady, laminar, incompress-
ible MR fluid flow was investigated by using valve mode which is
described in details at Section 3. By using this mode, the problem
geometry was designed and created in Gambit 2.3.16 program,
and then it was imported the Ansys 14.0 Fluent for two-dimen-
sional numerical computations. The numerical solutions for veloc-
ity and pressure distributions were obtained for different magnetic Fig. 1. Types of time-independent flow behavior.
130 E. Gedik et al. / Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134
Fig. 2. Behavior of an idealized, Bingham model, MR fluid in the presence of an
applied magnetic field B as a function of shear rate.
is not constant at a given temperature and pressure but is depen-
dent on flow conditions such as flow geometry and shear rate [27].
Typical relationships between shear rate and shear stress with flow
curves on linear scales for various types of fluid behavior are
shown in Fig. 1. The rheological properties of smart controllable
fluids such as electro rheological and MR fluids depend on concen-
tration and density of particles, particle size and shape distribu-
tion, properties of the carrier fluid, additional additives, applied
field, temperature and other factors [28].
MR Fluids are a class of smart materials whose rheological prop-
erties (e.g. viscosity) may be rapidly varied by applying a magnetic
field [29]. The essential feature of the MR fluids is that they can
reversibly change their states from a Newtonian fluid to a semi-so-
lid or even a solid with controllable dynamic yield stress within a
few milliseconds, when they are subjected to a controlled magnetic
field [30,31]. Normally, in the field-off state, are liquid with a vis-
cosity 0.1–1 Pa s. However, when a magnetic field is applied,
the soft magnetic particles acquire a dipole moment and align with
the external field to form fibrous columns or aggregates. These col-
umns must be deformed and broken for the suspension to flow giv-
ing rise to a yield stress that is a function of the magnetic flux
density [32–34]. In steady state rheology, this type of flow is com-
monly modeled as a Bingham fluid [35–41] with a magnetic-field
dependent yield stress s0(B),
 
sðc; BÞ ¼ s0 ðBÞ þ gp c for s > s0

c ¼ 0 for s > s0
 a minimum value of 2 (for DPs/DPg less than 1) to a maximum va-
where s is the shear stress, gp is the plastic viscosity, and c is the
shear rate. The behavior of MR fluid is summarized by the graph

of s versus c shown in Fig. 2.
3. Description of the problem
Let us consider the problem of a steady, laminar flow of a MR
fluid between two fixed parallel plates in the xy-plane along the
x-direction, see Fig. 3.
MR fluids can be used in three principal modes of operation:
valve mode (pressure driven flow), direct shear mode, and squeeze
mode. In valve mode, the two magnetic poles are fixed, and a pres-
surized flow of MR fluid moves between them as illustrated in
Fig. 4. Here, MR fluid flows through a flow channel and a magnetic
field is applied transverse to the flow direction. The yield stress
that develops in the fluid establishes a pressure threshold for any
Fig. 3. MR fluid flow between two parallel plates.
Fig. 4. Valve modes for MR fluids [36].
fluid flow. Varying the magnetic field allows one to vary this pres-
sure threshold, thus creating a controllable and proportionate
valve mechanism without the need for moving mechanical parts.
Examples of valve mode devices include servo-valves, dampers,
shock absorbers and actuators [36]. Typically, in these devices, a
piston moves back and forth in a tubular housing that is filled with
MR fluid. The MR fluid is forced to pass through an orifice in or
around the piston. The pressure drop developed in such devices
based on valve mode is generally assumed to result from the
sum of a viscous component DPg and a field dependent induced
yield stress component DPs. This pressure drop may be approxi-
mated by [42,43]:
12g2g csy ðBÞL
DP ¼ DPg þ DPs ðBÞ ¼ þ ð3:1Þ
g3w g
where L, g and w are the length, gap and width of the flow channel
between the fixed poles respectively, Q is the volumetric flow rate,
ð2:3Þ g is the viscosity with no applied field and sy is the yield stress
developed in response to an applied field B. The parameter c is a
ð2:4Þ function of the flow velocity profile and has a value ranging from
lue of 3 (for DPs/DPg greater than 100) [44].
The fundamental equations governing the steady motion of an
incompressible MR fluid under magnetic field between two paral-
lel plates are:
rV ¼0 ð3:2Þ
 
@V
q þ ðV  rÞV ¼ rP þ gDV þ ½J  B ð3:3Þ
@t
where q is the density, V the velocity vector, P the pressure, g is the
viscosity, J the current density, B the total magnetic field, B = B0 + b,
B0 and b the applied and induced magnetic field respectively.
The two non-conducting plates are located at the y = ±5 mm
planes and extend from x = 0 to 300 mm. Both upper and lower
plates are stationary. The fluid flow between two plates under
the influence of constant pressure gradient dP/dx is in the x
 E. Gedik et al. / Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134
Fig. 5. Sketch of the problem.
direction. The model geometry has been separated three zones,
fluid upstream, magnetic zone and fluid downstream respectively.
The magnetic field has been applied on middle part (c part in Fig. 5)
of the geometry throughout the y direction as shown in Fig. 5.
The magnetic field induction, B0, take values between 0 and
1.5 T with 0.5 T step size, have been applied to determine B0 effects
on MR fluid flow. The fluid properties used in numerical computa-
tions are as follows: q = 2380 kg/m3, g = 0.042 kg/ms, le = 4 h/m,
P = 500 Pa. The coupling between the fluid flow field and the mag-
netic field can be understood on the basis of two fundamental ef-
fects: the induction of electric current due to the movement of
conducting material in a magnetic field, and the effect of Lorentz
force as a result of electric current and magnetic field interaction.
In general, the induced electric current and the Lorentz force tend
to oppose the mechanisms that create them. Movements that lead
to electromagnetic induction are therefore systematically broken
by the resulting Lorentz force. Electric induction can also occur in
the presence of a time-varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic
fields are described by Maxwell’s equations:
rB¼0
r  B ¼ le J
@B
rE¼
@t
rD¼q
@D
rH¼Jþ
@t
where B (Tesla) and E (V/m) are the magnetic and electric fields
respectively, le is the magnetic permeability, H and D are the induc-
tion fields for the magnetic and electric fields respectively, q (C/m3)
Fig. 6. Mesh converged study.
131
is the electric charge density. The induction fields H and D are de-
fined as:
1
H¼ B ð3:9Þ
l
D ¼ eE ð3:10Þ
where l and e are the magnetic permeability and the electric per-
mittivity, respectively. For sufficiently conducting media such as li-
quid metals, the electric charge density q and the displacement
current @D
@t
are customarily neglected. While studying the interaction
between flow field and electromagnetic field, it is critical to know
the current density J due to induction. Generally, two approaches
may be used to evaluate the current density. One is through the
solution of a magnetic induction equation; the other is through
solving an electric potential equation [45]. In this paper we used
to magnetic induction equation in order to solve the problem. In
the next section, we present the numerical method used to solve
the above problem.
4. Numerical procedure
In this paper, we have studied numerically flow of a MR fluid
between two fixed parallel plates. The solution of the governing
equations describing the flow is solved numerically under the ini-
tial and boundary conditions by using Fluent MHD module based
on the magnetic induction equation method. Second order up-
wind was selected to solve momentum equation, Bx and By mag-
netic induction in the MHD module. Constant material physical
properties were defined. The magnetic induction equation is de-
rived from Ohm’s law and Maxwell equations. The equation
provides the coupling between the flow field and the magnetic
field. In general, Ohm’s law that defines the current density is
ð3:4Þ
given by;
ð3:5Þ J ¼ rE ð4:1Þ
where r is the electrical conductivity of media. For fluid velocity
field V in a magnetic field B, Ohm’s law takes the form:
ð3:6Þ
J ¼ r½E þ V  B ð4:2Þ
ð3:7Þ From Ohm’s law and Maxwell’s equation, the induction equa-
tion can be derived as:
@B 1 2
ð3:8Þ þ ðV  rÞB ¼ r B þ ðB  rÞV ð4:3Þ
@t lr
The flow is considered steady, laminar, incompressible, devel-
oped in a 2D planar configuration, the parallel plate geometry
being created with the pre-processor Gambit. A mesh converged
132 E. Gedik et al. / Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134

Table 1 5. Results and discussion

Mesh parameters.

Mesh no. Mesh size Element number Velocity (m/s) In this paper, the flow of MR fluid between two fixed parallel
Mesh 1 1.5 mm 1386 0.3640 plates under the influence of magnetic field was examined at valve
Mesh 2 1 mm 3000 0.3725 mode. Solution of the continuity, momentum which includes elec-
Mesh 3 0.5 mm 12,000 0.3732 tromagnetic force equations was conducted with CFD package pro-
Mesh 4 0.25 mm 48,000 0.3734
gram, Ansys 14.0 Fluent. The Fluent program employs finite
Mesh 5 0.15 mm 133,866 0.3734
volumes approach for the solution of selected equations. Fluent
MHD Module and magnetic induction method was utilized to solve
the problem. Results obtained from solutions were plotted graph-
study has been done to ensure that the velocity at the center of two ically and discussed below.
parallel plates under B0 = 0 T situation is converged. Several mesh Results were obtained for two different flow models in this
size of the geometry is performed. The velocity responses for var- study. These are: the situation with no magnetic field (B0 = 0 T) is
ious mesh size are shown in Fig. 6 with course and finer mesh. for Newtonian flow and for non-Newtonian flow in the existence
The analysis is run with ever increasing mesh density until there of magnetic field. Magnetic field was applied in area c on the plate
is no significant difference from one run to another. It shows that in order to determine the behavior of MR fluid under the influence
the velocity is increasing for smaller mesh size and became almost of magnetic field. Mean velocity profiles of flow in areas l(2), l(1),
constant after mesh size 0.25 mm. Mesh parameters used for the l(0), l(+1) and l(+2) was drawn and given in Fig. 7. The velocity profile
mesh converged study is given Table 1. In this simulation, we used is symmetric with respect to the mid-plane because the flow be-
a standard element size of 0.25 mm (Mesh 4 in Table 1) in order to tween parallel fixed plates is steady.
perform the basic meshing procedure. The geometry is considered In this figure, l(2) and l(+2) represent the lines in areas where
to be planar, 48,000 hexahedra type element and 98,646 nodes magnetic field is not applied, whereas l(1), l(0), l(+1) represent the
were used for the solution. The problem was modeled numerically entry, middle and exit parts of the area which magnetic field was
using CFD Ansys 14.0 Fluent commercial code. applied respectively. Maximum velocity value reached on each line

Fig. 7. Velocity profiles of l(2), l(1), l(0), l(+1) and l(+2).

 E. Gedik et al. / Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134
Fig. 8. Contours of velocity magnitudes for different B values.
Fig. 9. Static pressure distributions for B = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 T.
at the center of plate (y = 0.005 m) has been obtained as 0.373 m/s.
On the other hand, depending on increasing magnetic field, the de-
crease in velocity can be clearly seen from the figure. In this figure,
maximum velocity values calculated in l(2), l(1), l(0), l(+1) and l(+2)
areas are 0.307, 0.295, 0.293, 0.278 and 0.303 m/s respectively at
B0 = 0.5 T situation. Velocity values at the same points turned out
to be 0.176, 0.160, 0.143, 0.138, and 0.174 m/s for B0 = 1 T situa-
tion; and 0.098, 0.086, 0.075, 0.073, and 0.098 m/s for B0 = 1.5 T sit-
uation. The increase of magnetic field strength caused decrease in
velocity values of flow. At all values of magnetic field, the largest
decrease in velocity became at l(+1) point in the area c. Due to the
impact of magnetic field strength in the area c, small decreases
in flow velocity occurred in other areas as well (a, b, d, e).
In Fig. 8 the contour graphs of mean velocity values of Newto-
nian flow (B0 = 0 T) and non-Newtonian flow at increasing B0 val-
ues up to 1.5 T can be seen. As it can be clearly seen from the
figure, the increase in magnetic field strength leads to decrease
of flow velocity values. Maximum velocity decreases for non-New-
tonian flow was found as 0.073 m/s at B0 = 1.5 T; 0.14 m/s at
133
Fig. 10. Velocity distributions along the flow.
B0 = 1 T; and 0.28 m/s at B0 = 0.5 T. In Newtonian flow situation,
the flow preserved its velocity value as 0.373 m/s throughout the
plate.
A constant pressure gradient, dP/dx was applied in the x-direc-
tion. In Fig. 9 static pressure distribution is shown for different
magnetic field values. While the pressure drop was changing lin-
early at B0 = 0 T situation, it decreases suddenly in the area where
magnetic field was applied. As it can be seen from the figure, the
pressure drop changes depend on the increase in the magnetic
field. The largest decrease in pressure occurred at B0 = 1.5 T situ-
ation. The pressure drop is changed from 350 Pa to 120 Pa on the
magnetic field zone and the pressure curve of the flow which is
away from the applied magnetic field zone becomes linear again.
Fig. 10 provides the mean velocity distributions that occurred
throughout the plate at the center of plates (x = 0–0.3 m
y = 0.005 m) so that the velocity changes along the flow with
and without magnetic field can be clearly seen. In this figure
the velocity value was found as 0.373 m/s for B0 = 0 T, whereas
in non-Newtonian fluid flow model velocity values decrease
depending on the applied magnetic field. These decreases were
larger in the area where magnetic field was applied, whereas they
were smaller in the areas where magnetic field was not applied.
In area c, where magnetic field was applied, the decrease in veloc-
ity values becomes 25.4%, 63.4% and 80.6% at B0 = 0.5, 1 and 1.5 T
respectively.
134 E. Gedik et al. / Computers & Fluids 63 (2012) 128–134
6. Conclusion
In this study, the flow of MR fluid between two fixed parallel
plates under the influence of magnetic field has been examined
numerically using CFD code. Magnetic field was applied perpendic-
ular to the flow. The flow was steady, laminar, viscous and incom-
pressible. The fluid flow between two plates under the influence of
constant pressure gradient dP/dx is in the x direction. In the pres-
ent study, analysis were done and compared for two different flow
models of MR fluid, namely Newtonian (without magnetic field)
and non-Newtonian (under magnetic field). Analysis for non-New-
tonian fluid flow was conducted applying magnetic induction
equation method in Fluent MHD module.
From the results of this analysis, various plots were obtained and
presented in the charts taking into consideration of flow velocity
and pressure distributions. In addition to that, the study exhibits
the rheological behavior and magnetic characteristics of MR fluid
flow in pressure driven flow mode. As a result, it was observed that
the magnetic field applied to MR flow decreases its flow velocity
depending on the increase of magnetic field. Such decreases oc-
curred as 25.4%, 63.4%, and 80.6% at B0 = 0.5, 1 and 1.5 T situations
respectively. It is found that the electromagnetic force is affecting
the MR fluid flows and the magnetic field can give us to flow control
ability of MR Fluids which needed operating process at valve mode.
From our point of view, the presented study can be effectively
used for computer simulation of MR fluids. In this present imple-
mentation, the method is limited to the simulation of steady, lam-
inar flows. It should be pointed out that the CFD simulation
described in this work can represent a useful starting point to
investigate more complex problems, such as, three-dimensional
unsteady flows. For this, the authors recently extended the current
study to investigate both electrical and magnetic field effect on
fluid flow in cylindrical pipe [46].
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Scientific and Technological
_
Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for providing the financial
supports for this study under the 110M030 project.
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