Swami Shraddhanand College

University of Delhi

Winter Research Project Report

(2015)

Rishabh Rana
Student of B.Sc. Physical Science, 1st year

Under Supervision of

Dr. Mukesh Kr ( Rana )

Assistant Professor in Physics
Physics Department, Swami Shraddhanand College,
University of Delhi, Delhi 110036
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or

indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced
my thinking, behavior, and acts during the course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. AK JHA, Acting Principal Swami

Shraddhanand College, Alipur, Delhi-36 for providing me an opportunity
to undergo winter training Research Work and permitting me to use the
resources available.

I am thankful to contemplative supervisor Dr. Mukesh Kumar (Rana) ,

Assistant Professor in Physics Department for his support, cooperation,
and motivation provided to me during the summer research program for
constant inspiration, presence and blessings.

I am thankful to my senior Diwakar, student of B.Sc. Physics for his

support, cooperation and content contribution.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents
for their moral support and my tactful friends with whom I shared my day-
to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved my
quality of work.

Rishabh Rana,

BSc. Physical Science

[15081582078]
 Declaration
This project is done by Rishabh Rana, a student of BSc. Physical Science II
semester at Swami Shraddhanand College, Alipur (University of Delhi ) with
Divakar Parashar (BSc. Physics (H) IVth Semester ). I hereby declare that the
winter research project report on “ Road Side Energy Conservation ” is an
original work conducted by me.

The information and data given in the report are authentic to the best of my
knowledge.

This summer research report is not being submitted to any other University for
the award of any other Degree, Diploma, Certificate, and Fellowship.

Rishabh Rana
BSc. Physical Science
[15081582078]
 Swami Shraddhanand College
University of Delhi

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this winter project report entitled “Road Side
Energy Conservation” is a bonafide record of joint work done by Rishabh
Rana ( student of B.Sc. Physical Science IInd Semester , university roll
number 15081582078) and Divakar Parashar (student of B.Sc.
Physics(H), Vth Semester ) under the supervision of Dr. Mukesh Kumar
(Rana) , Faculty in Physics department, Swami Shraddhanand College,
from 3 June, 2015 to 20 July, 2015.

Dr. Mukesh Kr Rana Dr. AK JHA

Supervisor Acting Principal
Winter Project Swami Shraddhanand College
 Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Energy
1.2 Quick Overview of Energy Crisis
1.3 Energy Harvesting Review

2. Current Development and the Significance of

Vehicle Energy Generation
2.1 Review and Rationale of Study
2.2 Origin of Problem
2.3 Methodology / Work Plan
2.4 Possibility and Significance of study

3. Dual-Fuel Model
3.1 Possible forms of Energy
3.2 Methods of re-generating useful Energy
3.3 Proposed Energy Saving Car Models
3.4 Result and analysis of proposed models

4. Outcome & Discussion

4.1 Acceptability of Model
4.2 Socio and economic factors
4.3 Environment Impacts of the model
4.4 Limitations and future possibilities
4.5 Conclusion

References
1. Introduction

1.1 ) Energy
Energy, not just a normal word but is the base of life on earth. It is found in several
forms viz. electrical-energy, thermal-energy, vibration energy and others. Every form of
energy plays a vital role in the living element of the Earth. All constitutively makes
this planet Earth a beautiful place. This all energy is retrieved from many sources.
Sources which are commonly parted into renewable and nonrenewable sources of
energy.

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves,
and geothermal heat [12] .

Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished
in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes. Most non-renewable energy sources
are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas

[source: http://swh.schoolworkhelper.netdna-cdn.com ]
Over time, humans evolved and found several ways of using this energy for themselves.
This story begins from the discovery of fire, when for the first time in known history of
humans they used fire or this form of energy (Thermal energy) for their use viz.
cooking, shielding from cold etc. This search for energy need is still continues. We
found more and more sources of energy, coal, petroleum is some of them, and utilized
them accordingly the need of society. But something we forget amid, that these sources
once used can’t be restored back. This fear of losing the energy sources forever and so
the utilities relying on them forced thinkers to find a new energy that does never
finishes, named them renewable sources of energy, the sources of energy that we used
again and again and can be acquired again (renewed). And after a search they found it
as natural resources like sun, wind etc. But it was too late now. Those sources which
we were completely rely on for everything has now already been depleted. Now the
hunt is for ‘lamp of Aladdin’, and we all know that ‘ Jini ’ doesn’t show up easily. So,
the only option we have got is to use the sources wisely what we are left are left with,
and try to make renewable resources more useful than ever, to prevent the world being
a dark place.

There are strong historical evidences proving wars, some of which were far serious, to
gain access to more and more energy resources. There had been several wars, people
died in a number that can’t be just ignored, and the only reason was this energy crisis
.The Chaco war (1932-1935), Gulf war, and the latest and famous one The Sudan -
South Sudan border conflict, 2012, are some most talked war that showed after energy
crisis scenario of the world. And this is not over yet, it will keep on continue until whole
world will be burnt up or we find other method to fulfill our energy needs, because
needs are not going to sacrifice.

It is not only about finding other sources of energy, energy conservation and dinkum
use of already available energy is also a key factor to stave off proximal peril. Everyone
with fear of upcoming dread is looking for more veteran and enduring technique and
also more energy resources well to feed ‘Sursa-Mouthed’ need of industries, which are
working day and night for luxurious life of citizens. Round the clock the consumption of
energy is increasing leap and bounds.

So why this situation ever occurs?

Why we ever had to face energy crisis?

The energy deadlock has been current concern of world and is capacious and intricate
subject. Majority of people really don’t consider conjointly to its tangibility unless the
price of petroleum products goes up or there is sudden rise in grocery. This energy
crisis is something that is ongoing and despite many efforts, getting worse. The reason
for this is that there is not a detailed sightedness of the complex causes and
rectifications for the energy crisis that will allow for an endeavor to happen that will
pledge it.

According to the Wikipedia,

“An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to
an economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used
at a certain time and place, particularly those that supply national electricity grids or
serve as fuel for vehicles.” [13]

[source : www.pinterest.com]

Energy Crisis: Is it even for real?

There has always been a long debate on how “real” the energy crisis is in the world.
One side will perennially state it is based on amateurish politics and science; the other
will rather conclude on the fact of other basing their findings on junk science and
political interests. The optimal way to constellate up the reality of the energy crisis is
that you can never have crescent demands on finite resources without eventually
running out of the resource. That is just comprehension. What is indeed at play in the
discourse about how real the energy crisis is concerns the perception of amenability for
the future. In real there is no such thing like energy crisis unless you are not solicitous
about life after your time this planet is gone. It matters only if you are very much
concerned about it and care about the future that the next generations will heir.

1.2) Quick Overview on Energy Crisis

Causes of the Energy Crisis

It would be quite easy to blame one industry or one sector and making others play out
of it. Everyone on this Earth is somehow responsible for energy crisis whether they had
ever thought about it or not.

Some common factors responsible for energy crisis can be described as

 Overconsumption: Various types of exertion on our natural resources

outcomes as energy crisis . Suppose due to overconsumption there comes a
sprain on fossil fuels such as coal , oil , gas - which will be resulting can put
strain on our oxygen and water resources by causing pollution.

 Overpopulation: Steady increase in the world's population and its rising

demand for fuel and other products are also an another cause of energy crisis. It
doesn’t matter what or which type of food or products you uses – from organic
and non-organic to fair trade , those which are being made from petroleum
products in a sweatshop or any other place – not any of these are transported or
made without a significant drain on energy resources.

 Poor Infrastructure: Another reason for energy shortage is aging

infrastructure of power generating equipment . Outdated equipment’s are being
used by most of energy producing firm which restricts the production of energy .
Upgrading the infrastructure is the responsibility of utilities and to set a high
standard of performance .

 Unexplored Renewable Energy Options: In most of the countries renewable

sources of energy still remains unused . Top choice to produce energy are non-
renewable sources like petroleum , coal and many more of the energy comes from
these resources . The problem of energy crisis cannot be solved unless we give
renewable energy a serious thought . Using renewable sources of energy can
reduce greenhouse gas emission and our dependence on fossil fuels.
 Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants: There is a lot impending pressure
on old plants to meet the increasing energy because there is a significant delay
in commissioning of new plant which can fill the gap between supply of energy
and demand . Load shedding and breakdown results when supply doesn't
matches demand .

 Wastage of Energy: In this world , people do not realize the importance of

conserving energy . Conservation is now only limited to books , seminar ,
internet , newspaper ads . Things will not be going to change anytime sooner
unless we give it a serious thought . Switching lights when not in use , switch off
fans unnecessary , walking or using bicycles instead driving to short distances ,
using maximum daylight , using LED's and CFL instead of traditional bulbs ,
checking for energy leakage and stopping it by proper insulation etc. and much
more small things can go a long way in saving energy .

 Poor Distribution System: Poor distribution system are outcomes of frequent

tripping and breakdown .

 Major Accidents and Natural Calamities: Pipeline burst and natural

calamities like floods, earthquakes, eruption of volcano are some of major
accidents can cause some interruptions to energy supplies. The price of essential
items are rising because of the huge gap between supply and demand of energy
which can give rise to inflation .

 Wars and Attacks: Energy supply can also be hamper with wars between
countries especially if it happens in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE or Qatar. Price of oil reached it peak during 1990 Gulf
war causing major problem for energy consumers and created global shortages.

 Miscellaneous Factors : Sudden increase in demand of energy can choke

supply when tax increases , strikes , military coup , political events , several hot
summers or cold winters etc.
Possible Solutions of the Energy Crisis:

Many of the possible solutions are already in place today, but they have not been
widely adopted.[7]

1. Move Towards Renewable Resources: The best possible solution of energy crisis
is to reduce the world's dependence on non-renewable resources and by putting efforts
in overall conservation of energy. Generally, the industrial ages were fueled up by
fossils fuels. In addition to these. The globe is not feared of shortage of fossil fuels, but
they are threatened by the rigorous side effects of their use. Their excessive use will
keep contaminating the oxygenated blanket and will viciously shape the nature in
erroneous way due to their incessant mining. But it doesn't seem an easy sip as most of
the industries are directly and indirectly dependent on these toxic gods.

2. Buy Energy Efficient products: CFL's and LED's use less watts of electricity and
last longer which should be replaced by traditional bulbs. The demand for energy can
go down if millions of people across the globe use LED's and CFL's for residential or
commercial purposes and by less energy consumption energy crisis can be averted.
3. Lighting Controls: We can save a lot of money and cash in the long run by a
number of new technologies out there that make lighting controls. This savings can be
indeed added up via reduction in overall lighting costs by the help of touch dimmers,
preset lighting controls, slide lighting and integrated light controls.

4. Easier Grid Access: People should get credit who use different options to generate
power using renewable resources and permission to plug into the grid. Apart from that
more people should let to explore renewable options, subsidy on solar panels should be
given to encourage them.

5. Energy Simulation: Big corporates and corporations can use energy simulation
software to redesign building unit and reduce running business energy cost. Carbon
footprints can be reduced if building designs which can be more energy efficient by
architects , engineers and designers .

6. Perform Energy Audit: There are processes which we can follow to identify the
spots of losing energy and steps towards reduction of those energy losses in homes and
offices is generally known as Energy Audit.

Carbon footprint can be reduced when professional helps you with energy audit to save
energy and money and helps with energy crisis.

7. Common Stand on Climate Change: The focus of developed and developing

countries should be shifted to reducing greenhouse gas emission with an effective cross
border mechanism. They should adopt a common stand on climate change. The
consequences of global warming, climate change and over consumption of resources
cannot be ruled out with current population growth. There is need to cut emission level
to half by developed and developing countries before it’s too late.

Today’s Energy Production Scenario

From the above graph we can clearly see that India is residing majority on coal (60%)
which a matter of interest as with rising trade loss and governments ingenious agenda,
energy plants based on coal will no more to hold our back and fulfill country power
needs for a long time. To acquire maximum benefits from possible renewable sources of
energy there is a strong need to re-establish already existing power sources models
accompanying wind, solar, geothermal, tidal etc.

Natural resources are not available for long period of time if we are going to use them
indiscriminately, through the depletion rate and rebuilding of resources the answer is
quite clear to us. The amount of resources we are left with are need to be characterized
so called Reserves-to-Production ratio [4][6]. In more general way R/P generalized the
length of time with we are gonna last with these resources.
1.3) Energy Harvesting Review

Energy scavenging and energy harvesting technologies refer to applications that

exploit and capture the depleted and unusual energy so as to convert it to a more
usable form. For this kinetic energy, solar energy, wind or strain and many more kind
of such energy can be exploited. Moreover, the huge potential in energy harvesting
sector is added up by thermal energy due to temperature gradient and ambient
vibrations. The process of energy harvesting accounts as one of the most valuable
technique in hospitals way, catering global energy problems, without causing a loss to
natural resources. Processes used in energy harvesting are; primly energy capture
methods; secondarily, it's storage which also includes it's condition before it's final use.

Capture of
Energy

Use of Storage of
Energy Energy

Contrasting to above, Renewable energy, also bring named as green energy, is

continuously being restored by mother nature. It causes a meager lots to environment
in comparison to their conventional counterparts. The globe harnesses this renewable
energy via methods of energy capturing techniques from sun, tidal winds, earth's
internal heat, Electromagnetic radiations etc.

Alternative sources of energy, some of which are practically and efficiently are

 Solar Energy : Radiant energy produced by the sun can be converted to electricity
on the basis of photoelectric effect [8].
 Wind Energy : Natural climate conditions , heating of land due to sun in day and
cooler air taking its place at night derives the wind , and ultimately whose energy is
captured through the wind turbine.
 Biomass : Biomass is a renewable source of energy to create electricity , plants
decay and form biodegradable waste , animal dung , mill residues , residual biological
matter etc. act as a source of energy when it is burnt .
 Geo Thermal Energy : Heat of earth can be used from the sources like hot dry
rocks , springs magma , natural geysers , hot water is sustainable hence it is used as
a source of energy known as geothermal energy .
 Hydro Energy : wind and sun's heat cause evaporation of water , which is used to
run turbines and generate electricity .
 Ocean Energy: Electricity can be produced due to the temperature difference
between surface of ocean and depth caused by sunlight.

Nuclear energy is one of the source of nonrenewable energy which comes from an atom.
Atoms are the smallest particle with almost no volume but having ironically enormous
source of energy. In the nucleus of atom the atomic bond are broken to get energy, high
amount of energy is released though this breakout and further used for thermal energy
conversion purposes. There are two most efficient ways nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion to break the bond of atom from its nucleus. Tearing nuclei of an atom apart is a
process to harness energy called as nuclear fission. Energy so gathered by these
processes is used worldwide to produce electricity. On the other hand when nucleus is
buildup it harness enormous amount of energy and the process is called nuclear fusion.
These processes generate a lot of heat that produces steam which is then used to run
turbine for electricity generation. Instead of having so much difficulties in control and
uncontrolled explosion of this energy leads to some accidents still it is broadly used as a
power source in many different countries.

Shifting the load from fossil / non energy sources to renewable energy resources is the
best possible technique to control energy crisis issues. There are enough renewable
resources to cater the need of people and they are eco-friendly. Another reason for
searching renewable resources is to not deprive our coming generations of these fossil /
non-renewable resources.

The energy generation is not only problematic issue but also their efficient utilization
and their conservation. Various government agencies like MNRE, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency [3] etc. are taking various measures, activities for National Campaign on
Energy production, safety and their conservations. Indian Government is also
emphasizing the use of eco-friendly renewable energy by its various welfare schemes
such as Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) to generate 20,000 MW by
2022 [10]. Also government is also providing LED’s to the citizens on EMI via electrical
energy distributing companies to decrease the energy load of individual house.

1. Currently, India’s renewable portfolio is dominated by wind power, which

contributes approximately 60% of the total installed renewable capacity. In FY
2014-2015, India added 2.3 GW of wind energy capacity against a target of 2
GW. Wind power installations are led by Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and
Maharashtra.[13]

2. We have started using solar energy with a major push from all direction and it is
predicted to be the next big thing in India. Solar provides number of
combinations from distributed to residential areas for home purposes or to
centralized government to commercial scale solar plants. It is important to
choose an adequate mix between millions of small scale systems and system
which a large that will deliver both economic as well as a social impact.

3. The indigenous nuclear power program which is most talked about of being a
clean source of energy is also aiming at an installed capacity of 14,600 MW by
2020. By 2050 nuclear energy is expected to account for 25 % of total energy
generated. With the recent agreements for removing the major bottlenecks with
Canada, Russia and Kazakhstan will be helping in uranium supply.
 4. We have tidal energy with a potential of around 40,000 MW because of a long
6,000 km of coast line. The identified economical potential is only 8,000-9,000
MW, which includes ~1,200 MW in the Gulf of Ketch, ~7,000 MW in the Gulf of
Cambay, and <100 MW in Sundarbans. Sundarbans will be the first upcoming
tidal power generation project of 3.75 MW in India.

5. Biomass is a biofuel which is now a days increasing seen as a source of energy

and Bagasse contribute nearby 65% of total biomass generation. Due to some
supply constraints it is not been recognized as primary source. In nearby future
it is expected that next generation will contribute majorly in future.
6. There are approximately 6,500 cities in India and can have set up of hydropower
projects of small 25 MW, with a total capacity of 25,000 MW approximately. To
meet the needs of hilly, remote areas, these projects have enough potential. India
added 250 MW of small hydro power in FY 2014-2015.

So, finding new energy resources to meet out energy, minimize energy wastage and
finding new sources of energy which are environmentally safe demands is today’s
challenge. The increased pressure on environmental degradation and natural resources
is not a good situation for a responsible civilized society.
Current Development and the Significance of Vehicle
Energy Generation
2.1) Proposed Study
The urge to have luxurious life has not only increased travel demands and a increase in
number of vehicles running on road but also longing of more and more comfort even in
vehicles. Also, there is strong demand for speedy vehicles. This all resulting in more
and more fuel consumption. Hence, more wastage of energy. Also, Vehicle Air-
conditioning has weighty influence on fuel economy, legislated exhaust
(tailpipe) emission of traditional and hybrid electric vehicles and reduce electrical
vehicle range. Majority of Indian cities Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata comes at top of which,
are a type of competing for having maximum number of vehicles on road. They have got
busy highways like other global cities leading to continuous and speedy road wave
turbulence.

[source : www.team-bhp.com]
If we look around at Delhi infrastructure, we will get to know that there is a drastic
increase in number of vehicles in the city. By this rate it seems that in near future,
energy consumption share of vehicle will be a major fraction of energy
consumption. This also lead to more wastage of energy as today the vehicles
efficiency nearly 50% and today has became a topic of great concern for everyone. If
this continues we will be very soon running out of fuel. By the time when we will
realize this it will be too late.
The vehicles generally use combustible petrochemical products to procure vigor to
engines in order to produce work. But this vehicle fuel problem adds up to the
inefficient nature of internal combustion engine. Around 60 percentage [6] of fuel's
chemical energy is not converted to useful mechanical energy thereby losing energy
through engine friction and wasted heat. Though the quality of fuel has increased in
recent days but still the increased number of vehicles has out powered this quality
rise leading to excessive loss of fuel energy. These speedy vehicles particularly
trucks and other such heavy vehicles not only generates air turbulence but also
maximize the use of gasoline in vehicles is to overcome the resistance due to
atmosphere or aerodynamic resistance.
This loss of vehicle energy in the form of heat, momentum impact can be managed
by nature if the quantity of loss is under nature tolerance limits. Increased number
of vehicles has powered out this quantity rise leading to excessive and some
significant loss of energy which in turn may adversely impact environmental health
in the form of increased environmental pollution, unbalanced ecosystem etc. This
loss energy increment also provides a scope of energy generation from waste energy
and can be directly related with the roadside use of energy consumption.
In past many models had been proposed on energy harvesting and many will be
proposed in future. Harvesting energy has been proposed by a number of people. And
they indeed had some good impact on government and other communities who has
power to realize their dreams. Our work is somewhat related to those works including
piezo-electric transducers, wind turbines, thermos-electric couples, solar power
harvesting. But what is new that we studied? All those works mentioned here are
mostly about installing energy capturing devices on roads or along road-sides. But
what our idea is concerned about is installing these wasted energy capturing devices in
the vehicles itself rather than the roads on which it is running on.
This can be done by implementing energy capturing devices in the following way:

 Piezo-electric transducers generate electric energy when are pressed and

hence can be implemented at the vehicle tires. The tires that vehicles will be
 wearing can be manufactured in such a way that they have inbuilt piezo-electric
sensors. Also suspensions of the vehicle can also be equipped with such type of
sensors.
 Thermo-electric transducers generate electric by means of variation of
temperature, so these can be installed in section of vehicle that gets heated,
engine, radiator and silencer etc. where it can be remain in direct contact of
heat.
 Wind turbines but of small size can be installed to such parts of vehicle where
air striking velocity is very high, front of vehicle, below the front glass and other
exposed areas.
 Solar panels not of that flat view type, but with some attractive designs can be
installed at roof, Shroud and other directly unveiled area to sun light.

The electrical energy generated in this way can be fed up to a common storage device
after some defined signal conditioning circuits. This energy stored this way can be
used for various purposes most importantly to give us again but more smart and
luxurious life. As for this energy can be utilized for various purposes most importantly
air-conditioning and other features that we want for most in our vehicle.
This is simple law of conservation of energy. After all we are making use of something
that we were used to waste. It’s our right more for duty to not to waste and utilize the
energy far as much as possible. Fuel is not being distributed free. We are purchasing it
at a high cost, so why not make use of it to 100% (however 100% utilization is not
possible, laws of nature stops us here.) But we can utilize to the extent of nature’s
limit. This is what our study is all about.

2.2) Review and Rationale of Study

Few works are also being carried out around the globe for reutilization of this
aerodynamic drag. Many contemporary researchers like Christoph Liebe, Reinhard
Mahnke, Reinhart Kuhn [2011], T. Morbito and his group [2010], Sinisa S and team
[2009], E.H Wang and team [2011] have done an exemplary work in explaining the
working of aerodynamic drag and their working in general condition.
• Christof Liebe with his colleagues [5] in year 2011, described dynamics of
Traffic Roads and put forward a probabilistic model. They investigated the flux of
mechanical energy so that balanced energy can be evaluated out of non-linear
vehicular particles. On highways, he calculated the Flow-Density Relationship.
• E H Wang [9] in the year also successfully converted the loss on highways
into useful gift. He emphasizes on thermal waste rather than aero dynamical
waste, still his phenomenon to capture low grade waste heat on road via Organic
Rankine Cycle will help us a lot in final stage. Further it helped us to study the
efficiency of Vehicle’s Engine.
• M. Kumar and Sagar Dahiya [11] in the year 2013 studied the vehicle heat
emission impact on environment and they have suggested the possible way of
reducing the heat impact through the use of Thermo Electric Generator.
• M. Kumar and Divakar Parashar[1] in the year 2014 studied the methods
to capture vibrations produced by running vehicles on roads and extracting
electrical energy from that. Piezo-electric transducers were used in their model,
and a basic idea of using piezoelectric transducers were discussed.
• Andriopoulou Symeoni studied various methods for capturing from roads. His
work includes PVSBs and Induction charging, ACS and PCM piezo-electric sensors.
In his work he used concept of green roads and called it a sustainable roadway
system.

2.3) Origin of Problem

The law of conservation of energy[14], laws of thermodynamics[17], see-back effect and
other basic phenomenon can play a major role in studying energy loss during
conversion mechanism.

From the following important result / facts related to energy provide a clear idea on
how successful the story will be comes out :
  The number of vehicle, speed of vehicle is increasing with the quality of the
roads. This has also increase vehicle energy consumption;
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only its form can be changed. So waste
is also a unusable form of energy.
 The speedy vehicles generate air turbulence and wind turbine type machine
help us to capture the wind kinetic energy for generating electricity;
 Moving weighty vehicles produces lot of pressure on the earth surface that
induces surface vibration. These vibration can be captured and easily
converted into the electric energy by suitable materials like piezoelectric
crystals.
 The moving vehicles also emit large amount of heat, causing quite a big
temperature difference than to the surrounding and engine [2] . This can reach
up to thousands of degrees Celsius, creating best environment for generating
electric output through thermoelectric junctions;
 The whole body of a running vehicle is exposed to sun , that make a scope for
harnessing solar energy.

From above it is clear that a vehicle consume its energy intake in the following
ways -
 Producing kinetic energy of the vehicle that generate air turbulence,
 Producing motion against gravitation pull that generate surface vibrations,
 Producing work against friction forces that generated heat.

We have tried to club all these important concept in our work i.e. generation of air
turbulence, induces surface vibration and high temperature of engine with the law of
conservation of energy give a scope of scope energy generation. For example speedy
wind speed can rotate wind turbine, surface vibration can be capture by piezoelectric
crystals and thermocouple generate energy due to a high temperature. This is
innovative because we are talking about generation of energy from the utilized energy
which is otherwise going to be waste. The output can be increases by adding up the
use of solar cell as vehicles is generally under solar radiations. Regeneration of
energy can take place if it harnesses tactfully and is a clean source of energy , probably
a good option for us.

The designs for car are also presented on selection of various choices of implementation
of harvesters keeping in mind to make design both attractive and effective.

2.4) Methodology / Work Plan

The project will bring expertise and likely innovation in a number of areas as follows:
a) To study the vehicle waste energy status and scope of energy loss minimization.
b) To study possibility of vehicle speed driven wind, weight induced vibration and
engine heat loss .
c) To discuss a energy saving multi fuel car model .
d) To study energy generation through use of Wind turbine, piezoelectric crystal
and thermocouple respectively etc.
e) To study an approach to discuss various possible ways to harvest more and more
energy as possible from wastage energy and also renewable resources like solar
energy.
f) To study feasible technology transfer from labs to actual life .
2.5) Significance of study
21st century was started with a recent rise in industrialization, modernization and
urbanization. Which gave us a luxurious life being everything automated and machine
driven. Cars or any other vehicle being more luxurious are as more fuel consuming.
Features like A.C. and others requires a great amount of electrical energy resulting in
burning of large quantity of fuel. Vehicles when running on roads waste a major part of
energy to surrounding environment in form of vibration heat etc. Beside that It is also
exposed to several renewable energy resources like solar energy, wind energy. An
approach is made discuss various possible ways to harvest more and more energy as
possible from wastage energy and renewable resources also. Some simple designs for
car are also presented on selection of various choices of implementation of harvesters
keeping in mind to make design both attractive and effective.
Innovative Methods for Energy Regeneration
3.1) Possible Forms of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, states law of conservation pf energy, it
can only be converted from one form to another. Energy that we give to vehicle is
converted to work done (part of it) that vehicle use to move, and rest is wasted and
released to the atmosphere. Efficiency of vehicle is just 40-50%, means from the fuel
that we fed to vehicle only 40-50% of it is converted to work done, remaining is released
in atmosphere in form of vibrations, heat etc. and becomes waste. To minimize this
wastage one has two options, either design a more efficient engine where laws of
thermodynamics stops us, or utilize this wasted energy by particular treatments.

Wind Energy: A vehicle when running on roads leaves three types of effect in
atmosphere that are of our interest in this work, vibrations, heat, wind pressure.
Moving vehicle produce vibrations in the atmosphere and the road on which it is
running. Frequency of this vibration is related to velocity of moving vehicle in terms of
direct proportionality.

Where v is frequency of vibration produced, V is velocity of vehicle, k is some

proportionally constant.

Vibrational Energy: Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate

an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. A piezoelectric transducer
captures these vibrations and convert it into electrical energy. The installation of
piezoelectric transducers in the tires of vehicle and in the suspension and other areas
that are affected by the vibration produced by moving vehicle. The energy that is being
wasted in form of vibration can be easily captured, stored and used for later use.
Engine of vehicle while working produces an enormous amount of heat.
The amount of energy that we can harvest energy by using the piezo electric
transducers is given by the relation

Thermal Energy: The phenomenon that was used for the capturing of thermal energy
is known as Seeback Effect. The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a
temperature difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors
produces a voltage difference between the two substances. The heat energy wasted so
in the environment, causing rising in the surrounding temperature, which in result
give birth to some hazardous effect to micro species. But there are ways to capture this
heat and utilize it for our use, using a thermocouple device. Since the temperature
difference reaches up to thousands of kelvin in the engine section of vehicle, this can
easily be utilized to harvest an amount electric electrical energy from it.

The Voltage, V, measured by device when Vo(Tc-Tref) being seeback voltage for
temperature difference between Tc (Temperature of thermocouple) and Tref
(Temperature of reference). Usually, reference temperature is taken 0oC. [11]

Beside these two harvesting treatments, wind capturing is also there. Any vehicle
while moving deals with a great wind speed, which in turn insert a pressure on vehicle
causing a huddle in motion of vehicle. Some vehicle manufacturers have started to use
small holes and some special aerodynamically design to reduce air friction. This same
design with some medication can be installed with using small wind rotators inside it.
The relation of frequency of electrical energy generated with the velocity of vehicle is
given by [16]

Where the symbols stand for V is velocity of vehicle, M is mass of vehicle.

Solar Energy: A vehicle travelling on road is also exposed to sun light giving a great
opportunity to utilize it too, after all it was also being wasted and is a renewable
resource. Solar power capturing has been highly developed technique by now. A solar
capturing device installed on vehicle will capture maximum amount of energy.

[15]

2.2) Methods for re-generating useful energy

These all energy capturing devices combined can result in a significant amount of
output. But the problem is they all are independent devices and work in their own
manner. To make use of energy captured, there are two solutions one comprises using
storage devices desperately for each and other includes using signal conditioning
circuit for each device and then fed each output to common storage device.
 Wind Thermocoupl
rotator ed energy
capturing capturing
devices devices

piezo-
electric Solar Panel
harvestor harvestors
output Storage
Devices

Dark color indicates output after signal conditioning. Output in same phase is fed to
Storage device. There is single storage device in this method and is more efficient
because the leakage due to storage batteries reduces.

There is another alternative method proposed that can be used for storing harvested
energy.

Eenrgy Capturing Devices

Final Output of
Individual Storage
Signal Conditioning
Circuits

Here Purple color denoted separated storage device for each type of energy
conservation. The power after signal conditioning is again sent to common storage
device.

Also, the energy captured can be used for different applications inside the vehicle using
each harvester independently. Some of the applications are digital indicators, digital
speedometers, digital odometers, horns, power windows, radio, navigation system,
wiper, lights, electrical ignition system, electrical alarm system, rear view camera etc.
These systems may seem to be irrelevant but all combined together, the amount of
energy they use cannot be just ignored.
These outputs when putting together should follow a linear relation depending on
velocity and mass of body majorly.

Total energy captured E will be linear sum of all the energies

3.3) Proposed Energy Saving Car Models

Figure 1.

Figure 2.
Figure 3.

Figure 4.
Figure 5.

Figure 6.
Figure 7.

3.4) Results and analysis of proposed car models

In this 21st century, all human beings are leading towards a bright future. This
advancement in machinery also led to consume more fuel in a drastic increasing rate.
To overcome this disadvantage, we are working on processes to reduce energy
consumption. This can be done by two different ways, one where we can reduce the
energy consumption by making machine more energy efficient which is a very
challenging, costly and time consuming whereas other method is to reuse the wasted
energy which machinery produces while they do some work. We proposed a model of a
car to reuse energy under road side energy conservation.

In this era, we have cars that run over the charts of fossil fuels like diesel, petrol etc.
and are operated on electricity. These cars have comparable efficiency as of those of
cars running over fossil fuels. Depletion in fossil resources led a concern for everybody
to think. The model proposed by us is such designed over the principle of solar energy,
wind energy, thermal energy and piezo-electric energy. This consists of different types
of methods and processes involved in it. Sun is a renewable source of energy and by
traditional solar panels can capture sunlight by its photoelectric cells and convert them
into electric energy. As cars outer body gets ample of sunlight exposure, thereby this
part of car is used by us to insert solar panels on its body, mainly over roof and bonnet
because these are the two parts where the sunlight exposure is maximum. Solar panels
fitted at the roof top and bonnet produces electricity and that can be stored in a battery
or can be used directly to run small instruments like led indicators, lights, digital
systems etc. Another process through which energy can be utilized is in the form of
wind energy. Moreover, under the hood at the front end near the upper part of a car
bumper there’s enough space for the setup of a windmill collection and has a good flow
of air throughout because of cars motion. The air comes in through front end and get
out of car body as usual from engine side. This technique can help us to maintain
electricity used on chocks or electric starts, air conditioning systems, radios etc.

Every machine produces heat energy while it is at work, similarly the car engine also
produces a lot of heat while at work. So we trapped car’s engine heat and converted it
into electrical energy using thermos couple, with its plates situated near engine and
battery inserted at back of car or energy being used simultaneously by smaller devices
in car. Piezo electric material is fitted inside wheels of car, because they are acted upon
maximum pressure, hence convert maximum energy to electrical as in comparison to
any other position. All the energy thus so stored are utilized by the electrical gadgets or
being stored in a battery, which can act as a fuel for upcoming generation hybrid cars
with petrol and electricity enrolment.
 Outcome and Discussion
4.1) Acceptability of Model
Energy consumption levels are going up with the increase in advancement in
technology and our dependence on fossil fuels remains the same because they
contribute a lot in this system. That’s why they are serious concertation to being
exploited. In order to save this the change should be from small level but which can
produce a great impact. That moment we choose “car”, it runs over fossil fuel and have
a deep impact over our environment with a high demanding rate of fossil fuel to run
this machinery. On other side we been developing renewable techniques like solar
panel, wind energy, piezo electric material etc. to reduce burden on fossil fuel, so why
can’t we get them fit together in a single place over a car and run that machine with its
renewable power generated instead of petrol/diesel. The car has many advantages over
the previous generation model of cars such as for dual fuel car models with fuel as
electricity and fossil fuels, electricity can be generated and stored and will be acting as
a fuel for car. This will lower down the pollution because electric cars are
environmentally friendly. It will reduce the running cost and beside if this technology
will come handy to all people the price for this technology will also drop, making it in
reach of everyone.

4.2) Socio and Economic Factors

Energy crisis whether somebody think about it or not, but in the deep we all know that
one day we will be not only running out of fuel but also destroy our planet doing so
much pollution. Energy conservation technologies encompasses every aspect of our life.
Contingent changes in energy suitable energy conditions may result in lots of aloof
effects in our knack, lifestyle and our environment. This technique also effects personal
economy. Using this technique in vehicle can also lower loads from one’s pocket.
Vehicle can be more efficient, the fuel that were being used in lighting and other small
feature that combined impacts fuel efficiency at a significant amount, can be saved and
they will be passed electricity from these energy capturing devices. Also, it has a great
role in reducing various types of pollution being in atmosphere.

This study will be having a great importance because:

• This study not only provided exact use of energy resources to minimize energy
loss but also came up with some innovate new techniques to generate energy to
meet the society's energy needs.

• This study provides estimation and possibilities of vehicle driven new methods of
power generation.

• The energy generation shall be sufficient for powering features inside the vehicle
easily and also saved fuel which can be used for some other purpose.

This would also help government policy maker to get detail energy resources data for
new policy framework to develop Delhi as world class city or “Smart City”[19].

A more attractive and more efficient model of vehicle has been discussed that
matches both luxurious and energy efficiency modelling, straightforwardly accepting
‘SWACCH BHARAT ABHIYAAN’ and ‘MAKE IN INDIA’ as for its cleanness and
new opportunity to develop new models that meets everyone’s demand being eco-
friendly.

4.3) Environmental impacts of the model

Previous models were based on fuel sources which leads to serious impact on
environment but in this new era we have developed many techniques through which
we can utilizes wasted energy into electrical energy and thus reduces burden and our
dependence on environment. Now a day many cars are being developed which can run
on electricity and are comparable to petrol or diesel fuels cars. Our model produces
electricity with methods which are nature friendly and have long term benefits to
environment and are of low cost. They methods are durable and long lasting to human
race as solar, wind, heat, pressure all these forms of energy will remain for forever till
human has a mark on earth. Besides these forms of energy also do not make any
harmful effect on environment, thus are environment friendly. With future tech the
efficiency of these methods will also increase and with this, the need for making this
technique into a public corner will rise by the time as non-renewable sources will not
last forever.

4.4) Limitations and future possibilities

Though this model enlighten brain applying new various concepts together, yet it has
some limitations on its practical use. First and the biggest is efficiency of thermocouple
transducers being used as at efficiency of most of such devices lies between 6%-8%
which is clearly quite low. However, its cost of installation will be more than the
favorable outcome. Wind rotators used will damp the motion of vehicle if not installed
correctly keeping aerodynamics in mind. There are several factors that limits this
model being completely practically and economically possible. Although, if we develop
some more efficient methods then it can be easily employed economically.

4.5) Conclusion

Energy conservation technologies ensures energy rampart as they decrease energy

consumption problems. Earlier it was not a topic to discuss but now there is great
inclination towards benefiting the wasted energy from natural plants like roads which
obtain huge amount of energy (wasted and from renewable sources). Four sustainable
system discussed in this work being kept in mind to scour the energy that was being
trashed because road infrastructure and vehicle design. The uses are either electricity
production, powering wireless networks, cooling systems, monitoring etc. Studying
their prospective implementations is an approach to answer all the questions related to
efficiency, the needed technology, invert period and consolidated flux of energy.
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