Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FLOWCHARTS
To help the student and design engineer to prepare their own programs, flowcharts are
given for most chapters.
1. Flowcharts 22.1, 22.2, and 22.3 explain the analysis of single, double, and T-sections
(Chapter 3).
2. Flowcharts 22.4, 22.5, and 22.6 explain the design of single, double, and T-sections
(Chapter 4).
7. Flowchart 22.11 explains the design of rectangular or square footings (Chapter 13).
8. Flowchart 22.12 explains the design for combined shear and torsion (Chapter 15).
Given: b, d, As, f’c, fy
Required: φMn
Let ρ = As / bd
No Yes
ρ > ρmin
(1)
a = Asfy/ (0.85f’cb)
c = a / β1 Reduce ρ
εt = 0.003(dt – c)/c
εt ≥ 0.005
φ = 0.9
φMn = φAsfy(d-a/2)
End
No ρ ≥ ρmin Yes
Increase ρ
No ρ - ρ' ≥ K Yes
(1)
f’s < fy f’s = fy
Solve for c:
A1c2 + A2c + A3 = 0 Yes ρmin ≤ ρ-ρ’≤ρmax No
A1 = 0.85β1f’cb
A2 = A’s(87 – 0.85f’c) - Asfy
A3 = -87A’sd’ a=(As–A’s)fy/(0.85f’cb)
Change ρ
No εt ≤ 0.002 Yes
φ = 0.9
( As f y − A 's f 's )
a=
0.85 f 'c b
No As ≤ As max Yes
(1)
Let a’ = Asfy/(0.85f’cbe)
No εt =0.003(dt-c)/c Yes
εt ≥ 0.005
Enlarge
section Yes a’≤ t No
T-section analysis
Rectangular analysis
a = a’ Asf = 0.85f’ct(b-bw) / fy
End
Flowchart 22.3 Analysis of T- and L-sections.
(1) As max = 0.6375(f’c/fy)[t(b-bw) + 0.375bwβ1d]
3 fc' 200
(2) As min = bwd ≥ bwd
f y fy
Given: Mu, f’c, fy
Required: As
As = ρbd
Choose bars
End
Calculate Ru max
Ru max = φρmaxfy(1-ρmaxfy/1.7f’c)
No Mu ≥ Mu1 Yes
Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
Go to flowchart 22.4
Yes f’s ≥ fy No
Change
section
f's = fy f's < fy
A’s= As2 A’s= As2fy/ f’s
End End
No d is given Yes
Yes Mu ≤ Muft No
As = Mu / [φ fy (d - t/2)]
As = Asf + Asw
Asw = ρwbwd
Asmin≤As≤Asmax
No Or Yes
εt = (dt - c)/c ≥ 0.005
Change section As is OK
Vc = 2λ f 'c bwd
φ = 0.75
No Vu ≥ φVc/2 Yes
End
End
Pb = Cc + Cs - T
eb = Mb / Pb
End
No e > eb Yes
Assume f’s = fy
Solve for a:
Aa3 + Ba2 + Ca + D = 0
A = 0.85f’cb/2
B = 0.85f’cb(e’ – d) Solve for a:
C = A’s(fy– 0.85f’c)(e’– d + d’) + 87Ase’ Aa2 + Ba + C = 0
A = 0.425f’cb
D = -87Ase’β1d
B = 2A(e’ – d)
e’ = e + d’’, c = a / β1
C = A’s(f’s– 0.85f’c)(e’– d + d’) - Asfye’
Solve by trial or calculator
e’ = e + d’’, c = a / β1
T = Asfs
T = Asfy
Cc = 0.85f’cab
Cs = A’s(f’s– 0.85f’c) ≥ 0
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
Mn = Pn e
End
Check two-way shear: d2 is the largest value of: Check one-way shear:
d2 = Vu2/(4λ f 'c b0) d1 = Vu1/(2λ f 'c b)
d2 = Vu2/λ[(αsd/b0) + 2] f 'c b0
d2 = Vu2/λ[(4/β + 2] f 'c b0
αs = 40, 30, 20 for interior, edge and corner columns
b0 = 4(c + d) for square columns
d = the larger of d1 and d2
b0 = 2(c1+d) + 2(c2 + d) for rectangular columns
h’ = d + 4.5 ≥ h
φ = 0.75
If h’ < h, increase h and repeat.
Yes Pn > N1 No
Dowel bars
Pex = Pu – N1 Min. Asd = 0.005 A1
Asd = Pex/fy ≥ 0.005A1 Use 4 bars
End
Let x0 = b, y0 = h, φ = 0.75
Let x1 = (b – 3.5 in.), y1 = (h – 3.5 in.)
Yes Tu > Q No
End