exams; otherwise, they

will receive a grade of

incomplete.
, so ; accordingly, Native and nonnative
; consequently, English speakers have
; hence, different needs;
; therefore, therefore, most schools
; thus, provide separate
; as a result, English classes for each
group.

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLONS

A compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon.

My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine.

Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from
communism; others soon followed.

COMPLEX SENTENCES

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

NOUN CLAUSES

That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well
known.
What he said was not true.
I don’t know whether (or not) I should take computer science ( or not).
What the thieves did with all the money remains a mystery.
REMEMBER: The verb in the introductory clause controls the tense of the
verb in the noun clause. If the introductory clause verb is in simple present,
present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in whatever tense
expresses the meaning that the introductory clause intends.
However, when the verb in the introductory clause is in the past tense, the
verb in the dependent clause is usually in a past form.

The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious problem.

They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this serious
problem.
Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.
The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a serious problem.
They hoped that all nations would be responsible for solving this serious
problem.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
1.
Suject+Verb+Object+ WHO +Verb+Object
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE+NOUN
WHERE+Subject+Verb+Object

She is the girl who sits next to me in class.

The bat is the only mammal which(that) can fly.
Thomas Raven is a physicist whose book on time and space has been
translated into dozens of languages.
The new shopping mall is advertised as a place where you can find just
about anything you might want to buy.

2.
Subject+ WHO +Verb+Object+ Verb+Object
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE+NOUN
WHERE+Subject+Verb+Verb
People who don’t get enough sleep may become short-tempered and
irritable.
The cold weather which(that) swept in from the north damaged the fruit
crop.
The students whose names were called raised their hands.
The village where my father was born is still very poor.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCED TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES.

Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which
is called the esophagus.

Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube called the
esophagus.

Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those
that are captured in the wild.

Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured
in the wild.

One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, which is a fine
powder that is made by grinding wheat or other grains.
One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, a fine powder
made by grinding wheat or other grains.

GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – ACTIVE VOICE

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative Clause Sentences with
Participial Phrase
Simple Present Many students who study at this Many students studying
university are from foreign at this university are
country. from foreign country.
Present Students who are taking calculus Students taking calculus
Continuous must buy a graphing calculator. must buy a graphing
calculator.
Simple Past The team members, who looked The team members,
happy after their victory, were looking happy after
cheered by the fans. their victory, were